A note… this is not a complete history just my observations of what has been tested on the Multiple choice in the past… use this wisely 

• Black codes in Southern States? Passed to control black labor

• Military Reconstruction Act 1867 – Huge…

• Johnson declares all states back in…. Congress says no… 1866 Election

• AJ’s views on Reconstruction

o Executive Branch in control

o Rapid Restoration in Southern States

o Planter Pardons

o 10% Plan (borrowed from Lincoln)

• Civil Rights Bill14th Amendment – 1868

o Citizenship for the 1st time

o Bill of Rights applied to state governments for the 1st time

o Equal Protection

o “Male” used to define voting in South

• Post-Civil War Southern Economy

• dominated by sharecropping & Tenant Family

• ***”New South” – Textile mills moving South along with manufacturing of cigarettes and Industry develops post 1880’s like Jim Crow Laws

• Henry Grady editor of Atlanta Constitution newspaper – Chief Supporter

• A mixed economy no longer dependent on cash crops

• Johnson’s Impeachment

o Tenure of Office Act

o Vote in Senate

• Political & Legal states of southern states… How would they be re-admitted to Union…

• Lincoln – 10% Plan…

• Johnson – 10% Plan w/planter pardon

o 13th amendment ratified

• Radical Congress – Military reconstruction

o Ratify 13th, 14th, and 15th amendment

• Radical Republicans

• KKK Founder…

• Share Cropping – Crop Lein System

• Blanche K. Bruce – Hiram Revels1st Black senators from Mississippi

• Thaddeus Stevens

o Republican, Pennsylvania

Leads Radical Rep’s in House of Representatives.

Ulysses Grant

1869-1877

Republican

• Republican Radical Reconstruction – KKK in south

• All white Democratic Southern Parties – “Solid South” until 1980’s

• 15th amendment 1870 – suffrage cannot be denied based on race, color, or previous servitude

• New Constitution in southern States

• Credit Mobilier

• Whiskey ring – 1875

• Boss Tweed – 1871 (Thomas Nast Pictures)

• Gould Fisk – 1869

• Civil Rights Act – ruled unconstitutional 1882

• Battle of little Big Horn – Custer – 1876

• Invention of Telephone by Alexander Graham Bell

• The Grange

• Promontory point, Utah 1869 – connects TCRR

• 8hr. workday for Gov’t employees

• 1872 – Yellowstone – 1st National Park

• Panic of 1873 : led to decrease in protection of African Americans in South

o “Liberal Republicans”

o Call for end to military Reconstruction

• Liberal Republicans

o Corruption

• Completion of 1st TCRR

• Indian wars in west

• Cattle drives in west

• Southern states legislature’s scalawags and carpet baggers V. South Dems. With paramilitary support

• 1872 – Amnesty Act

o ALLOWS returns voting rights to most confederates

• 1876 – Twain publishes “Tom Sawyer”

African Americans who leave violent Reconstruction South 1879-80 to go to Kansas were known as…

Darwin-Evolution:

Edison-electric light bulb, 1879

Knights of Labor Founded, 1879

Great RR Strike, 1877

Exodusters- to Kansas 1879-80/ 25,000 Blacks left South b/c of Jim Crow Laws

Election of 1876: Tilden wore pop. Votes and loses LA/SC/FL disputed elec. Votes. Commission agrees that Hayes wins if he pulls the last remaining troops out of South ending reconstruction. (Compromise of 1877)

• Stalwarts V. half breeds for patronage

• Indian wars

• Chinese exclusion act, 1882-

• 1881- Book T. Washington becomes head of the Tuskegee Institute, Alabama vocational training

• John D. Rockefeller forms standard oil trust

• Pendleton Act begins to end … 1883- civil service an attempt to modify spoils system after Garfield’s Assassination

• 1884- Twain publishes huckleberry Fin

Dawes Severalty Act 1887 (Indians) – (effects)?

Until new deal

Forced assimilation into white culture.. gave individual needs of families 160 acres of area and improved for (division of land among tribal members) 25 years they would get ownership and become citizens of USA

Loss of millions of acres

Loss of tribal autonomy

Interstate Commerce Act 1887 (Railroads regulated)

1886 Hay Market Riot.. Knights of Labor

Farmers Alliance

Greenback Labor Party

AFL- founded 1886 a union of local unions

Samuel Gompers

To bring skilled workers and craft unions together in order to achieve economic gains

Benjamin Harrison 1889-1893

• Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890- 1st used against labor unions –little immediate impact on corporations

• Wounded Knee Massacre 1890- “Ghost Dance” loss of tribal autonomy

- Freedom

- End of Indian Wars

• Helen Hunt Jackson’s Book- “A century of dishonor”

-documentary wrongs of American government on American Indians

• Booker T Washington’s Atlanta Compromise Speech

• Jane Adams Founds Hall House- Chicago 1889

• Yosemite National Park Founded 1890

• Populist Party Founded 1891

• Great Northern Rail Road – James T Hill

-5th transcontinental RR completed, first without any government subsidies

Grover Cleveland (2nd Term) 1893-1897

• Omaha Platform 1892 Populist Party

• Panic of 1893 Coxeys Army

• Pullmans strike- Chicago 1894, Eugene debbs head of union- cut wages and increased rent on company housing

• American protective association (apa)

• Ash can school of art

• Social gospel

• Coxeys army

• Failed annexation of Hawaii

• After While planter revolt

• “it’s the people’s job to support the government not the governments job”, From veto of bill to help texas farmers

• 1895 booker t washingtons, Atlantas compromise speech “we can be as separate….”

John Hay – Secretary of State- devises the Open Door, “splendid little war” about Spanish American War…

• Why does the US devise the open door policy? 1899

• “ Wizard of Oz”- 1896 election…

o William Jennings Bryan’s

 “Cross of Gold” speech- supporting sliver…

 Populist and democratic parties candidate…

• Racism strains populists

• Improvement in economic conditions favored McKinley

• Gold in Alaska

• Acquisition of Philippines:

o Purchased/ captured after Armistice… McKinley’s prayer…

o Platt and Teller Amendments (Cuba)

o Rough riders

o Emilio Aguinaldo helps/ then fights us

o “Insurrection”- Filipinos fighting us for freedom- an ugly event in us History/ ”Kill every one over 10”

o Taft-Government/ “benevolent” assimilation “our little brown brothers”

o Anti- Imperialist league opposed due to its own history… it is incompatible…

• Successful annexation of Hawaii

• Spanish- American War 1898 “Splendid Little War”- John Hay: Sec of State

• “Jingoism”- Extreme nationalism yellow journalism of Hearst

• Alfred Thayer book

o The influence of sea power upon history

o Social Darwinism

o Example of European imperialist (we got to compete)

o Sinking of USS Maine 1898

o Treaty of Paris, 1898

o Mark Hanna- The “Wizard”

o Twain- Literary realism

Teddy Roosevelt

1901-1909

As president TR addressed 4 issues

1. Meat Packaging

2. Monopolization of RR Industry

3. RR- Foreign Rates

4. Unsafe Drug Products

Roosevelt’s corollary to the Monroe Doctrine?

• Financial Instability in Latin America… (Democratic republican for example)

• Could give European’s an excuse to bring forces into western hemisphere—to collect debts (US intervention) … a threat then would exist that they might stay and setup colonies—so the USA pledges to collect debts for euro’s… they stay out.. US becomes an “International ” police power

• Panama Canal, 1903-1905

• Niagara Movement- NAACP 1909

• W.E.B Dubois

• 1904-Nothern Securities Busted 1st big bust

• San Francisco earth quacke-1906

• SF settlement’s agreement

• 1st progressive president

• Wins the Nobel peace prize for negotiating an end to the Russo-Japanese war preserving a “balance of power” in Asia, also Algeria’s Confederation in North Africa

• 30’s-Conservation legacy

• “Good trusts and bad trusts”… not all bad- Busted way

• Ford motor company founded-1903 Model-T -1908

• Pure food and drug act- 1906

• W.E.B Dubois-1903 publishes “Souls of Black Folk”- expanding on two ness

• Elkins and Hepburn Acts-1903-RR regulation gave teeth to ICC.. Rules/No rebates

• 1906-upton Sinclair’s- The jungle published

• 1901-JP Morgan buys Carneigie steel and creates U.S steel – the USA’s 1^st Billion Dollar Co.

William Howard Taft 1908 – 1913

• “Dollar Diplomacy” – Using American foreign policy to benefit American business interests.

• Bellinger - Pinchot Affair

• Dept. of Labor, 1913

• Triangle Shirt Waist Fire, 1911.

• Keaty Union Child Labor Act, 1916

o Ruled unconstitutional.

o Hammer vs. Dgentan

• Great African American migration to Northern Cities from Jim Crow South for Jobs

• I.W.W Union Poster

o Shows union as heroic champion of workers and ordinary people.

• WW1 1914

o US enters 1917-1918

o US Home front was characterized by voluntary programs unlike WW2

o Limited individual liberties i.e. Schenk vs. US / Sedition Act

o Jailing of Eugene Debbs

• USS Buford and Deportation to USSSR – Radicals/Labor Leaders/Socialists/Anarchists

• WW1 / Committee on Public information – George Creel mobilize support arms people for WW1

o Propaganda – 4 Minute Men

• Prohibition -18th amendment – 1919 – Temperance

• Growth of:

o Anti –Saloon League

o W.T.C.U – Largest Women’s group: Main focus for the majority of women (not women’s sits)

o State laws

o Anti-German

o Social reform progressive movement

• Triple Wall of Privilege:

o Books trusts tariffs

• Clayton Anti-Trust Act / Fed. Trade Commission

• 1913 Fed. Reserve Act – protected Labor unions (Magna Carta of Labor)

• Gompers AFL

• Underwood Tariff – Lowers Tariff; First legal Income tax

• Made currency more elastic

• Moral diplomacy – 14 points speech WW1

o 14th point – A league of nations

o No secret treaties

o Self Determination (End Imperialism Colonies)

o Freedom of Seas

• 16th Income Tax – 1913

• 17th – Direction Elections – 1913

• 18th Prohibition – 1919

• 19th – Women’s Suffrage – 1920

• Treaty of Versailles ends WW1

o Included a league of nations

o Promoted the right of national self – determination

o Senate (irremailables) objects to Article X of League Treaty that requires us to join our armed forces in support of League. Senators felt this was taking war making power from our Congress.

• “Limit US Sovereignty”

• Henry Cabot Lodge and 14 reservations ended up influencing Wilson to call for vote against treaty with reservations and defeat.

• Sent soldiers to México 1916 under Black Jack Pershing to capture Pancho Villa

• D.W. Griffith; Movie

o Birth of a nation

o Glorifying KKK after Civil War premiers and White House.

• Less federal government enforces laws and treaties existing.

• “New freedom” of WW vs. “New Nationalism” of T.R.

• Election of 1912:

o TR – Bull moose

o Taft – Old Guard Rep

o WW – Dem

o Debs – Socialist.

• Zimmerman Telegram –

o Germany offers Mexico returns of Southwest USA if invades USA to keep USA out of WW1.

• Bull Moose Party – Election 1912: 17% of Vote most succ. 3rd Party.

• Clayton Anti-Trust Act, 1914

• Moral – Missionary Diplomacy

• Unrestricted submarine warfare Sussex Pledge

• Lusitania

• Federal Reserve Act, 1913

• 4 million men drafted

• AEF Pershing

• Armistice 11/11/18 11 am.

• Huge Mexican Immigration to the USA during WW1 due to the Revolution in Mexico which had caused social upheaval and dislocation

• Margaret Sanger begins Planned Parenthood; USC of Contraception’s.

• NY British control league

• Espionage Act 1917

• Sedition Act 1918

• Debs Imprisoned

• Schenk vs. US

Warren G. Harding 1921-1923

• Prohibition Begins-

• Organized Crime-

• 1925 Scopes Trial-urban/rural, Traditional/modern conflict

• Harlem Renaissance

• Marcus Garvey-U.N.I.A

• 1920- 1st radio broadcast of Harding’s election

• By 1920, over ½ of Americans live in cities for the 1st time. The wealthy begin to move to suburbs for the 1st time. Cities are divided by ethnicity and purpose (Industry) parks, neighborhoods, shopping, etc.

• Washington Naval Conference- Disarmament 9 power, 5 powers, 4 power treaties. 5:5:3 battleship ratios. Keep open door to China , and Japan could fortify islands

• Scandals: Teapot Dome (oil)

• A Return to “Normalcy” End of Progressive Era- Return to Gilded age. Focus on Big business corruption, regulatory agencies aided business.

• (Attorney General A. Mitchell) Palmer Raids- 1st “Red” scare, against communism- (1950’s 2nd McCarthy)

• National origins Act 1921 (changed 1924-1929)

Calvin Coolidge 1923-1929

-“the business of Am. is business”

-“The man who builds a factory builds a temple, the man who works there worships there..”

National Origins Act 1921-

1924-

1929-

Secretary of Treasury Mellon dramatically cuts taxes on the wealthy, “trickle down”…and corporations

Dawes Plan- US lend $ to Germany to pay $ (reparations from Versailles Treaty) to Britain and France could pay USA back…

Economic Boom- flappers- speakeasies

Mencken Fitzgerald Gatsby 25

Kellogg-Briand Pact 1926 – return to isolationism

Lindburgh crosses Atlantic solo flight 1927

Sacco & Vanzetti executed 1927

1st talkie movie- The Jazz Singer 1927

Herbert Hoover

1929-1933

Underlying cause of the great depression or any depression: (overproduction, overspeculation)

Hawley-Smoot Tariff: Too high/crushed international trade

Great Depression: Stock Market crash 29’ Bonus Army 32’- US Army attacks wanted early payment of Insurance Policy… as GD begins H.H. requests Bus leaders maintain levels of wages and production

Reconstruction Finance Corporation- RFC help for banks states “not individuals” Private charities… should help individuals. Repeals “clevelands quote” from panic of 1893

Hoovervilles: “shanty” towns of homeless

Hoover Blankets: newspapers

Stimson Doc- Japan invades Manchuria

Bonus Army

Black Tuesday- 1929 Stock Market Crash Oct 29,1938

CIO Founded: sit-in strikes, John L Lewis

John Steinback’s Novel- 1939 (FDR) “Grapes of Wrath” Farmers moving to California, Smuggle to Survive

Democrat AL Smith runs against Herbert Hoover in 1928… Strong Anti-Catholic sentiment with evidence of a democrats failure to carry “Solid South”

Franklin D. Roosevelt

1933-1945

• Wife Eleanor > most influential first lady – first republican to represent united nations in San Francisco after war

• During the Second World War, Japanese-Americans were relocated because of?

• Result of 1836 election campaign- shift of black voters to which party?

• “Rosie the Riveter” – huge increase in working women during WWII

- New skills/pay/government daycare…fireside chats on radio

• “Great Depression” – led to massive migrations…especially from dust bowl areas too far west

- Ends due to massive military/industrial spending during WWII…Jobs…

• WWII: African-American soldiers fought in segregated units “ __” Double V. Campaign

• 1937 FDR’s court packing plan?

• World War II draft begins before we declare war… (unusual)

• Charles Lindbergh (Hero for crossing part of America. First Atlantic solo flight 1920’s)

• Committee that attempted to restrict participation in WWII – isolationists love GW farewell address – no establishment of permanent foreign alliances

• ABC Plan – attack Germany first

• Unemployment = 25%

• 21st amendment appeals prohibition 1923

• A. Phillip Randolph (black labor leader) + executive order 8802 which creates the EEOC

• Glass-Stegall Act (FDIC)

• New Deal agencies:

o NIRA-Blue Eagle did what? Reduce competition

o CCC- most popular> young workers sent money home ex. Planted trees

o WPA- do photographs of migrant farm workers, paint murals across city, and make oral histories

o “Deficit Spending” Keynesian Economics to spur economy

o Dr. Townsend’s plan to give seniors money from gov. > social security act

o TVA- dams rural electrification

• Banks closed five days –“bank holiday”

• 1st 100 days of FDRs new deal congress (1933)

• 3 R’s: Relief, recovery, reform

• Passes banking regulation, unemployment relief, ag. Adjustment (pay farmers not to farm which reduced acres under cultivation), home owner mortgage support

• Good neighbor policy with Latin America

• AFL splits in 1935…why?

• 1932 election: a landslide – disagreed with Hoover about direct federal aid to individuals. FDR yes Hoover no

• signs Atlantic charter with Churchill

• “New Deal Order” 1930-1980

o Rise and fall

• US government active role in regulating economy and in mediating disputes between labor and migrant

• 1943 Zoot Suits Riots in LA

• Francis Perkins – secretary of labor 1st woman

• Lend-lease, bill #1776 – “arsenal of democracy”

• Atlantic charter – just Churchill agree on long term war strategy

• Meetings at Casablanca – unconditional surrender

• Tehran- plan D-Day

• Yalta – makeup of post war Europe UN

• Potsdam – Japanese surrender or be destroyed (Truman’s)

• Bracero Program 1940-60 begins > bringing Mexican temporary workers to USA

• TVA

• 1st and 2nd new deal/ 3R’s

• Mandatory home mobilization return cards

• Japanese internment

• WPA

• AAA

• National relations act (1935)

• Reciprocal trade agreements – Cordell Hull

• Fair labor standards act 1938 – minimum wage, 40 hr week, overtime

• Marshal chief of staff

• Eisenhower supreme ally commander in Europe D day

• Macarthur supreme commander in Pacific

• Ad. Nimitz Navy Pacific commander

• Joe Louis – black wins heavy weight boxing championship against Germany

• Jesse Owens – black sprinter wins four golds at 32 “Berlin Olympics”

• Eisenhower’s letter – Manhattan project Oppenheimer 1942 Los Alamos

• Munich Conference

• Japanese invades Beijing 1937

• Cash and carry – destroyer for bases

• Huey longs share our wealth plan

• Father Coughlin 1934

• Neutrality acts 35,36,37,39

• NYE committee

• CIOs sit down strikes 1937

• Appeasement

• Double V campaign

• Island hopping

• Battle of Midway

• FEPC/EEOC executive order – 8802?

• Hemingway…

• Pearl harbor 12/7/1942

• A Phillip Randolph…

Harry S. Truman 1945-1953 (fair deal)

• HUAC –suspected communist- algerhiss Nixon 1950

• TAFT-HARTLEY act did what?

• TRUMAN DOCTRINE 1947? Greece and Turkey

• George C Marshall plan (main purpose)- economic recovery in Europe

• Civil rights commission- integration of us military 1948 of executive order

• Jackie robinson intergrates baseball 1947

• GI bill – financed huge increase in college attendance- loans for small business – VA low cost home loans (Subarbia expands) – servimanns readjustment act 1944

• 1948 election dixie crats- inopp. Too trumans civil rights help… -close race with dewey- airlift 1948 – berlin blockade –

• Postdam conference

• Atomic bomb

• National sec. act 1947 – NSA 68

• Cold war policy for 45 years for usa ; 1947 George F Kennan’s “containment doctrine” contained expansion of the ussr and communism

• Dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki “Japan 1945”

• To save troops in invasion keep ussr on toes…. Force surrender “emperor stayed”

• Korean wars 1950 -1953 (ends in a armistice@ 38th parallel under Eisenhower mccarthur removed 1951)

• United nations

• SEC. council approves military action against north korea us leads (mccarthur)

• China invades – difficult for un forces later

• Ralph Ellison’s invisible man 1952

• Rosensburgs 1953 executed for espionage “atomic secrets”

• NATO 1949

• Un 1945 –SCC. Council 5 nations with veto /Baruch plan for atomic energy

• China falls to communism 1945

• Mccarthurism begins 1950

• Loyalty act

• Beginning on television

• Livitown, LI –suburbs “planned community”

• Crisis during Eisenhower’s presidency: National USSR/Sputnik – Def. Ed. Act $$$ For Science % Language Edu; Egypt seizes Suez Canal; USSR shoots down U-2 Spy plane; Castro gains control of Cuba

• McCarthyism – 2nd Red Hunt:

- Ends due to unsubstantiated charges against US Army on T.V. Hearings

- Played on Fears begins w/ accusations of zoo + communists employed by US State Dept.

• Greensboro, NC Sit-In 1960? Protest in Department store lunch counters that were segregated; Led to student meeting in Raleigh were Ella Baker, SLCC, and students form their own org. (SNCC) ->

• Little Rock 96 students & Fed Gov’t “Ike” Sent Us 101st Airborne Div.; Reluctantly to school for a year to ensure compliance w/ Brown Court decision

• Two CIA Coups? Guatemala in 1954… Iran in 1953

• Seato-1954-Diembienphu; Geneva Conference; 70th Parallel

• “Domino Theory” Elections?

• “Declaration of Constitutional Principles” – 1956; 199 S. Congressmen sign pledge to fight Brown Court decision and fight integration; Keep Fed Gov’t out of state matters, “States Rights’ Ed policy

• Eisenhower Doctrine? Lebanon 1957

• Eisenhower’s Farewell Address warns the nation of the rising influence of the mil. Industry Complex fed by colossal military budget; No one listens -> 60’s – 50% of Fed Budget

• Rock & Roll? From Black musical traditions; 1956 Elvis

• New Deal like Program? Unusual for Conservative Rep. “Ike”; Fed Hwy Act, 1956 builds interstate hwys; Suburban spread accelerated

• Beats on the Road JR-1959

• Not Just contain Communism but “Massive Retaliation” – Cold War Strategy (John Foster Dulles – Sec. of State) creates strategic Air Command w/ nukes airborne 24/7

• Civil Rights Act, 1957; first since 1875

• Suez Crisis; Sputnik; U-2 Affair 1960

• 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott; Brown v. Board 1954; Emitt Hill -1955

• Ruska Haw. 1959