21st Century Grammar Handbook
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21st century grammar, transformation, transformation, - - - .pdf;filename*= UTF-8''অনুবাদ চর্চা (প্রথম আলো পত্রিকা থেকে-২৯-০৩-২০২০)-1, 21st century grammar
| participle forms. Proved. See prove. Punctuation. The marks in sentences that are not letters are “punctuation.” Punctuation marks tell how various parts of the sentence are related to one another and to other sentences. Each of the punctuation marks listed and brie y described here has an entry of its own giving further details about it and examples of how to use it. ACCENTS . These marks appear above or below letters to indicate their pronunciation or other aspects of their function within a word. English has no accents in words that originated in the language itself, but it shows accents carried over from other languages The employee wrote ab rsum. “Résumé” is an English word now, and it usually carries the accents that it had in its French origins. APOSTROPHE. Apostrophes (’) mark possessives and contractions: The player’s dog doesn’t bite.” ASTERISK . The asterisk (*) is more a typographical device to emphasize parts of lists, notes to a page, and the like rather than a punctuation mark strictly speaking Here are the important points: *punctuality *neatness …” COLON. The colon (:) stands before and sharply sets o lists and dependent or independent phrases or clauses. It appears in this book frequently before examples: “The important parts areas follows punctuality, neatness, The colon also appears in time figures to separate hours and minutes See you at COMMA. The comma (,) separates elements without much abruptness or distance put another way, commas link things as much as they separate them and mark borders between things The photojournalist photographed lions, cheetahs, and elephants. The photographer took the photos in Africa, and developed them in Indiana, where the studio is The commas in the example link and mark borders between items in a list and then between two independent clauses, one of which has within it nouns in apposition (rephrased versions of the nouns next to which they stand) to the object of a preposition. Many other grammatical entities are similarly linked and delimited by commas. Commas also appear in numbers greater than 999 that aren’t dates (“4,367”), in dates between days and years (November 23, 1963”), and to set o honori c titles and direct quotations (Jan Smith, PhD, said, That’s right.”). DASH . The dash (—) is an abrupt or sharp divider of ideas or words that usually sets o something added or interjected into a sentence Everyone there—Bill, Mary, Inga—agreed.” See interjection. ELLIPSIS . This punctuation mark (…) indicates the omission of some words (three periods) or sentences (four periods) from quoted speech or from any incomplete statement whether attributed to someone or not The speaker said, The points to consider are sixteen in number first I decided that enough was enough….” EXCLAMATION POINT. The exclamation point marks an emphatic, loud, or important statement You better believe it See emphasis. HYPHEN . The hyphen (-) joins two words together to form a compound word: The decision-making process took too long The hyphen also indicates that a word fragment at the end of a line should be joined to the rest of the word that appears at the beginning of the next line: “Here is the example that will show a hyphen appearing randomly at the end of one line.” PARENTHESES. Interjected words in a sentence can be marked in several ways, including by enclosure in parentheses: Everyone there (Chris, Jan, Sandy) agreed.” Commas or dashes can often be used for the same purpose. PERIOD . The period (.) marks the end of sentences that don’t end with question marks or exclamation points That is so Periods also indicate the ends of abbreviations: “Mr. Jones is here.” QUESTION MARK. This punctuation ends a question: “Isn’t that so?” QUOTATION MARKS. This punctuation surrounds a direct quote King said, I have a dream ” Single quotes appear to mark direct quotes within quoted speech, as in the example. Quotation marks around single words or phrases are also used to indicate that they are somehow in question or are being considered as entities or grammatical categories in themselves Dream is a noun.” SEMICOLON . The semicolon (;) functions somewhat like the comma, but it is used to mark clearer distinctions between or among things or when the phrases or clauses it separates already contain commas We saw lions, tigers, and rhinos and then we left the zoo and went to the movies.” Download 1.09 Mb. Share with your friends:
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