 Commonwealth of Australia 2002



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12.Environment Effects


No ecotoxicity tests were provided during the assessment. The following toxicity results have been obtained from the Concise International Chemical Assessment Document (IPCS, 1998) on limonene. Test reports and figures are stated as reported and have not been sighted. No chronic testing on any trophic level appears to have been conducted.

12.1Aquatic environment


The acute toxicity of d-limonene ranges from slight to high for aquatic organisms. The lowest acute toxicity values (EC50 or LC50) identified were approximately 0.4 mg/L for daphnia and 0.7 mg/L for fish. The no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) for green algae is approximately 4 mg/L. The acute toxicity (EC50 or LC50) of dipentene to daphnia and fish is about 50-70 times lower than that for d-limonene. Results of ecotoxicity testing of aquatic organisms are summarised below.

12.1.1Toxicity to fish

Table 12.1 - Toxicity to fish (IPCS, 1998)



Species

Test Isomer

Test Duration

Test Conditions

Result (mg/L)

Fathead minnow
(Pimephales promelas)

d-Limonene

96 h

Flow-through

LC50 = 0.702
(0.619-0.796)

LC50 = 0.720
(0.618-0.839)

LC50 = 0.688
(0.606-0.782)

dipentene

96 h

Flow-through

LC50 = 38.5
(35.4-41.8)

LC50 = 28.2

Fish

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

LC50 = 80

d-Limonene

n.s.

Flow-through

LC50 = 0.711

Golden orfe
(Leuciscus idus)

dipentene

48 hours

n.s.

LC50 = 32

The results of testing indicate that d-limonene can be considered highly toxic while the racemic mixture dl-limonene is slightly toxic to fish under acute exposure.


12.1.2Toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Table 12.2 - Toxicity to aquatic invertebrates



Species

Test Isomer

Test Duration

Test Conditions


Result (mg/L)

Reference

Water flea
(Daphnia magna)

d-Limonene

48 h

Flow-through

LC50 = 0.577
(0.496-0.672)

IPCS, 1998

EC50 = 0.421

n.s.

n.s.

n.s

LC50 = 39

dipentene

48 h

Flow-through

LC50 = 31
(27.5-34.8)

EC50 = 28.2

Water flea
(Daphnia pulex)

d-Limonene

48 h

Flow-through

LC50 = 0.730

n.s.

48 h

Static

LC50 = 69.6

Daphnia

d-Limonene

21 d

Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis

NOEC = 0.15

Mosquito fly
(Culex quinquesfasciatus)

n.s.

72 h

2nd-instar (23-33C), static

6.6-26.1

4th-instar (23-33C), static

7.8-30.6

Water hyacinth weevil (Neochetina eichhorniae, 60%, N. bruchi, 40%)

d-Limonene

n.s.

weevils dipped in limonene/
ethanol solutions

50% limonene
73% Mortality (range 40-100%)

Haag 1986

10% limonene
13.3% Mortality (range 0-20%)

The above results indicate that d-limonene can be considered highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates and the racemic mixture is slightly toxic. The racemate is also slightly toxic to mosquito fly.

12.1.3Toxicity to aquatic plants


Table 12.3 - Toxicity to aquatic plants

Species

Test Isomer

Test
Duration


Test Conditions

Result (mg/L)

Reference


Green algae

dipentene

96 h

Static

NOEC = 4.08

IPCS, 1998

Based on the results of this solitary test, the racemic mixture of limonene can be considered moderately toxic to aquatic plants.


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