21st Century Grammar Handbook

Anyone. See any one.Anything

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21st century grammar
21st century grammar, transformation, transformation, - - - .pdf;filename*= UTF-8''অনুবাদ চর্চা (প্রথম আলো পত্রিকা থেকে-২৯-০৩-২০২০)-1, 21st century grammar

Anyone. See any one.
Anything. See anybody.
Apostrophe. Apostrophes are punctuation marks used to form possessives,
contractions, and a few plurals. Be careful not to use apostrophes where they are not needed.
Possessives are formed by adding an apostrophe and S to singular or collective words, or plural words that don’t end ins no matter how they are spelled (“Zeus’s thunderbolt the boss’s idea the team’s captain “children’s manners) or by adding an apostrophe to plural words that do end ins (dogs eas”). Possessive
pronouns don’t use apostrophes. See collective noun and collective pronoun.
Contractions use apostrophes to replace omitted letters (“don’t,” cant. No matter how many letters are dropped from or changed in a contraction, only one apostrophe appears to mark the shortening of the word (will not becomes
“won’t”).
Plurals are usually formed by adding S without an apostrophe to words
(“elephants,” s three capital Ds”). However, in some cases this might prove confusing, and an apostrophe is added before the s “Ph.D.’s,” As are good grades Is are thin letters Look at the x’s on the graph.”
Appositive. When nouns or pronouns do not convey enough information on their own, other nouns or pronouns are sometimes put next to them to add identity or information to the initial words. The added nouns or pronouns are said to be
“appositives”: The car, a Ford, was slow My accountant, Smith, said she would help “Tolstoy’s novel War and Peace is long.”
Note that some of the appositives in the examples are set o by commas while others are not. The distinction being made here is between a restrictive phrase and
nonrestrictive phrase, one of the most confusing and troublesome concepts in grammar.
Most simply put, nonrestrictive phrases add information that is not essential to the sense of a sentence while restrictive phrases provide more speci c, required information. Thus in the examples, the car is slow no matter what its brand name,
which is added to clarify the sentence but which does not introduce any information that a ects the basic notion of a slow car (presumably not all Fords are slow and some cars of other brands are slow. Similarly, the accountant’s o er to help does

not depend on her name, which is nonessential, additional information in this sentence. But the name of Tolstoy’s novel is required to distinguish it from his other works therefore, no comma appears to set off the appositive War and Peace.
Appositive pronouns need to agree with their antecedents in gender, number, and
case: The doctor helped all of us, Jane, Jim, and me. She, the doctor, applied all possible remedies, all her tricks of the trade, and her solid scienti c knowledge. We gave her a check, our form of payment See also agreement.
Elaborate appositive phrases or lists can beset o from the nouns or pronouns they supplement by colons, as we have done with many of the examples in this book:
“We presented the instances in which one uses apostrophes possessives,
contractions, and some plurals.”

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