A aac Arctic Athabaskan Council (aac). Aasiaat
International Union for Circumpolar Health (IUCH)
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International Union for Circumpolar Health (IUCH) – established in 1981 with four adhering bodies: The American Society for Circumpolar Health, The Canadian Society for Circumpolar Health, The Nordic Council for Arctic Medical Research, and the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Siberian Branch. International Whaling Commission (IWC) – a commission founded in 1946 by the whaling countries on the basis of a treaty: The International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling. IWC distinguishes between two types of whaling operations, the commercial and the Aboriginal subsistence whaling (see these). Until the late 1970’s IWC was a whalers’ club with a member-ship of about 15 Nation States. In 1982 the membership was brought up to 39. These new members were mostly negatively inclined to commercial whaling. The IWC agreed in 1982 to pass a moratorium on all commercial whaling. A five-year moratorium was effective 1986-1990. This has been prolonged. Based in Cambridge, England. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA) – an organisation, which collects data on indigenous peoples of the world. Since its foundation in 1968, IWGIA has followed the indigenous movement and continuously increased its activities and expanded its network with indigenous peoples worldwide. The initiative to establish a network of researchers and human rights activists concerned about indigenous peoples’ affairs came about when, in 1968, news broke out in the international press of the genocide of Indians in the Amazon. The first links established were with Brazilian and Paraguayan activists. Soon after, North American Indian activists and people from the Arctic, Oceania and Asia joined the work. Today, indigenous peoples of Russia and Africa are also involved in IWGIA’s global network. IWGIA’s main activities within the field of human rights are centred around the UN Commission on Human Rights and its various working groups. IWGIA plays an important role in facilitating indigenous peoples’ participation in meetings at the United Nations. IWGIA is the publisher of IWGIA Newsletter, IWGIA Documents, and IWGIA Yearbook. These publications are also available in Spanish. The international secretariat is situated in Copenhagen, Denmark. International Year of the World’s Indigenous Peoples (1993) – after a long process of international negotiations involving indigenous organisations the UN General Assembly in New York launched the International Year of the World’s Indigenous People on Human Rights Day, December 10, 1992. The Year’s theme was “Indigenous Peoples: A New Partnership”. Interspecific – among different species. Intraspecific – within a single species. Inughuit – the indigenous peoples of Avanersuaq or the municipality of Qaanaaq in Northwest Greenland. Inughuit are also known as the Avanersuarmiut, Arctic Highlanders, Polar Eskimos and the Thule Inuit. The Inughuit are the northernmost living people on Earth, which gave them contact to several expeditions that were in search of the North Pole and the North West Passage. In the 1860’s a small group of Canadian Inuit settled in the territory of the Inughuit. Thereby the Inughuit culture learned how to build kayaks and to hunt from them, to fish with leisters, and to hunt caribou with bows and arrows. Four Inughuit men, Odaaq, Iggianguaq, Sigdluk, and Ukujaq assisted Robert Peary and Matthew Henson in reaching the Pole in 1909. A Lutheran mission was established in 1909, and in 1910 Knud Rasmussen established a trading post “Thule” close to the settlement Uummannaq. In 1927 a Hunter’s Council was established, and two years later the special “Thule Law” regulated hunting, settled conflicts, and provided assistance to the poor. The Inughuit were forced to leave Uummannaq in 1953. Denmark had allowed the Americans to expand Thule Air Base into the territory of the Inughuit. For more than fifty years the Inughuit had to fight for justice. The Danish High Court said its verdict from 1999 that the Danish State illegally had forced the Inughuit to move, and they were paid a limited compensation. In 2003 the Danish Supreme Court reaffirmed the verdict from the High Court. The President of Inuit Circumpolar Conference, Greenland, Aqqaluk Lynge was an active supporter of the Inughuit, and wrote the book ”The Right to Return” in 2002. But according to the two verdicts the Inughuit were not given the right to return. Inuit – or the Eskimos are the indigenous peoples of the Far East of Russia (Chukotka), Alaska, Canada and Greenland. There are approximately 150,000 Inuit living in those four regions that cover approximately half of the circumpolar world. Inuit is the plural of Inuk, which is a human being. The roots of the Inuit culture probably can be taken back to around 10,000 years ago to Kamchatka, where the Paleo-Arctic cultures are thought to have had their origin. It is thought that the Inuit and the Aleutians differentiated themselves from the other Arctic peoples around 7,000 years ago and that Aleuts and Eskimos became their own separate peoples around 4,000-5,000 years ago. The Inuit culture is a typical coastal culture where the living resources in the ocean are the primary foundation for their existence. Whales, walruses and seals were caught by harpoon from boats made of skin. Qajaq [kayak] and umiaq [women’s boat] are the Greenlandic names for the types of boats that they built. In the winter, transportation depended on dog sleigh. Great celebrations were held during the spring and fall hunt of the migrating Bowhead whales. Sila was the creator of the world and Sedna was the mother of the ocean. It was important to have a good relationship with Sedna in order to have her give people lots of animals to hunt. If there were problems with the hunt, the Angakkoq [Shaman] was sent on a journey in order to soften Sedna’s mind. Sila, Sedna and the Angakkoq were all outsourced when Christianity was introduced through the missionaries. To days Inuit are descendents of the whale-hunting peoples of the Thule Culture, the culture that succeeded the earlier Paleo Eskimo Cultures around 1,000 – 1,500 years ago. Eskimo-Aleut languages. Inuit Ataqatigiit (IA) – a socialist party of Greenland, founded in 1976. IA strives to make Greenland an independent state. Inuit Broadcasting Corporation (IBC) – the IBC has roots back to a pilot project on television production in six Inuit communities in 1980. IBC aired its first program on January 11, 1982. IBC is to day Nunavut’s public television producer, and is producing shows about our kids, our musicians, our politicians, our humour, our issues, etc. in the Inuktitut language. Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC) – in Greenlandic Inuit Issittormiut Kattuffiat. The initiative of founding ICC was taken in 1977. ICC held its first General Assembly in 1980. In 1983, the ICC was accredited to the United Nations. Since 1992, the ICC is besides representing the Inuit of Alaska, Canada and Greenland also representing the Inuit of Chukotka, Russia. In 2006 the organisation changed it name to Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC). Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC). Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) – is representing Inuit or Eskimos in Greenland/ Denmark, Canada, Alaska/USA and Chukotka/Russia. ICC was founded in 1977 in Barrow, Alaska. ICC has grown into a major international non-governmental organisation representing approximately 150,000 Inuit of Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and Chukotka. The organisation holds Consultative Status II at the United Nations. ICC had from the beginning a vision to speak with a united voice on issues of common concern and combine their energies and talents towards protecting and promoting their way of life. The principal goals of ICC are to: 1) Strengthen unity among Inuit of the circumpolar region, 2) Promote Inuit rights and interests on an international level, 3) Develop and encourage long-term policies that safeguard the Arctic environment, and 4) Seek full and active partnership in the political, economic, and social development of circumpolar regions. The General Assembly is the heart of the organisation, providing an opportunity for sharing information, discussing common concerns, debating issues, and strengthening the bonds between all Inuit. Representatives from the Inuit Circumpolar Youth Council and the International Elders Council attend, thereby improving communications and creating synergies with these important affiliated organisations. The ICC international office is housed with the Chair and each member country maintains a national office under the political guidance of a president. ICC has Aqqaluk Lynge, President of ICC-Greenland as a member of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. Inuit Circumpolar Youth Council (ICYC) – an international youth organisation affiliated with Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) established in 1994 with members from Alaska, Canada, Chukotka and Greenland. “Youth (24 years or less) in the circumpolar regions make up over 50 percent of the population, which makes it necessary that they actively participate in political and other decision-making processes. Young people must be viewed and encouraged as useful members of society, and not solely seen as a group requiring community attention and assistance.” Inuit Issittormiut Kattuffiat Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC). Inuit Language Eskimo-Aleut languages. Inuit Regional Conservation Strategy (IRCS) – at the first meeting of ICC, a resolution was passed (77-15) that made it clear that Inuit will fight for their right to harvest from the sea, especially the right to hunt whales. Ever since the General Assemblies have followed this resolution up by making supplementary resolutions on Indigenous Rights to live in and of the nature. On the practical level, ICC took two initiatives: ICC began in 1980 participating in the meetings of the International Whaling Commission (IWC), and in 1985, ICC took steps towards establishing the ICC Environmental Commission (ICCEC). One year later the Commission had developed the framework document Inuit Regional Conservation Strategy (IRCS). The ultimate objective of IRCS was to ensure the cultural survival of the Inuit and to build the foundation for sustained development based on knowledge of the potential local consequences of any industrial enterprise. Development of the Arctic is necessary, but the costs of development should be minimised. Profitable, short- term commercial projects should not be given priority of traditional pursuits. The strategy, when finished, would be an invaluable tool in international negotiations, for example, in debates within the IWC, and of course in discussions with environmental organizations. ICC was one of the pioneers in establishing a regional conservation strategy, and received for this work the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Global 500 Award in 1988. In 1996 ICC further received the Environmental Award by the Nordic Council of Ministers. It is not widely known, but the IRCS also played a key role in Michael Gorbachev’s Murmansk Speech form 1987, and thereby also in the later establishment of AEPS. Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK) – a Canadian national Inuit organisation, formerly known as Inuit Tapirisat of Canada (ITC), founded in 1971. The aims are to help preserve the Inuit language and culture; to help the Inuit achieve full participation in Canadian society; and to represent the Inuit on matters affecting their well being, etc. ITK has accomplished some major goals – the settlement of comprehensive land claim agreements in the four Inuit regions. The regions are, from West to East, the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (Northwest Territories), Nunavut, Nunavik (northern Quebec), and Nunatsiavut (northern Labrador). Inuit Tapirisat of Canada (ITC) Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK). Inuk – a human being, singular of Inuit. Inuksuk – in the Greenlandic language it means “like a human being”. The inuksuk is a monument build by stones, resembling the shape of a man. It was mainly used in hunting caribou, and as a marking of sacred grounds. Inuktitut Eskimo-Aleut languages. Inupiaq Eskimo-Aleut languages. Inuvialuit – the Inuit living in the Western Arctic Region of Canada. Inuvialuit Final Agreement of 1984 – the first land claim settlement in the Western Arctic Region. The settlement was passed into Canadian federal law as the Western Arctic (Inuvialuit) Settlement Act. Three goals were recognized in concluding the Agreement: 1) to preserve Inuvialuit cultural identity and values within a changing northern society; 2) to enable Inuvialuit to be equal and meaningful participants in the northern and national economy and society; and 3) to protect and preserve Arctic wildlife, the environment and biological productivity. Ion – an electrically charged atom or group of atoms. IP – Indigenous peoples. IPO – Indigenous Peoples’ Organisation(s). IPR Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). IPS Indigenous Peoples’ Secretariat (IPS). IPY International Polar Years (IPY). IRCS – Inuit Regional Conservation Strategy (IRCS). Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC). Iron curtain – a barrier of secrecy and censorship erected by the USSR and its allied. The Berlin Wall (1961-1989) was a very significant symbol of the Iron curtain and the Cold war. Irreparable – something that cannot be repaired or restored. Often used in an environmental connection. Example: “The Review Panel felt that the irreparable loss of prime habitat for grizzly bears, cougars, wolves and wolverines was justified.” ISI Indigenous Survival International (ISI). Isotherm – contour line connecting points of equal temperature. The Arctic can also be defined as being the area where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10°C / 50°F. IT Information Technology (IT). ITCIP International Training Center of Indigenous Peoples (ITCIP). ITK Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK). Ittoqqortoormiit – a town (70.28N, 21.58W) and municipality (236,000 square kilometres) in East Greenland. Ittoqqortoormiit is the East Greenlandic word for a “place with much turf”. The approximate population of the municipality is 500; hereof 500 in the town, since the remaining in two villages have been abandoned within the last couples of years. Established in 1925 as a Danish colony with the name Scoresbysund. IUCH International Union for Circumpolar Health (IUCH). IUCN World Conservation Union (IUCN). IUCN Red Data Book – the authoritative international register of threatened species. IUCN has since 1994 developed a system where threatened species are categorised as Extinct; Extinct in the Wild; Critically Endangered; Endangered; Vulnerable; Near Threatened; Least Concern; Data Deficient; and Not Evaluated. (See these). The register is updated frequently. Ivittuut – can hardly any longer to be called a town (61.12N, 48.10W), since it has only one citizen, but it is also the name of the municipality (600 sq. km) that has 14 inhabitants at the naval station of Grønnedal. Ivittuut is Greenlandic for a “place with plenty of grass”. Established in 1857 as Ivigtut. IWC International Whaling Commission (IWC). IWGIA International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA). J Jakobshavn – the Danish colonial name for Ilulissat. Ilulissat. James Bay – a large bay, and southern extension of Hudson Bay in Canada. James Bay is named in honour of the English naval captain Thomas James who explored the area in 1630-31. James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement – an agreement from 1975, which involved the Inuit and the Cree Indians of the northern Quebec province. The first major land claim settlement since the early 20th century. The Inuit and Cree peoples of northern Québec were not consulted when the provincial government announced a large hydroelectric project in 1971 that would flood a significant portion of their land. To address their land claim and environmental concerns, the Aboriginals of this region were asked to give up their land rights in exchange for $225 million, special hunting and fishing rights and self-governance rights. A follow-up agreement, the Northeastern Québec Agreement, saw $9 million given to the Naskapi tribe in exchange for their land in 1978. However, some indigenous peoples feel that the federal and provincial governments have not lived up to their end of the bargain. Jan Mayen – a small volcanic island in the North Atlantic, north of Iceland and east of Greenland. Jan Mayen belongs to Norway. A dispute with Greenland (Denmark) on borderlines was brought to the International Court of Justice in The Haag (The Netherlands) by Denmark. The court pronounced its verdict in June of 1993. Both countries claimed their satisfaction with the result. Johannesburg Summit 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD). K Kabloona – the Canadian Inuktitut name for the “white man”. In the Greenlandic language, the similar expression is Qallunaaq. Sometimes qallunaaq is used in a broader sense as “stranger” or “foreigner”. The plural form is qallunaat. Kalaallisut – the Greenlandic language. The language is a part of the Inuit Languages. Greenlandic is the official language in Greenland, and spoken by approximately 50,000 people, but Danish is taught at an advanced level in schools. Also other foreign languages are taught. The inhabitants of both North Greenland and East Greenland have their own distinct languages within the Inuit language group. Eskimo-Aleut languages. Kalaallit – the Greenlandic word for the Greenlanders, the inhabitants of Greenland. Kalaallit Nunaani Demokraatit, Demokraterne i Grønland – a social-liberal party that had six members elected to the Greenlandic Parliament in 2005. Kalaallit Nunaanni Aalisartut Piniartullu Kattuffiat (KNAPK) – the Greenland Hunters and Fishers Association (KNAPK) is the joint organization for local hunters and fishermen. KNAPK’s prime purpose is to support small-scale hunting and fishery activities. KNAPK is the umbrella NGO for 71 local hunters and fishermen’s organisations, and was established in 1953, and is participating in all national negotiations related to hunting and fishing. Besides that, KNAPK is also participating in many of the international organizations dealing with hunting and fishing questions. Kalaallit Nunaat – the Greenlandic name for Greenland. Means the “Land of the Greenlanders”. Greenland. Kamik – the traditional Inuit boots sewn from sealskin, polar bear skin or caribou hide. Kangaatsiaq – a small West Greenlandic town (68.19N, 53.28W), and a municipality (43,500 sq. km) since 1950. Kangaatsiaq means a “rather small cape or foreland”. The approximate population of the municipality is 1,400, hereof 650 in the town and rest in the villages of Attu, Iginniarfik. Ikerasaarsuk, and Niaqonaarsuk. The main occupation is fishery. Kangerlussuaq – means the big fjord in the Greenlandic language. Kangerlussuaq (67.05N, 50.30W) is internationally known as Søndre Strømfjord, which is the most important international airport in Greenland. Søndre Strømfjord (Sondrestrom) was originally built by the Americans during World War 2, as Blui West 8, and served besides being a civilian airport from 1960 as an US Air Base until 1992. Katabatic wind – an out-blowing wind over ice-covered surfaces in Antarctica and Greenland, where the wind may be extremely strong near the coasts. In East Greenland these winds are known as Piteraq. Kayak – an Inuit boat made of sealskins stretched over a frame of wood to cover it completely except for an opening in the middle for the paddler. At the Bering Strait kayaks may have openings for two or more paddlers. Other indigenous people than the Inuit also use the kayak, though less developed. KGB – Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti. From March 13, 1953 to November 6, 1991 KGB was responsible for Soviet intelligence, security and secret police. Kilometre – or one Kilometer is 0.62 miles. Kinship – the close relationship, which is an important part of indigenous cultures and values. The relationship is bound together with a system of well-defined customs, rights and obligation, such as descent, inheritance, marriage and residence. Kitaa – the Greenlandic name for West Greenland. KNAPK – the Hunters and Fishermen’s Organisation in Greenland. Kalaallit Nunaanni Aalisartut Piniartullu Kattuffiat (KNAPK). Knoll – a little hill. Kommissionen for Videnskabelige Undersøgelser i Grønland (KVUG) – the Danish Commission for Scientific Research in Greenland is an advisory body to the Danish Ministry of Research and the Greenland Home Rule Minister of Research in matters regarding Danish and Greenlandic polar research. The Commission is responsible for developing joint strategies for Arctic research. Kommune – the Danish name for a municipality. The word is also used in Greenland. A kommune is typically governed by a kommunalbestyrelse (municipal council) or a byråd (city council). The head of a kommune is the borgmester (mayor). KVUG – Commission for Scientific Research in Greenland Kommissionen for Videnskabelige Undersøgelser i Grønland (KVUG). L Labrador Current – an oceanic current that brings cold Arctic waters southwards into the North Atlantic along the west-coast of Greenland. Labrador Sea – a part of the North Atlantic Ocean, between East Canada and South West Greenland. Land of the Midnight Sun – nickname used for the Arctic above the Arctic Circle. Land rights – the indigenous peoples’ struggle to gain acknowledgment of prior ownership of their land both legally and morally. Land use – usually referring to the way land and water were used and maintained both physically and spiritually by the indigenous people. Land-ice – ice which is attached to the land, either in floes or in heavy grounded masses lying near the shore. Last frontier – nickname for Alaska. Latitude – means parallel, and is the angular distance of any point on the surface of the earth north or south of the equator. The equator is latitude 0, and the North Pole and South Pole are latitudes 90N and 90S. The length of one degree of latitude averages about 69 miles (110 km), but it increases slightly from the equator to the poles as a result of the earth’s polar flattening. Antonyms: longitude, meridian. 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