1. 1 Infrastructure and Society 2 Infrastructure Definition
Figure 5.6 Major components
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Figure 5.6 Major components of a typical bridge. table 5.7 NBIS Code Number and Bridge Description [after FHWA 86]
inventory and condition of all highway bridges and culverts with spans of 6 m (20 ft) and tunnels using a national coding guide [FHWA 88]. The most important items in the inventory are: (1) predominant material type (such as concrete, steel, timber, etc.); (2) predominant type of design/construction, as selected from Table 5.7; (3) bridge structure type; and (4) functional class. The functional classes by type of service that the bridge provides are [Xanthakos 94] highway, railroad, pedestrian, highway-railroad, waterway, highway-waterway, railroad-waterway, highway-waterway-railroad, relief for waterway, and others. Fifteen common bridge structure types have been identified m the NCHRP study on bridge-strengthening needs in the United States [Dunker 87]. These are listed in Table 5.8. table 5.8 Distribution of 15 Common Bridge Types [after Dunker 87]
Total 441,253 91.8 As an example of special needs, agencies in a seismic region may need to evaluate bridges for seismic retrofitting. This would require seismic rating of each bridge. The first step in the seismic rating process is an inventory to establish the following information [Buckle 87]: (1) structural characteristics, to determine the vulnerability rating; (2) seismicity of the bridge site; and (3) importance of the structure as a vital transportation link.. These, as well as postearthquake evaluation, are further discussed in Chapter 7. 5.7 Example Inventory Data for a Road Section Extensive literature has been published by the Federal Highway Administration [FHWA 89, FHWA 90], state highway agencies, and others. The Federal Aviation Administration (PAA) of the U. S. Department of Transportation [FAA 82] has implemented PMS on airport pavements. The PMS evolution and related technologies are well documented by Haas et al. [Haas 94]. Therefore, a case study of inventory database design for a road-management system for Dubai Emirate in the Persian Gulf [Uddin 91, Uddin 93] is presented for illustration. The first step was to identify the road network using the existing plans and databases and to establish network partitioning criteria, homogeneous sections, and a location-referencing methodology for Dubai. 5.7.1 Identification and historical data The following identification and historical data are included for each section: road name, sector and community numbers (planning-zone references), road number, functional class, past construction or M,R&R project data and completion date, direction, reference chainages (start and end), centerline length, carriageway type (single or dual/divided), pavement surface type, number of through lanes in each direction, AADT, directional AADT, percent trucks, traffic count and axle-load data, and geographical coordinates. The inventory data collection form provides an adequate explanation of the data ranges and/or allowable codes for use in the office as well as in the field. Inventory databases are used immediately to generate useful summary statistics and graphs, as shown in Figure 5.7. 5.7.2 Geometric, construction, and structure data The geometric and construction data include the key fields of section number and the following data categories: construction number and date, carriageway geometry details (for mainline pavement, median, verge, and service road sections), sidewalk/footpath data (type, length, and width), junction types and locations (for roundabout, TOTAL NUMBER OF HOMOGENEOUS PMS SECTIONS = 2,792
Figure 5.7 Example distribution of road sections by functional class. [Uddin 93]. intersection, T-section, and interchange), parking area (type, location, length, and width), turning-lane type (left, right, u-turn, acceleration, and deceleration) and dimension, and shoulder data (inside/outside, type, length, and width). An explanation of construction number is provided m Sec. 5.2,5; this data item is used to establish and record historical reference, Construction number and date are also used to refer to pavement layer numbering and layer material description and thickness [Uddin 95]. The structural data form includes the key fields of section number and construction number. The data also includes types and dimensions of secondary structures, appurtenance, drainage, roadside safety structures, and details of pavement layer material type and thickness for carriageways and shoulders/sidewalks. 5.8 Example of Inventory Data for Buildings A building consists of many structural and nonstructural components. The primary classification by material type includes wood-frame, masonry, concrete, and steel-frame structures [ATC 93]. The functional classification by predominant use is a long list, covering residential, commercial, industrial, public, educational, health-related, correctional, and monumental buildings. Further classification can be by design/construction type. A building life-cycle cost program, which was developed for the American Society of Testing and Materials table 5.9 Example of Inventory Data Used for Buildings at a College Campus Campus and location data Building specific data Campus name and location Date of evaluation and assessor's name Facility/building name and code (Following data for each building) GIS code
Construction material2 Construction date Last evaluation date Facility/building name and code; GIS code Access road; parking area; foundation
Room number and name Floor level Room/space use3 Height, dimensions, and floor area Number of doors; condition rating Number of windows; condition rating
administration, education, health, social, plant, laboratory, other ;iRemforced concrete, brick, timber, steel, other 30mce, elevator, library, education, rest room, storage, corridor, exterior, car park, other (ASTM), includes a large number of maintenance and repair cost items in the categories of carpentry, electrical, plumbing, painting, air conditioning, heating, masonry, roofing, fire safety, and steam fitting [ASTM 90]. An example of an inventory data required for a general public building is shown in Table 5.9. Separate data forms for campus data and building-specific data were designed for possible use at a college campus such as the University of Mississippi at Oxford. References [Aouad 96] M. F. Aouad, L. D. Olson, and F- Jalinoos, "Determination of Unknown Depth of Bridge Abutments Using the Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW) and Parallel Seismic (PS) Test Methods," Proceedings, 2nd International Conference on Nondestructive Testing of Concrete in the Infrastructure, Nashville. Tenn., 1996, pp.147-153. [ASTM 90] "Building Maintenance, Repair, and Replacement Database (BMDB) for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis," A User's Guide to the Computer Program, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Philadelphia, Pa., 1990. [ATC 93] Applied Technology Council, "Postearthquake Safety Evaluation of Buildings Training Manual," ATC-20-T, funded by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D-C.. 1993. [Buckle 87] I. G- Buckle, R. L. Mayes, and M. R. Button, "Seismic Design and Retrofit Manual for Highway Bridges," Report FHWA-IP-87-6, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, Va., May 1987. [Chesher 87] A- Chesher, and R. Harrison, Vehicle Operating Costs, Thf Highway Design and Maintenance Standards Series, A World Bank Publication. Johns Hoptdns University Press, Baltimore, Md., 1987-[CNN 96] Headline News. Cable News Network (CNN), April 27, 1996. [Cohn 95] F. Conn, "New York Gets Wired," Civil Engineering, Vol. 65. No. 9, Sept. 1995, pp. 54-57. [Dunker 87] K. E. Dunker, F- W- Klaiber, and W. W. Sanders, "Bridge Strengthening Needs in the United States," in Transportation Research Record 118, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1987. [FAA 82] "Guidelines and Procedures for Maintenance of Airport Pavements,"
the Nation's Bridges," Report FHWA-ED-89-044, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., 1988. [FHWA 89] "Pavement Management Systems, A National Perspective,' PAVEMENT
Issue 14, Spring 1989. [FHWA 90] "An Advanced Course in Pavement Management." course text. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, D.C., 1990. [Fitzgerald 68] J. H. Fitzgerald, "Corrosion as a Primary Cause of C»»t Iron Main Breaks," Journal of American Water Works Association, Vol. 68. No. 8. 1968. [Golabi 92] K- Golabi, P. Thompson, and W. A. Hyman, Pontis Technical Manual, prepared for the Federal Highway Administration, Jan. 1992. [Grigg 88] N. S. Grigg, Infrastructure Engineering and Management, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988. [Haas 94] R. Haas, W. R. Hudson, and J. P. Zaniewski. Modern Pavement Management, Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Fla., 1994. [Hudson 87] S. W. Hudson, R. F. Carmichael III, L. 0. Moser, W. R. Hudson, and W. J, Wilkes, "Bridge Management Systems," NCHRP Report 300, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1987. Download 0.61 Mb. Share with your friends:
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