A aac Arctic Athabaskan Council (aac). Aasiaat
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Baleen – or whalebone is a sheet of keratin, an elastic horny substance growing instead of teeth, which hang transversely from the upper jaw of Baleen whales. Used to filter plankton. During the period of commercial whaling, baleen was a valuable product for making articles such as corsets and umbrellas. Baleen whales – or whalebone whales belong to the suborder Mysticeti, which are some of the largest animals on the Earth. The blue whale, bowhead, fin whale, grey whale, humpback, sei whale and the minke whale are all baleen whales. The whales strain huge volumes of ocean water through their baleen plates to capture food: tons of krill, other zooplankton, crustaceans, and small fish. Besides having baleen plates instead of having teeth, the baleen whales are also characteristic having two blowholes. The Indigenous peoples of the Arctic, especially the Inuit, have hunted whales for food and oil in centuries. But in the 18th century many European countries took up large-scale commercial whaling in the Arctic and Antarctic waters, whereby several baleen whale species were severely depleted because of this commercial whaling. Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) – the United States Air Force (USAF) built its first detection radars for ballistic missiles BMEWS in the late 1950’es. BMEWS sites are situated at Thule Air Base in Greenland, Clear Air Force Station in Alaska, and at the Royal Air Force Base in Fyllingdales in England. The purpose of BMEWS was originally to provide long-range warning of a ballistic missile attack across the North Pole from the Soviet Union. Further the radars provided satellite-tracking data. In the 1990’es the BMEWS sites at Thule and Fyllingdales were upgrade with a Large Phased Array Radar (LPAR). The BMEWS site at Clear was upgraded to a Pave Paw Radar in 2001. The data collected from these sites are sent Cheyenne Mountain Air Base in Colorado, U.S.A. Ballot – act or method of voting, especially secret voting by the use of voting paper. Band – a small group of people with a simple social structure. Usually bands are associated with hunting and gathering societies. Indigenous clans and families were named bands in the Canadian Indian Act from 1876. Today, many bands prefer to be known as First Nations. Barents Euro-Arctic Council (BEAC) – the forum, established in 1993, for intergovernmental co-operation on issues regarding the Barents Region. The BEAC meets at the level of Foreign Ministers in the chairmanship country at the end of term of office. The chairmanship rotates every second year, between Norway, Finland, Russia and Sweden. Barents Region – or the Barents Euro-Arctic Region is a region established after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The region covers the northern regions of Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia adjoining the Barents Sea. Barents Regional Council – or the Regional Council for the Barents Euro-Arctic Region is the institutional body of the 13 regional counties and the Indigenous peoples of the Barents Region. The following counties or their equivalents are represented in the council: from Finland: Kainuu, Lapland and Oulu Region; from Norway: Finnmark, Nordland and Troms; from Russia: Arkhangel’sk, Karelia, Komi, Murmansk and Nenets, and from Sweden: Norrbotten and Västerbotten. The Barents Regional Committee consists of civil servants from the member counties together with a representative of the Indigenous peoples. The Committee has overall responsibility for work between meetings of the Regional Council. Barents Sea – a sea north of Scandinavia and Kolskiy Poluostrov, bordered to the north by Svalbard and Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa, to the east by Novaya Zemlya, and to the west by the Norwegian Sea. The Barents Sea is about 1,4 million km2. The average depth of the sea is 229 m, and is at its deepest 600 m. From the south, the sea is supplied with relatively warm water from the Golf Stream, which keeps the coastal waters of Scandinavia and Kolskiy Poluostrov ice-free. Colder, fresher and more nutritious water from the north mixes up in the sea and makes the Barents Sea one of the richest fishing waters in the World. The river Pechora flows into the Barents Sea. The sea is named after the Dutch sailor Willem Barents. Barren Grounds – a vast treeless, sparsely inhabited region of northern Canada northwest of Hudson Bay and east of the Mackenzie River basin, principally in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories. Barren lands. Barren lands – are defined as those ecosystems in which less than one third of the area has vegetation or other cover. In general, Barren lands have thin soil, sand, or rocks. Barren lands include deserts, dry salt flats, beaches, sand dunes, exposed rock, and gravel pits. Barrow – or Ukpeavik is a town (71.22 N, 156.30 W) at the northernmost point of Alaska, Point Barrow, 515 / 320 kilometres / miles north of the Arctic Circle. The population is approximately 4,500. In 1825 the place was named Barrow after Sir John Barrow, a member of the British Admiralty. Barter economy – the form of economic exchange where goods are exchanged for goods. Beaufort Sea – a sea north of Alaska, Yukon Territory and Northwest Territories, bordered to the east by Banks Island, and to the west by the Chukchi Sea. The coastal waters are shallow, but in the Canadian Basin, the depths reach more than 3,000 meters. The southern part of the sea can be navigated from the beginning of August until middle of September. The river Mackenzie River flows into the Beaufort Sea The Sea is named after the English admiral Sir Francis Beaufort. Becquerel’s (Bq) – the activity of a radioactive source is expressed in Bq’s. Being confident that – having full of conviction of something. Benthic zone – the lowermost zone of the oceans, seas and lakes. The fishes living in this zone are called benthic fish, and have often adapted a shape to the seabed. Bering land bridge – or Beringia was a pre-historic land bridge that connected Siberia with Alaska. At its largest extent it has probably been 1,600/1,000 km/miles. Plant and animal species have migrated across the Bering land bridge, and America was populated the same way around 12,000 years ago. Around 4000 BC the coastlines had assumed approximately their present configurations. Bering Sea – a sea in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, east of North East of Russia and west of Alaska, north of the Aleutian Islands. The Bering Sea is about 2,3 million km2 with an average depth of 1,600 m. At its deepest the sea is about 4,200 m. During the winter the sea is packed with ice. Especially in the southern part of the sea is rich on wildlife. The sea is named after the Danish explorer Vitus Bering. Bering Strait – a strait between Northeast Russia and Alaska, joining the Bering Sea in the south and the Chukchi Sea in the North. The average width is about 80/50 km/miles. During the winter the strait is covered with ice. The strait was discovered in 1648 by two Russian explorers, Dezhnev and Popov, who led an expedition of about 100 men in seven small ships to Anadyr. The expedition was the first one to prove that the continents of Asia and America were not connected, and described the two Ostrova Diomida or the Diomede Islands. The strait is named after the Danish born Russian explorer Vitus Bering. Beringia Bering land bridge. Bern Convention Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats. BIA – Bureau of Indian Affairs (U.S.A.). Bilingual – using or being capable of using two languages with equal or nearly equal facility. Bill – a draft piece of legislation. Bill C-31 – the pre-legislation name of the 1985 Act to Amend the Indian Act. This Act eliminated certain discriminatory provisions of the Indian Act. Bill C-31 enabled people affected by the discriminatory provisions of the old Indian Act to apply to have their Indian status restored. Biodiversity – or biological diversity is the variety of life in all its forms, levels and combinations. It includes ecosystem diversity, species diversity, and genetic diversity. Biodiversity found on Earth today is the result of 4 billion years of evolution. The origin of life has not been definitely established by science, though evidence suggests that life may already have been well established a few 100 million years after the formation of the Earth. Until approximately 600 million years ago, all life consisted of bacteria and similar single-celled organisms. The word Biodiversity is fairly new, and is now more commonly used than biological diversity. Biogenetic resources – biological and genetic resources. Biogenetic resources may include plant material, animals, microorganisms, cells, and genes. Bio-geographical barrier – a barrier (mountains, climate etc.) that prevents the migration of species. Biological classification – the classification of living organisms are based upon the work of the Swedish biologist Carl von Linné (1707-78), who established the practice of binomial nomenclature, by which all organisms are given two names. The first name is that of the genus, and is common to a group of closely related organisms. The second name is that of the species and is unique to a particular type of organism. According to the Whittaker system all living organisms can be divided into five kingdoms: Prokaryotae (bacteria), Protoctista (algae, protozoan, slime moulds), Fungi (mushrooms, moulds, lichens), Plantae (plants) and Animalia (animals). The animal kingdom is usually divided into about 30 phyla (divisions). Three of the phyla are of economic and/or cultural importance to Arctic societies. These are mollusca (molluscs etc.), arthropoda (crustaceans etc.), and chordata (birds, fish and mammals etc.). Biological diversity Biodiversity. Biomass – defined as the total mass of all living and recently dead biological material that can be used as fuel or for industrial production. Biomass pyramid – an ecological pyramid, which indicates the total mass of the organisms in each trophic level. Biome – a major ecological community or region that corresponds with climatic regions, like the tundra biome. Bioreserve – areas with rich ecosystems and species diversity are reserved for conservation. Biosphere Reserve. Biosphere – the part of the Earth’s environment that contains and sustains life. Biosphere Reserve – an international conservation designation given by UNESCO under its Programme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB). According to “The Statutory Framework of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves,” biosphere reserves are created “to promote and demonstrate a balanced relationship between humans and the biosphere.” A reserve must encompass a mosaic of ecological systems, and include combinations of terrestrial, coastal, or marine ecosystems. A reserve must include a legally protected core area, a buffer area where only conservation activities are allowed, and a transition zone where approved practices are permitted. This is done with regard for the sustainable use of natural resources for the benefit of local communities. Biotechnology – is any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use. Biotope – an environmental region characterised by certain conditions and populated by characteristic plants and animals. Birds’ names in Latin and English: Alca torda – Razorbill or Razor-billed auk; Alcedo atthis – Kingfisher; Alle alle – Dovekie; Anas acuta – Pintail; Anas crecca – Common teal; Anas penelope – Wigeon; Anas platyrhynchos – Mallard; Anser albifrons – White-fronted goose; Anser brachyrhynchus – Pink-footed goose; Anser caerulescens – Snow goose or Blue goose; Anthus pratensis – Meadow pipit; Anthus spinoletta – Rock pipit; Aquila chrysaetos – Golden eagle; Arenaria interpres – Turnstone; Asio flammeus – Short-eared owl; Bonasa umbullus – Ruffed grouse; Branta bernicla – Brant goose or Black brant; Branta canadenis – Canada goose; Branta leucopsis – Barnacle goose; Bucephala islandica – Barrow’s goldeneye; Calcarius lapponicus – Lapland bunting or Lapland longspur; Calidris alba –Sanderling; Calidris alpina – Dunlin; Calidris fuscicollis – White-rumped sandpiper; Calidris maritima – Sandpiper; Canachites canadensis – Spruce grouse; Carduelis flammea hornemanni – Arctic redpoll; Carduelis flammea rostrata – Redpoll; Cepphus grylle – Black guillemot; Charadrius hiaticula – Ringed Plover; Chen rossii – Ross goose; Clangula hyemalis – Oldsquaw or Long-tailed duck; Coracias garrulus – Roller; Corvus corax – Common raven; Corvus frugilegus – Rook; Cygnus buccinator – Trumpeter swan; Cygnus cygnus – Whooper swan; Cygnus columbianus – Tundra swan; Eremophila alpestris – Shore lark; Falco columbarius – Merlin; Falco peregrinus – Peregrine falcon; Falco rusticolus – Gyr falcon; Fratercula arctica – Atlantic puffin or Common puffin; Fulmarus glacialis – Northern fulmar; Gallinago gallinago – Snipe; Gavia immer – Common loon; Gavia stellata – Red-throated loon; Grus canadensis – Sandhill or Little brown crane; Haliaetus albicilla – White-tailed eagle; Haliaetus leucocephalus – Bald eagle; Histrionicus histrionicus – Harlequin duck; Lagopus lagopus – Willow ptarmigan; Lagopus mutus – Rock ptarmigan; Lampronetta fischeri – Spectacled eider; Larus argentatus – Herring gull; Larus glaucoides – Iceland gull; Larus hyperboreus – Glaucous gull; Larus marinus – Great black-backed gull; Larus ridibundus – Black-headed gull; Lunda cirrhata – Tufted puffin; Melanitta perspicillata – Surf scoter; Mergus serrator – Red-breasted merganser; Milvus – Kites; Motacilla alba – White Wagtail; Numenius phaeopus – Whimbrel; Nyctea scandiaca – Snowy owl; Oenanthe oenanthe – Wheatear; Olor columbianus – Whistling swan; Pandion haliaetus – Osprey; Pedioecetes phasianellis – Sharptail grouse; Phalacrocorax carbo – Great cormorant or European cormorant; Phalaropus fulicarius – Grey Phalarope; Phalaropus lobatus – Red-necked phalarope; Philacte canagica – Emperor goose; Plautus alle – Little auk or Dovekie; Plectrophenax nivalis – Snow bunting; Pluvialis apricaria – Golden plover; Pluvialis dominica – Lesser golden plover; Pluvialis squatarola – Grey plover; Podiceps auritus – Salvonian grebe; Podiceps griseigena – Red-necked grebe; Polysticta stelleri – Steller´s eider; Rhodostethia rosea – Ross’ gull; Rissa tridactyla – Common kittiwake, Black-legged kittiwake; Somateria mollissima – Common eider, American eider; Somateria spectabilis – King eider; Stercorarius longicaudus – Long-tailed skua; Stercorarius parasiticus – Arctic skua; Stercorarius pomarinus – Pomarine skua; Sterna paradisaea – Arctic tern; Strigidae – Owls; Sturnus vulgaris – Starling; Tetrao tetrix – Black grouse; Tetrao urogallus – Capercaillie; Turdus iliacus – Redwing; Turdus pilaris – Fieldfare; Uria aalge – Common murre; Uria lomvia – Thick-billed murre or Guillemot; Xema sabini – Sabine’s gull. Bivalve – is a mollusc with a bilaterally symmetrical two-part external shell that completely encloses the body (including clams, oysters, and mussels). Blow out – a sudden and often catastrophic release of oil and gas caused by the failure of equipment regulating the flow from an oil well. Blubber – the thick layer of fat on whales, walruses and seals that helps insulate them from the cold. Used by people as a food source, as well as for oil and fuel. Blubber was a major product of the commercial whaling economy. BMEWS Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS). Boarding Schools – an educational institution where the pupils live and study. “Teaching the White Man’s Way” is an indigenous expression, which refers to the kind of education children were given. Language plays a significant role in defining a culture, because it tells what is important in a specific culture. A culture that makes it’s living from hunting have nuanced words for the way the animals are behaving, or how the sea or forest is. Many indigenous children in the U.S.A., Canada and the Soviet Union were forced to attend boarding schools, were they were forbidden to speak their own languages and assimilated into the mainstream culture of the country. Boarding schools to day are no longer synonymous with force and assimilation. Bonn Convention Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. Boreal – is the same as northern. Boreal climate – the climate associated with the boreal forest zone. Boreal forest – the circumpolar and Subarctic forest of high northern latitudes that is dominated by conifers (pine, spruce, fir, larch, etc.). The boreal forest – also called taiga – is stretching from the east coast of Canada westward to Alaska and continuing from Siberia across Russia to Europe. To the north the forest is bounded by tundra and to the south by temperate forest or steppe. Also called taiga. Boreal zone Circumboreal distribution. Borough – a self-governing municipality. Boundaries – a border that encloses a space or an abstract concept. Bq Becquerel’s (Bq). Brundtland Commission United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development. Built ecosystem – an ecosystem that is dominated by buildings, roads, airports, docks, dams, mines and other human structures. Built ecosystems include urban and suburban parks, gardens and golf courses. Bulletin – a brief official statement about a matter of public concern. Bureaucracy – the structure and set of regulations in place to control activity, usually in government and large organizations. It is characterized by standardized procedure, formal division of responsibility, hierarchy, and impersonal relationships. C C-14 Dating – carbon-14 dating is a radiometric technique used to date organic materials such as charcoal, by measuring the decay of radioactive carbon-14. It can be used to obtain dates for things up to 50,000 years old. Cabinet – a body of high-ranking members of government, typically representing the executive branch. In most governments, members of the cabinet are given the title of minister, and each holds a different portfolio of government duties (Minister for the Environment, etc). In a few governments, as in the case of the United States, the title of secretary is also used for some cabinet members (Secretary of Education, etc). CAFF Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF). Canadian Arctic Resources Committee (CARC) – a Canadian NGO that advocates legitimate interests of the people and resources of the Arctic. The work performed by CARC is based on scientific and socio-economic research and experience. Offices in Ottawa and Yellow Knife. Canadian North – a definition for the region that consists of the three northern territories, Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut. Canadian Polar Commission – an official commission established in 1991 that has responsibility for monitoring, promoting, and disseminating knowledge of the Polar Regions. The commission is contributing to public awareness of the importance of polar science and is enhancing Canada’s international profile as a circumpolar nation. Further it advises the federal government and industry on research needs, issues, in Arctic. Office in Ottawa. Carbohydrates – sugar substances. Carbon dioxide – or CO2 is a colourless, odourless, incombustible gas somewhat heavier than air. Significant quantities are also emitted into the air by fossil fuel combustion and deforestation. It is a greenhouse gas of major concern in the study of global warming. Carbon monoxide – or CO is a colourless, odourless, highly poisonous gas. CO interferes with the blood's ability to carry oxygen to the body's tissues and results in numerous adverse health effects. Over 80% of the CO emitted in urban areas is contributed by motor vehicles. CARC Canadian Arctic Resource Committee (CARC). Caring for the Earth – a Strategy for Sustainable Living – a document from 1991 prepared by IUCN, UNEP and WWF. The document is an update of the World Conservation Strategy (WCS) from 1980. The 1991 document states that the three objectives of the WCS have become clearer, and the need to act has become more pressing. Caring for the Earth was prepared through a wider process of consultation, also indigenous peoples’ perspectives are brought into consideration. Carnivore – any mainly flesh-eating animal, including dogs, bears, seals etc. Carrion – the decaying flesh of a dead animal. Carrying capacity – is the maximum capacity of an ecosystem to support healthy organisms while maintaining its productivity, adaptability, and capability of renewal. Human invention may improve the capacity, e.g. by fertilising. CBD Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) CBM – Confidence-building Measure(s). CCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). CCU – Circumpolar Conservation Union (CCU). A NGO based in New York. CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Census – a government-sponsored, universal and obligatory survey of all individuals in a geographical area. Centre and periphery – the division of the world into dominant, mainly industrial, capitalist countries, and others, mainly the less developed countries, which usually are weaker politically and economically. May also be used about the relationship between the capitol of a country and the rural areas. CERD International Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (ICERD). CERN – European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). CESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). Cetaceans – dolphins and porpoises are cetaceans. The largest of the cetaceans is the Blue Whale that can be approximately 35 meters long. CFC Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC). Chartered company – a company with a written grant from a government giving it the right to trade with certain rights and privileges. Canada's most famous charter company is Hudson's Bay Company, which in 1670 was given a monopoly on the fur trade in the vast area making up the watershed of the Hudson's Bay. Governments formed other charted companies to compete with businesses from rival nations. 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