1ac heg Advantage Scenario 1 is Leadership

Space Challengers: List

The importance of space to US. national security and economic well-being was underscored again in the Bush administration's 2006 US. National Space Policy. The policy laid out specific goals, among them the continued ability of the United States to operate unhindered in space; the strengthening of US. space leadership; and the fostering of "a robust science and technological base supporting national security, homeland security, and civil space activities."8 The new space policy also acknowledged that "freedom of action in space is as important to the United States as air power and sea power" and that "the United States considers space capabilities - including the ground and space segments and supporting links - vital to its national interests."9 The Rumsfeld Space Commission report and the national space policy are the latest manifestation of long-held views on national security space policy. Since the dawn of the space age, every US. president has embraced the belief that the United States is within its rights and obligations to protect and defend its national interests in outer space. Such actions do not preclude others from peaceful use of space for their own interests. The often muddled debate over the military uses of space frequently overlooks or intentionally ignores this crucial caveat. Although the United States remains at the forefront of space technology and exploration, America's continued preeminence is not assured. Other states are engaged in programs intended to enable them to become twenty-first century space powers capable of challenging the United States. At least 35 countries have space research programs designed to augment existing space capabilities or lead to their first deployments in space. For example: • India announced in June 2008 that it will boost its defense presence in space by developing a military space program to complement its already robust civilian space program.10 In October 2008, India launched its first lunar mission." • Japan has launched four surveillance satellites and plans to launch two more in 2009. Japan also operates a satellite known as the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS), which is believed to provide positioning data to the Japanese military. Japan's parliament also passed a new space law in May 2008 that allows for non-offensive use of space to support national security. • Russia has used its Soyuz rockets for commercial space launches since 1999.'3 • The European Union is building a 30-satellite navigation network, called Galileo, that - with the possible participation of China and other countries - has the potential to far exceed the precision of the U.S. global positioning system.'3 Galileo is scheduled for completion by 2013.1*

WMD Challengers: Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia could be moving towards a nuclear weapons program

Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis 6 – Independent Working Group on Missile Defense, the Space Relationship and the Twenty-First Century, 2007 report, Washington D.C., August 28, 2006

Saudi Arabia, which will undoubtedly find a nuclear weapons program a more attractive option if Iran achieves nuclear status and may already be pursuing a nuclear hedging strategy. Under an agreement signed during the October 2003 visit to Islamabad by Saudi Crown Prince Abdullah, Riyadh reportedly gained access to Pakistani nuclear technologies in exchange for stepped-up energy cooperation and improved strategic relations with Pak- istan.43 While Saudi Arabia has denied that it is devel- oping a nuclear weapons capability, it has been granted “small quantities protocol” status from the IAEA, which removes strict oversight of its nuclear reactor and could potentially facilitate the clandestine pursuit of nuclear weapons.44 Riyadh, meanwhile, was reported to be seek- ing modern replacements from China for its aging arse- nal of CSS-2 missiles originally purchased from China more than a generation ago.

WMD Challengers: Egypt

Egypt is very interested in WMD and ballistic missile tech and has been receiving it

Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis 6 – Independent Working Group on Missile Defense, the Space Relationship and the Twenty-First Century, 2007 report, Washington D.C., August 28, 2006

Egypt, which is engaged in a clandestine effort to acquire WMD and ballistic missile technologies. Egypt has been a primary destination for North Korea’s ballistic missile exports and has received shipments of Scud B and C mis-siles, as well as No Dong missiles.40 Inspections by the IAEA have uncovered plutonium traces at Egyptian nu- clear facilities, increasing international concern about clandestine nuclear development efforts on the part of the Mubarak regime.41 The IAEA has also criticized Cairo for failing to declare certain nuclear materials and sites, one of which was a facility for separating plutonium that could be used in an atomic weapon.42

WMD Challengers: Syria

Syria showing interest in pursuing weapon capabilities

Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis 6 – Independent Working Group on Missile Defense, the Space Relationship and the Twenty-First Century, 2007 report, Washington D.C., August 28, 2006

Syria, which maintains biological and chemical weapons capabilities and possesses a large inventory of surface- to-surface ballistic missile systems, could deliver con- ventional and unconventional warheads to neighboring countries in the Middle East.35 Syria has also shown more than a passing interest in acquiring a nuclear weapons capability, as evidenced by the construction the Al-Kibar reactor site, which was subsequently destroyed by an Is- raeli Air Force strike in September 2007. The Central In- telligence Agency (CIA) has estimated that Damascus possesses hundreds of free-rocket-over-ground (FROG) missiles, Scud missiles, and SS-21 short-range ballistic missiles (SRBMs).36 Syria also maintains the indigenous capability to manufacture liquid-fuel Scuds.37 In Septem- ber 2003 testimony before the House of Representatives Subcommittee on the Middle East and South Asia, then- Under Secretary of State John Bolton outlined that Syria “is fully committed to expanding and improving its CW [chemical weapons] program” and “is continuing to de- velop an offensive biological weapons capability.”38 Syr- ia’s mobile missile force is capable of targeting much of Israel, as well as parts of Iraq, Jordan, and Turkey, and it has “developed a longer-range missile – the Scud-D – with assistance from North Korea” while simultane- ously pursuing “both solid- and liquid-propellant mis- sile programs.”39

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