1868 14th Amendment, Quake and tsunami in Africa S. America, Calilfornia quake est at 6.8, HI tsunami, Hawaiian quake kills 77 est 7.9,v End of reign of Emperor Theodore of Ethiopia, King Rama IV ends rule of Thailand and opens country to foreign trade, Wars between Orange Free State and the Basuto people end, Reign of Rama V of Thailand begins, Meiji period in Japan begins and capital moves to Edo (Tokyo) and shogunate abolished, Gladstone becomes British prime minister for first time until 1874, Earthquake in Ecuador, Drought and famine in India, First Mardi Gras with floats held, first Memorial Day, WY made a territory, Johnson pardons rebels, Indian Wars with Custer killing 103 Cheyenne, Louisiana passes its new constitution – most liberal to minorities, Buffalo Bill Cody 22 works with Wild Bill Hickock who plays up his stories and dresses in buckskin – Cody follows, death of Scottish statesman Henry Peter Brougham (Baron Brougham and Vaux), Congress establishes 8 hour workday for laborers and mechanics employed by the government, Rebellion breaks out in Cuba, UT – Calamity Jane leaves Salt Lake City after father dies previous year, death of Louis I King of Bavaria, death of Italian composer Rossini, death of Austrian novelist Adalbert Stifter, death of Norwegian composer Halfdan Kjerulf, death of American poet and actress Adah Isaacs Menken age 33, Christopher Sholes invents the typewriter, Meiji restoration of Japan, Spain revolts against Queen Isabella II, British armed expedition dispatched to Ethiopia – Magdala captured, Shogun Kekei of Japan abdicated – shogunate abolished and Meiji dynasty restored, President Johnson impeached for violating Tenure-of-Office Act – acquitted, Disraeli becomes British Prime Minister – resigns same year, Prussia confiscates territory of King of Hanover, Russians occupy Samarkand, King Michael III of Serbia assassinated – Milan IV rules, Revolution in Spain – Isabella II deposed and flees to France, Ulysses S Grant presides, William E Gladstone becomes Brittish Prime Minister, Louisa May Alcott writes “Little Women”, Brandes writes, Robert Browning writes, Wilkie Collins writes early detective story, Dostoevsky writes “The Idiot”, death of Austrian novelist Adalbert Stifter, Bakunin founds democratic alliance, Austrian schools freed from Church control, Darwin writes about variation of domesticated species, Ernst haeckel writes “Natural History of Creation” AH Stephens writes about the constitutionality of Civil War, Degas paints “L’Orchestre”, development of French impressionist style, Hans Makars paints “The Plague in Florence”, Renoir paints “The Skaters”, George Street designs law courts in London, Brahms composes, Moussorgsky composes, death of musician Rossini, Wagner composes, Tchaikovsky composes, Skeleton of Cro-Magnon man from Upper Paleolithic found in France, Meat-packing factory of PD Armour opens in Chicago, Badminton devised at the Duke of Beaufort’s residence in England, Earliest recorded bicycle race in Paris, Firsst professional US Baseball Club – Cincinnati Red Stockings founded – introduce uniforms, First regular Trades Union Congress held in England, Whitaker’s Almanack appears in England, Prime Minister Gladstone in Britain advocates for peaceful settlement to Irish question, Cro-Magnon fossils discovered, Gladstone becomes Prime Minister, 14th amendment - Equal protection, citizenship, 14th amendment - rights of citizenship Andrew Johnson impeached Feb 24, Trial held May 16, Grant elected #18, Cheyenne War ends, US and Sioux sign peace treaty, Jan 29 Great Salt lake City name change, Robert Browning and Dostoyevsky write, Brahms composes, Japanese Tokugawa shogunate ends, Meiji dynasty restored and capital transferred to Tokyo (Edo), Gladstone succeeds Disraeli as Prime Minister of Britain; Isabella of Spain flees her country; Shogun of Japan resigns and Emperor becomes ruler in Yedo (Tokyo)
1869 Suez Canal opened, Germany acquires lands in Caroline Islands, Oceana, Cyclone hits Boston, Woman’s suffrage Association organized in NY, Capital Punishment Act ends hangings in Britain, Emperor Norton I of the U.S. abolishes political parties, Socialist party developed in Germany, barbed wire invented * Grant removes only Mormon appointee in Utah Territory, Grant sends new tough administration to Utah – both sides unimpressed, Writer “Ned Buntline” meets with Buffalo Bill Cody and the legend begins, Nov - Winds derail train in NY, National Woman Suffrage Association founded, Baseball's Cincinnati Red Stockings formed, First football game between Princeton and Rutgers, UT – Golden Spike driven at Promontory UT, death of German painter Johann Friedrich Overbeck, death of French author Alphonse de Lamartine, death of German composer Karl Loewe, death of French composer Hector Berlioz, death of French critic and historian Charles Austin Sainte-Beuve, death of American pianist and composer Louis Gottschalk, Pius IX declares infallibility of popes at First Vatican Council, Dimitri Ivanovich Mendeleev completes first periodic table, transcontinental railroad completed, Mendeleyev's periodic table, transcontinental railroad completed in UT, Suez canal opens, Tolstoy's "War and Peace", Following Turkish ultimatum Greece agrees to leave Crete, General Grant Inaugurated, Parliamentary system reintrodouced in France, US National Prohibition party formed in Chicago, Red River Rebellion in CAN, Mahatma Gandhi born, RD Blackmore writes “Lorna Doone”, Writers Flaubert, WS Gilbert, Ludovic Halevy, Bret harte, Victor Hugo, Mark Twain, Verlaine, Matthew Arnold writes culture and anarchy, Walter Bagehot writes physics and politics, WEH Lecky writes about history of morals from Augustus to Charlemagne, JS Mill writes “On the Subjugation of Women”, Meeting of the First Vatican Council – Cardinal Manning advocated definition of papal infallibility, Manet paints “The Execution of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico” and “The Balcony, death of German composer Karl Loewe, Wagner composes in Munich, Francis Galton writes early work on eugenice, JW Hyatt invents celluloid, Gustav Nachtigal explores Sudan and Sahara, British debtors’ prisons are abolished, Cincinnati Red Stockings becomes first salaried baseball team, famous clipper ship “Cutty Sark” launched, GIrton College at Cambridge founded, Firsst Nihilist Congress meets at Basel SWI, First postcards introduced in Austria, Skoda workes Polsen Bohemia opens, Grant removes only Mormon appointee in Utah Territory, Grant sends new tough administration to Utah – both sides unimpressed, Mahatma Gandhi born Oct 2, Transcontinental Railroad completed May 10, Irish Church is disestablished, Suez Canal opens Nov 17, Knights of labor founded, John Wesley Powell explored Green and Colorado Rivers, UT women vote, YW Retrenchment started Nov 28, Mar 1 ZCMI opens, Suez Canal opened by the French, Transcontinental railroad, Verne writes 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, Métis revolt under Louis Riel fails in Manitoba, Transcontinental Railroad completed; Knights of Labor organized; Grant wins US presidency; US prohibition party organized
1870 End of first Maori war in New Zealand, end of King Kojong in Korea and his persecution of Christians, Franco-Prussian War begins as Napoleon II abdicates, Paraguay almost annihilated in attacks on neighboring countries, Antonio Guzman rules Venezuela 18 years, Gold Rush in New Caledonia, Oceana, Irish Home Rule movement launched, Earthquake in Oaxaca MEX, Large storm off coast of France kills 122, End of ghettoization of Jews by Papal state, Italy relegates Papacy to Vatican, Rome retaken by secular Italy, office of inquisition loses policing power, Franco-Prussian war begins with Napoleon III v. King Leopold – Napoleon III imprisoned ending second French Empire, 180,000 French soldiers surrender, Italy seizes “Papal States” reunifying Italy, Rockerfeller creates Standard Oil, Virginia readmitted to Union, Women vote in UT, MS TX GA return to Union, first black senator, War between Prussia and France (Franco-Prussian), Napoleon III deposed, Prime Minister of Spain assassinated * Anti-Mormon proposes to Grant to send troops to Utah, but Grant tries more peace, Western Union Telegraph Company's Weather Report begun, death of French novelist Alexandre Dumas, death of French author Prosper Merimee, death of French author Charles de Montalembert, death of English novelist Charles Dickens, death of Australian poet Adam Lindsay Gordon, 15th Amendment, Hiram Rhoades Revels becomes first African American elected to the Senate, Richard Greener becomes first African American Harvard graduate, Franco-Prussian War, Paris Commune defeated, Charles Dickens dies, end of France’s Second Empire, end of second Maori War, end of Florence as capital of Italy, Baden district joins N German Confederation, end of Red River Rebellion – Manitoba becomes CAN province, Isabella of Spain abdicated in favor of Alfonso XII, Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern accepts Spanish throne but is forced to withdraw by the hea of the House of Hohenzollern King William I – after French protests,s Bismarck’s “Ems Telegram”, Franco-Prussian War – France declares war on Prussia and is defeated at several battles and Napoelon III capitulates at Sedan, Revolt in Paris and proclamation of the Third Republic – siege of paris by Prussians begins – Metz and Strasboutg surrender, Western Australia granted representative government, Italians enter Rome and name it their capital, Karl Anzengruber writes Austrian peasant play, death of Charles Dickens, Disraeli writes, death of Alexander Dumas, death of French author Jules de Goncourt, Ivan Goncharov writes, death of French author Charles de Montlembert, Jules Verne writes “Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea”, Keble College of Oxford founded, Heinrich Schliemann begins to excavate Troy, Firsst Vatican Council promulgates the dogma of papal infallibility, Corot paints “La perle”, Fanatin-Latour paints, Delibes composes ballet, Founding of National Music Society in France, Tchaikovsky composes his “Romeo and Juliet”, Wagner marries COsima von Bulow – daughter of Franz Liszt – composes “Die Walkure”, TH Huxley writes “Theory of Biogenesis, Adolf Nordenskjold explores interior of Greenland, Dictionary of American Biography first issued, WG Grace and brothers found Gloucester Cricket Club, death of General Robert E Lee, John D Rockefeller founds Standard Oil Company, End of ghettoization of Jews by Papal state, Italy relegates Papacy to Vatican, Rome retaken by secular Italy, office of inquisition loses policing power, Anti-Mormon proposes to Grant to send troops to Utah, but Grant tries more peace, Parliament encourages Brit landlords to sell Irish states back to Irish, Decade of Louis Pasteur, Suffrage to all males, Department of Justice created, England makes Primary Education compulsory, 15th amendment - right to vote Mar 30, Bill put forth in Congress to limit racial discrimination - work on telephone proceeds, Force acts are passed, First railroad car from Pacific reaches NY Jul 24, UT right to vote, Liberal/People's Party (Anti-Mormon) established in UT, Franco-Prussian War begins, Wagner composes, site of Troy excavated, Rome becomes Italian capital, Vatican council promotes Papal infallibility, Franco- Prussian war, France is defeated and the second German Empire set up, Italy annexes Rome to complete union of nation-state, Liberal Guzman Blanco named president in Venezuela who reforms social institutions, Unification of Italy complete as Rome becomes part of kingdom, Census shows US population at 40 million, John D Rockefeller founds the Standard Oil Company of Ohio, British act provides aid to local governments, Manitoba Act in Canada creates new providence, end of Maori conflicts in New Zealand, French troops withdraw from protecting Pope in Italy - Popes considered Italian captives until WWI, official end of reign of Isabella II of Spain as Italian Savoy put on Spanish throne, Bismarck and Napoleon III have conflicts with Franco-Prussian War and Napoleon III surrenders leaving France in a bit of chaos; Southern States restored; Granger movement in US demands state regulation of business; introduction of wood-pulp paper commercially; begin area of imperialism in Pacific; Italy gains control of the Papacy
1871 Chicago Fire, Peshtigo fire WI (deadliest) kills 2000, Third Republic established in France until 1940, End of Franco Prussian War, Unification of Germany and Prussian king William I becomes German emperor, Cakobau, leader of Bau on Fiji establishes monarchy, Bismarck unifies Prussia and the German kingdoms into Germany and King Wilhelm I becomes Kaiser, Treaty of Frankfurt calls for money to be paid to Germany, France signs treaty with Germany, ending Franco-Prussian War, French attempt revolution and Paris taken but reconquered by army with Prussian support, Stanley finds Livingstone, German empire created, France surrenders to Germany, Chicago fire and Wisconsin fire burn with 1,200,000 acres each, NRA created, Bismarck tries to suppress Catholics politically, Boss Tweed of Tammany Hall * Grant names chief judge who pledges to end polygamy – Grant says he will support with force – Grant says they can believe anything they want, but can’t practice polygamy, Yellowstone region first surveyed and documented scientifically - photographed
Oct - 8th Great Chicago Fire helped by warm, dry winds - 250 killed, Sargent's Great Vaudeville Company formed, First Gilbert & Sullivan musical, P.T. Barnum creates "Greatest Show on Earth" circus, death of French composer Daniel Auber, death of Thomas Ewing US Secretary of the Treasury and Interior, death of German novelist Willibald Alexis, death of German painter Moritz von Schwind, Hawaii quake est 6.8, Fisk Jubilee Singers popularize black spiritual music, Verdi’s Aida premiers in Cairo, Third Republic begins in France, William I King of Prussia proclaimed German Emperor at Versailles – Paris capitulates – France signs armistice – French national assembly meets at Bordeaux – preliminary peace between Germany and France followed by Peace of Frankfurt – France cedes Alsace-Lorraine to Germany and pays indemnity of five billion francs, The Commune in Paris rules two months, LA Thiers elected French President, Treaty of Washington settles existing difficulties between Britain and US, Italian Law of Guaranteed allows the pope possession of Vatican, British Act of Parliament legalizes labor unions, British Columbia joins Dominion of Canada, “Kulturkampf” against Catholic Church in Prussia, Basutoland becomes part of Cape Colony – Britain annexes diamond fields of Kimberley, death of Willibald Alexis the German novelist, Lewis Carroll wirtes “Through the Looking Glass”, George Eliot writes, Ostrovsky writes Russian play, Zola writes novels, First congress of old Catholics meets in Munich, Charles Darwin writes “The Descent of Man” Jehovah’s Witnesses founded, Mommsen writes about Roman Constitutional Law, John Ruskin writes, Asolph Wagner writes “The Social Question”, Rossetti paints “The Dream of Dante” , death of German painter Moritz von Schwind, Albert Hall in London opened, French workers compose “L’Internationale”, Saint Saens composes, Verdi composes “Aida” in Cairo, Simon INgersoll invents pneumatic rock drill, Mount Cenis Tunnel opened, GA Hansen discovers leprosy bacillus, bank holidays introduces in England and Wales, PT Barnum opens his circus
“The Greatest Show on Earth” in NY, F.A. Cup established, National Association of Professional Baseball Players founded in NY (dissolved 1876), Stanley meets Livingstone at Ujiji, Populations – Germany 41 million US 39 million France 36 million, Japan 33 million, Britain 26 million, Ireland 5.4 million, ITA 26.8 million, S.S. Oceanic of the White Star Line launched – first of large modern luxury liners, Grant names chief judge who pledges to end polygamy – Grant says he will support with force – Grant says they can believe anything they want, but can’t practice polygamy, Verdi and Brahms compose, Bismarck chancellor of Germany, Emerson and Darwin write. Kimberly, South Africa founded, but British and Boers (Dutch) claims it... 1880, Oct 8-9 Great Chicago Fire Darwin publishes Descent of Man, Trade Unions legalized in England, Unification of Germany completed, Civil Rights Act responsible for arresting 5000 Klansmen, Buffalo Bill Cody, Ancient Zimbabwe discovered, Force acts are passed, SL Trib established, Oct 8 Fire breaks out in Chicago - O'Leary's barn, Oct 2 Brigham Young arrested, End of Franco-Prussian War, Wilhelm I crowned emperor of Germany at Versailles, Europeans immigrate to diamond mines and Africans migrate to labor there, Brazil passes law for gradual abolition of slavery, Canada passes Treaty of Washington with the US, end of Franco-Prussian War leads to unification of Germany - Bismarck proclaims new German Empire; German mine output increases; Japan seeks to learn from US trading and sends envoy to US; Japan seeks to rule China; Germany seizes Alsace- Lorraine
1872 Pickney Benton Stewart becomes first African-American Governor (LA), Cape Colony of S Africa granted self government, First railroad in Japan opens, Cyclone in Zanzibar (Tanzania), Brigham Young arrested, Yellowstone established, 7.2/4 quake in LinePine CA kills 27, Civil Rights re-established for rebels, Susan B Anthony votes, is fined $100 but never pays, Modoc Indian War begins * Woodruff calls down wrath on Grant – has vision of tattered flag, etc., Saints lobby for statehood, Grant calls for end to polygamy, Garfield records that he dines with “G.Q. Cannon – Mormon Apostle”, Garfield stops in Salt Lake and attends meeting, meets with leadership, death of American inventor Samuel F.B. Morse, death of Austrian dramatist Franz Grillparzer, death of German painter Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld, death of German philosopher Ludwig Feuerbach, death of Italian patriot and revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini, death of French author Theophile Gautier, Tsunami hits Maine, quake in Cascades WA est at 7.3, elimination of US federal income tax, League of Three Emperors, death of King Charles XV of Sweden, Civil war in Spain – Carlists are defeated and Don Carlos escapes to France, TF Burgers elected President of Transvaal Republic, Ballot Act in Britain – voting by secret ballot, Three-Emperors League established in Berlin – alliance between Germany Russia and Austria-Hungary, Grant reelected in spite of public scandals, Compulsory military service introduced in Japan, US General Amnesty Act pardons most ex-confederates, death of Italian patriot and nationalist Giuseppe Mazzini, Samuel Butler writes, Alphonse Daudet writes, Elonora Duse’s debut at age 14 in Verona as Juliet, death of French author Theophile Gautier, death of Austrian dramatist Franz Grillparzer, Thomas Hardy writes, Turgenev writes, Jules Verne writes “Around the World in 80 Days”, Jesuits expelled from Germany, DF Strauss writes, death of Ludwig Geuerbach German philosopher, Bocklin paints “Battle of the Centaurs”, Cezanne and Pissarro at Auvers-sur-Oise, Whistler paints “The Artist’s Mother”, Bizet composes, Alexandre Lecocq composes, Billroth makes first resection of esophagus, Edison perfects the “duplex” telegraph, Brooklyn Bridge opened, William Thomson later Lord Kelvin invents machine for taking depth soundings at sea, American engineer George Westinghouse perfects automatic railroad brake, Bakunin expelled from First International at the Hague conference, firstinternational soccer game – England v. Scotland, CP Scott becomes editor of Manchester Guardian, start of building of St. Gotthard Tunnel, first US ski club founded at Berlin NH, The Mary Celeste found abandoned in the Atlantic – classic ghost ship, Woodruff calls down wrath on Grant – has vision of tattered flag, etc., Saints lobby for statehood, Grant calls for end to polygamy, Garfield records that he dines with “G.Q. Cannon – Mormon Apostle”, Garfield stops in Salt Lake and attends meeting, meets with leadership, Nietzsche writes. Monet paints Impression, Fog naming the impressionist movement, Secret voting introduced, Yellowstone National Park created, President Grant reelected, Congress ends Freedman's Bureau, General Amnesty for Confederates, Amnesty Act is passed, Crédit Mobilier scandal investigated, Susan B Anthony fined $100 for voting, Japanese army reform begins, Wilhelm Wundt publishes Foundations of Physiological Psychology, South African constitution established, Oscar II becomes King of Sweden; Twain publishes Roughing It
1873 Colt revolver peacemaker invented, End of reign of Able King Mindon Min in Burma, War between Asante kingdom and Britain begins in Africa, UK declares war on Ghana for trading slaves, Indian Wars – Modoc, New Spanish republic, Indian Wars – stronghold, Vienna stock crash results in long depression , Royal Canadian Mounted Police created, Modoc War ends with capture of Captain Jack, Jesse James train robbery, First clash between Custer and Sioux, Germans leave France, US stock market crash, DDT developed, Mardi Gras evolves as Rex, King of Carnival first named – Krewe of Comus lampoons Darwinism * Grant says Utah must be dealt with to congress, Garfield writes about mixed feelings for Mormons
Women's Temperance Movement begins unofficially, American Association for the Advancement of Science demands preservation of resources, death of Italian poet and novelist Anessandro Manzoni, death of English novelist Edward George Bulwer-Lytton, death of John Stuart Mill, death of Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte) in England, death of Scottish explorer David Livingston, death of French writer of detective fiction Emile Gaboriau, death of French explorer in China Francois Garnier, CA/OR quake est at 7.3, Comstock Act bans contraceptives and obscene material sent through US postal service, Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis patent riveted pants, Republic proclaimed in Spain, Thiers falls and MacMahon elected French president, Finandial panic in Vienna and New York, Abolition of slave markets and exports in Zanzibar, Germans evacuate France, Famine in Bengal, Paul Heyse writes, death of Italian writer Alessandro Manzoni, JS Mill writes autobiography + dies, Rombaud writes, Tolstoi writes “Anna Karenina”, Walter Peter writes about he Renaissance, Herbert Spencer writes about sociology, Hippolyte Taine writes about contemporary France, Cezanne paints “The Straw Hat”, Corot paints “Soucenir d’Italie”, Manet paints “Le bon Bock”, Senaper designs new Burgtheater in Vienna, Bruckner composes in Vienna, Carl Rosa Opera Company founded in England, Delibes composes in Paris, Rimsky-Korsakov composes in St. Petersburg, Tchaikovsky composes in Moscow, Jean Charcot writes about problems with the nervous system, James Clark Maxwell writes about Electricity and magnetism, Color photographs first developed, death of Justus von Liebig the German chemist, Austrian explorers Payer and Weyprecht discover Franz Josef Land the islands of the Arctic Ocean, Gunsmith form of E Remington and sons begins to produce typewriters, Wilhelm Wundt writes about physiological psychology, American Football clubs adopt uniform rules, The cities of Buda and Pest unite to form capital of Hungary, Initiation of modern cricket county championship. Germany adopts mark as unit of currency, Building of Severn Tunnel in England, Vienna World Exhibition, Major WC Wingfield in Britain introduces moder game of lawn tennis at garden party under the name Sphairstike, Grant says Utah must be dealt with to congress, Garfield writes about mixed feelings for Mormons, Brahms composes, Degas paints, Depression in US economy, Steel plow is developed, Brigham Young ill, calls 5 counselors Apr 8, Church reaches 100,000, France begins occupatoin of Tongking, Dutch attack Aceh sultanate in SE Asia, Bismarck negotiates League of the Three Emperors, End of reign of Savoy in Spain and military dictatorship enthrones Alfonso XII, son of Isabella II; Panic results in depression for six years; Japan on verge of war with China over Korea
1874 End of war between Asante and British in Africa (Ashanti war), end of first reign of Gladstone as British Prime Minister, Beginnings of Mande state in old Mali under Samori Ture, Africa, Disraeli’s second and last government of Britain begins and lasts 6 years, Prince David Kalakaua becomes ruler of Hawaii until 1891, Baton Rouge LA Flood, Measles outbreak on Fiji, NY gets the Bronx, Hawaii annexed by US treaty, Blue jeans created, Home rule granted in Ireland * Saints lobby against tougher antipolygamy legislation – President signs Poland Bill, Jul - Pittsburgh flash floods kill 134, "Evangeline" plays as Burlesque/Vaudeville performance, Chautauqua movement (summer camps and vacations) started, Official start of Women's Christian Temperance Movement, Ann Moses (Annie Oakley) begins to shoot for profit around home (age 15) – circus shooter Frank Butler meets loses to woos and later marries her, death of German composer Peter von Cornelius, Paris opens exhibition on impressionist painting, Robert Frost born, Riveted Levis marketed, end of William E Gladstone as British Prime Minister, Disraeli becomes prime minister (again), Political disturbances in AR, Swiss Constitution revised, Prince of Wales (future King Edward VII) visits France, Britain annexes Fiji, Alfonse XII son of Queen Isabella II proclaimed King of Spain, Alarcon writes, Flaubert writes, Thomas Hardy writes, Victor Hugo writes, Leopold von Sacher-Masoch writes novel (masochism), Verlaine writes, Ernst Haeckel writes, Henry Sidgwick writes, First impressionist exhibition in Paris, Max Liebermann paints “Women Plucking Geese”, Renoir paints “La Loge”, Brahms composes, death of German composer Peter Cornelius, Hermann Gotz composes, Moussorgsky composes, Paris Opera completed, Smetana composes, Johann Strauss II composes, Verdi’s Requiem composed, Excavation of Olympia begins, Billroth discovers streptococci and staphylococci, AT Still founds osteopathy, H Solomon introduces pressure-cooking for canning, Union Generale des Postes established in Berne SWI, Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children founded in NY by ET Gerry, civil marriage compulsory in Germany, Tichborne claimant Arthur Orton found guilty of perjury, First American zoo in Philadelphia, Miss Mary E Outerbridge sees tennis played in Bermuda and introduces game into US, sighting of monster Ponik in Lake Pohenegamook CAN – manatee-like with black spiny fin, Saints lobby against tougher antipolygamy legislation – President signs Poland Bill, Drought in West US, Hansen first makes clinical description of leprosy, Gladstone ends first reign as Prime Minister, Disraeli's second reign as Prime Minister, barbed wire invented, United Order discussed, MA issues 10 hour workday for women May 8, Mussorgsky and Strauss compose, Disraeli returns as Prime Minister of Britain; France proclaims self as protector of Chinese Christians; Britain annexes Fiji
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