A aac Arctic Athabaskan Council (aac). Aasiaat
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Humane trapping Humane killing. Hummock – a round hill or knoll. In the Arctic these are caused by the freeze and thaw cycle. Hunter-gatherer – a member of a society that subsists by exploiting wild food resources. This includes hunting of animals, fishing, and collecting various plants and berries. Hydrosphere – the part of the Earth that is composed of water including clouds, oceans, seas, ice caps, glaciers, lakes, rivers, underground water supplies, and atmospheric water vapour. Hyperborean – in the Greek mythology used about people living in the far north, beyond the northern wind. Until the end of the 19th Century the word was used in mainly German ethnographical literature to describe the indigenous peoples of the Arctic. I IAEA – International Atomic Energy Association (IAEA). IARC – International Arctic Research Center (IARC). IAS Institute of Arctic Studies (IAS). IASC International Arctic Science Committee (IASC). IASSA International Arctic Social Sciences Association (IASSA). IBC Inuit Broadcasting Corporation (IBC). IBEC International Bank for Economic Cooperation (IBEC). IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). ICBM – Inter Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM). ICC – Inuit Circumpolar Conference changed its name to Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) at the 2006 General Assembly. Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC). ICCEC – Inuit Circumpolar Conference Environmental Commission (ICCEC). Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC). ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Ice blink – a brightness in the sky caused by the reflection of light from an expanse of ice. Ice cap – a mass of glacial ice that spreads slowly out in all directions from a centre. Most of Greenland is covered by an ice cap. Greenland Ice Sheet. Ice core – a cylindrical section of ice drilled out from an ice sheet or a glacier in order to study climate patterns of the past. Ice foot – a fringe of sea ice frozen to the shore. Ice shelf – the outer margin of an ice cap. Iceberg – a large floating mass of ice, detached from a glacier and carried out to sea. ICERD International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD). ICES International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). ICJ International Court of Justice (ICJ). Icon – an image, picture, or a sign. Russian icons are most often paintings on wood. Icons are drawn in a flat, non-perspective style. The flat style of the painting allows the icon to be viewed equally by all, regardless of position. ICRC – International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). ICT – Information Communication Technology (ICT). ICYC Inuit Circumpolar Youth Council (ICYC). IDA International Development Association (IDA). Identity – the condition or fact of being a specific person, or the condition or fact of being united in a group with same goals and interests. IEA International Energy Agency (IEA). IFAD – International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). IFAW International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW). IFIs – International Financing Institutions. IFRC – International Federation of Red Cross & Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). IFTF International Fur Trade Federation (IFTF). Igloo – the origin of this word is Illu, the Greenlandic word for a house or hut, In Western languages the word is used for the dome-shaped hut built of blocks of packed snow. IGO – Inter-governmental organisation (IGO). IHDP International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP). IISD – International Institute of Sustainable Development (IISD). Ilinniarfissuaq – the teachers’ training college in Greenland (Grønlands Seminarium) operates with kind of educations 1) three year college based program, and 2) a four year field-based program of which the last year is completed at the college. Ilisimatusarfik – is the University of Greenland. Established in 1981, and started operating in 1983 as the Inuit Institute in Nuuk. For the first many years the institute was offering two years B.A. studies in Greenlandic grammar, Greenlandic literature, Greenlandic history, and in Political Science. In 1989 it was decided to replace the institute by a university. The university is divided into four departments 1) Greenlandic Language, Literature and Media, 2) Culture and Society, 3) Theology, and 4) Administration. Illu – the Greenlandic word for a house or hut. The word has been incorporated in Western languages as igloo, which is the word used for the dome-shaped hut built of blocks of packed snow. ILO International Labour Organization (ILO). ILO Convention no. 107 – a convention of 1957 concerning the Protection and Integration of Indigenous and Other Tribal and Semi-Tribal Populations in Independent Countries that came into force in 1959. Convention No. 169 revised this Convention in 1989. Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (ILO No. 169). ILO Convention no. 169 Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (ILO No. 169). Ilulissat – a town (69.13N, 51.03W) and municipality on 47,000 square kilometres in West Greenland. Ilulissat is also the Greenlandic word for icebergs. The name relates to the towns situation at the mouth of the 56 kilometres long Ilulissat Ice Fjord that has the most productive glacier in the northern hemisphere, Sermeq Kujalleq. Total population in the whole municipality is approximately 5,000, hereof are approx. 4,500 living in the town, the rest are living in the villages of Ilimanaq, Oqaatsut, Qeqertat and Saqqaq. Ilulissat has become a regional centre of North Greenland. The town established as the colony of Jakobshavn in 1759. Ilulissat Ice Fjord – was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2004. IMCO – Inter-governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO). To day known as the International Maritime Organization (IMO). IMF International Monetary Fund (IMF). IMO International Maritime Organization (IMO). Imperialism – the policy and practice of forming and maintaining an empire in seeking to control raw materials and world markets by the conquest of other countries, the establishment of colonies, etc., or the policy and practice of seeking to dominate the economic or political affairs of underdeveloped areas or weaker countries. Imperialism is mostly used to describe the policies from the middle of the 19th century until the beginning of the 20th century of the big nations, like Great Britain, France and Germany. In the words of Lenin: Imperialism is the highest state of Capitalism. Implementation – to fulfil, perform or carry out. Example: “Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development”. In accordance with – in agreement or harmony with something. Examples: “Hazardous Pesticide Being Phased Out In Accordance With Montreal Protocol” or “Let’s trim our hair in accordance with the socialist lifestyle!” (North Korean propaganda, 2004). In situ – in its original place, unmoved unexcavated, remaining at the site or in the subsurface. In witness whereof – an agreement that recognises something. According to Thomas R. Haggard, Legal Drafting: Process, Techniques, Exercises 318, 320 (2003): Haggard calls In witness whereof an ‘‘antique phrase’’ and says that ‘‘nothing has contributed more to the bad reputation of legal writing than these archaic terms.’’ INAC Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC). Independence to the colonies – the UN General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples on 14 December 1960 by resolution No. 1514 (XV): 1. The subjection of peoples to alien subjugation, domination and exploitation constitutes a denial of fundamental human rights, is contrary to the Charter of the United Nations and is an impediment to the promotion of world peace and co-operation. 2. All peoples have the right to self-determination; by virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development. 3. Inadequacy of political, economic, social or educational preparedness should never serve as a pretext for delaying independence. 4. All armed action or repressive measures of all kinds directed against dependent peoples shall cease in order to enable them to exercise peacefully and freely their right to complete independence, and the integrity of their national territory shall be respected. 5. Immediate steps shall be taken, in Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories or all other territories which have not yet attained independence, to transfer all powers to the peoples of those territories, without any conditions or reservations, in accordance with their freely expressed will and desire, without any distinction as to race, creed or colour, in order to enable them to enjoy complete independence and freedom. 6. Any attempt aimed at the partial or total disruption of the national unity and the territorial integrity of a country is incompatible with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations. 7. All States shall observe faithfully and strictly the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the present Declaration on the basis of equality, non-interference in the internal affairs of all States, and respect for the sovereign rights of all peoples and their territorial integrity. Indian – the indigenous peoples of America were originally named so by the early European explorers in misbelieving that America was India. Sometimes called they are also called Red Indians. Especially among the indigenous peoples the term sometimes is questioned and connected to European colonisation and racism. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC) – INAC is responsible for two separate yet equally important mandates: Indian and Inuit Affairs and Northern Affairs. In general, INAC has primary, but not exclusive, responsibility for meeting the federal government’s constitutional, treaty, political, and legal responsibilities to First Nations (Indians), Inuit and Northerners. In Indian and Inuit Affairs, the department’s primary role is to support First Nations and Inuit in developing healthy, sustainable communities and in achieving their economic and social aspirations. INAC negotiates comprehensive and specific land claims and self-government agreements on behalf of the federal government, oversees implementation of settlements and promotes economic development. It is responsible for delivering provincial-like services such as education, housing, and community infrastructure to Status Indians on-reserve, and for delivering social assistance and social support services to residents on-reserve with the goal of ensuring access to services comparable to those available to other Canadian residents. In Northern Affairs, INAC is the principal federal department responsible for meeting the federal government’s constitutional, political and legal responsibilities in the North. With legislative and policy authority over most of the North’s natural resources, INAC is the custodian and resource manager for an area occupying 40 percent of Canada’s land mass. INAC’s role in the North is extremely broad and includes settling and implementing land claims, negotiating self-government agreements, advancing political evolution, managing natural resources, protecting the environment and fostering leadership in sustainable development both domestically and among circumpolar nations. Indigenous – aboriginal, first, native, an original inhabitant of a place, region or country, as distinguished from an invader, explorer, colonist etc. Indigenous economy – a fairly new terminology used by the indigenous peoples instead of subsistence economy because certain animal welfare organisations have tried to limit subsistence economy to an economic system without money involvement. Indigenous knowledge – also known as traditional knowledge. Traditional knowledge is the knowledge that is unique to a specific culture or society. This knowledge is usually passed on from generation to generation, and most often through an oral tradition or through cultural rituals. This has been the basis for hunting, herding, fishing, food preparation, religion, education, conservation, health care, and many other activities that sustain a society and its environment. Indigenous peoples have a broad knowledge of the ecosystems in which they live and of ways of using natural resources sustainable. However, throughout the colonial period, Western educational systems replaced the practical everyday life aspects of traditional knowledge and traditional ways of learning. Traditional knowledge is a fairly new field of study, which has become a topic of academic research – especially in areas such as indigenous medicines. On part of the indigenous peoples there is a growing interest in the power of their knowledge. But there has also been expressed a fear that indigenous knowledge could be taken over and exploited according to the needs of outside interest groups. The Arctic Council has been dealing with traditional knowledge since 1993. The Nuuk Declaration from 1993 reads: “We recognise the special role of the indigenous peoples in environmental management and development in the Arctic, and of the significance of their knowledge and traditional practices, and will promote their effective participation in the achievement of sustainable development in the Arctic.” Indigenous peoples – are, as defined by the WGIP, “descendants of the original inhabitants of many lands, strikingly varied in their cultures, religions and patterns of social and economic organisation. At least 5,000 Indigenous groups – estimated 300 million people in more than 70 countries – can be distinguished by linguistic and cultural differences and by geographical separation. Some are hunters and gatherers, while others live in cities and participate fully in the culture of their national society. But all indigenous peoples retain a strong sense of their distinct cultures, the most salient feature of which is a special relationship to the land. The existing descendants of the people who inhabited the present territory of a country wholly or partially at the time when persons of a different culture or ethnic origin arrived there from other parts of the world, overcame them and, by conquest, settlement, or other means reduced them to a non-dominant or colonial situation; who today live more in conformity with their particular social, economic, and cultural customs and traditions than with the institutions of the country of which they now form a part, under state structure, which incorporates mainly the national, social, and cultural characteristics of other segments of the population which are predominant.” For many years there has been a global discussion whether indigenous peoples are people or peoples, but according to UNDRIP it is finally stated that it is indigenous peoples. Indigenous Peoples’ Secretariat (IPS) – was established after the ministerial meeting of the Arctic Council (AC) in Nuuk in 1993. The secretariat is situated in Copenhagen at the Greenland Representation. IPS is supporting and helping the Permanent Participants (PP) of the AC with documentation and other things in relation to the work in AC and its working groups. Indigenous Rights – according to the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) of September 12, 2007:“all indigenous peoples are equal to all other peoples, while recognizing the right of all peoples to be different, to consider themselves different, and to be respected as such, also that all peoples contribute to the diversity and richness of civilizations and cultures, which constitute the common heritage of humankind, that all doctrines, policies and practices based on or advocating superiority of peoples or individuals on the basis of national origin or racial, religious, ethnic or cultural differences are racist, scientifically false, legally invalid, morally condemnable and socially unjust, that indigenous peoples, in the exercise of their rights, should be free from discrimination of any kind,” and there is an “urgent need to respect and promote the inherent rights of indigenous peoples which derive from their political, economic and social structures and from their cultures, spiritual traditions, histories and philosophies, especially their rights to their lands, territories and resources,” Further the declaration refers to other UN declarations that indigenous peoples have the right to self-determination, and they themselves determine their political status and freely can pursue their economic, social and cultural development. Self-determination. Indigenous Survival International (ISI) – ISI is an international alliance of indigenous nations and organisations from Canada, Alaska and Greenland, formed in 1984 in response to the threat to trapping posed by outside interests. At that time, the animal rights movement was gaining momentum and hunters of furs in all these countries feared the powerful movement would undermine their way of life. ISI's purpose was to protect the furbearer harvester rights of indigenous peoples and to launch an effective lobby to educate the world about these matters. The mandate was sufficiently broad, however, to include the protection of indigenous cultural integrity, the rights to harvest the resources of land and water and the protection of those resources so necessary for the cultural survival of the Indigenous peoples. Until its Seventh General Assembly in Sisimiut, August 1993, ISI was a well functioning organisation, but immediate after, the international cooperation of this organisation more or less collapsed. To day ISI is still active in Canada. Related to Greenland, ISI were present in 1985 when the Greenpeace campaign leader Alan Pickaver visited the Northwest Greenland settlement Niaqornat. At this historical meeting between Greenpeace and the local hunters, Pickaver excused the consequences of the anti-sealing campaign: “I do not believe it is in the best interests of Greenpeace to alienate indigenous/subsistence peoples (…) they are prepared to confront us, in a year or two I believe they will be a strong political force and initially, at any rate, they will have the press on their side (…) we have destroyed the market for sealskins (…) you are correct to criticise us and perhaps be angry with us but we've got to face reality - the market in Europe has gone. I do not see why Greenpeace should not accept a policy which simply leaves indigenous/subsistence peoples alone, neither promoting nor protesting their way of life”. Information technology – the general term applied to all computer-based technologies of human communication. Infrastructure – the basic installations and facilities on which the continuance and growth of a community, state etc. depend, such as roads, power plants, transportation and communication lines. Inherent Right of Self-government – a Canadian term derived from indigenous peoples’ use and occupation of certain lands from time immemorial. In-situ conditions – are conditions where genetic resources exist within ecosystems and natural habitats, and, in the case of domesticated or cultivated species, in the surroundings where they have developed their distinctive properties. In-situ conservation – is the conservation of ecosystems and natural habitats and the maintenance and recovery of viable populations of species in their natural surroundings and, in the case of domesticated or cultivated species, in the surroundings where they have developed their distinctive properties. Institute of Arctic Studies (IAS) – established in 1989 to “coordinate, sustain and enrich the international dimension of liberal arts education at Dartmouth.” Since it’s founding in, the Institute has established itself as a centre of Arctic Studies and acts to facilitate faculty and student research, teaching, and an understanding of issues facing high latitude regions. Dartmouth College is situated in Hanover, U.S.A. Integration – is to unify different ethnic groups by removing social and legal barriers. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) – legal rights can be attached to information emanating from the mind of a person if it can be applied to making a product that is made distinctive and useful by that information. Legal rights prevent others from copying, selling, and importing the product without authorization from the holder of the property right. Within the basic forms of intellectual property, many variations and special kinds of protection are possible. Geographical indications, which identify a good as originating in a locality where a given quality, reputation, or other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographic origin, are an example. There are international efforts to harmonise the IPRs through international treaties such as the 1994 World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), while other treaties may facilitate registration in more than one jurisdiction at a time. ”In the Arctic, we work with the rights to maintain, develop and practice our own cultures and the duty of Artic States to respect customary laws, practices, and traditions. And yet, we strongly need the international support to our work. A concrete example-to this is that foreign countries, such as Bali in Indonesia, has begun to make fake and cheap copies of our traditional Tupilaat - Inuit arts with spiritual meaning. In The Arctic policies, adopted through Inuit Circumpolar Conference, it has been declared that "Inuit cultural property merits adequate protection foremost because of its cultural spiritual and educational value and use". Furthermore, it has been declared that: "In view of the extensive nature of Inuit rights and the continuing interest of Arctic States in relation to cultural property, it is vital that cooperative agreements be worked out between parties affected. In addition, international and legal standards should be devised in a manner consistent with these Arctic policy principles, so as to clarify the rights and duties of all parties concerned". As such unacceptable things, as my example showed about Inuit arts, apparently are happening, we recommend that the World Intellectual Property Rights to a higher extend should include the Arctic in their work to protect indigenous peoples property rights.” (Aviaja E. Lynge to the Permanent Forum in 2003). Directory: fileadmin -> user upload -> File user upload -> Career Profiled user upload -> Bopla‘s new product brochure with virtual 3D models bopla has published its the red book compact interactive product brochure. 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