Accounting technicians scheme west africa

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2.4.4 Leading

Leading is the most challenging of all managerial functions. Leading is defined as a set of processes used to get people to work together to meet the set goals. It is the function of influencing, motivating, leading, communicating and directing human resources towards achieving organizational goals. Thus, leading involves working with people and establishing a proper environment in which employees willingly achieve set goals.

2.4.5 Controlling
Controlling is the process of monitoring of organizational progress towards goals. Controlling is the measuring and correcting of activities of subordinates to ensure that events conform to plans. The controlling function involves four main elements (i) establishing standards of performance, (ii) measuring current performance, (iii) comparing the performance with the established standards, and (iv) in case of deviation, taking corrective action. Management decides on the activities and/or outputs that are critical to success, how and where they can be measured at reasonable cost and who should have the authority to take corrective action.
2.4.6 Coordination
Coordination is the essence of manager-ship for achieving harmony among individual efforts toward the accomplishment of group goals. Each of the managerial functions discussed so far is an exercise contributing to coordination. Individuals often interpret similar interests indifferent ways, and their efforts toward mutual goals do not automatically mesh with the efforts of others it thus becomes the central task of the manager to reconcile differences in approaches, timing, efforts, or interests, and to harmonize individual goals to contribute to organizational goals.

2.5
Levels of Management
Managers occupy various levels of authority within the organization and have responsibility for accomplishing the tasks assigned. Management levels vary in organizations depending on it size, nature, complexity, technology, number of employees, and management attitudes, to mention just a few. Inmost enterprises, there are three distinct but overlapping levels of management. They are the top, middle and lower level management, each succeeding lower level represents decreasing authority or increasing numbers of managers.

63 Figure 2.1: Relationship between levels of management and functions of management.

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