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83 n)
Esprit de Corps: Promoting team spirit will give the organization a sense of unity. To Fayol, one way to achieve this spirit is to use verbal communications instead of formal written communications, whenever possible. It is likely that some of these principles had been practiced by astute managers long before Fayol appeared. But it was Fayol who first codified these principles, making it possible for all managers to learn them. He thus helped lay the foundation for management as a profession.
2.15.2 Chester Barnard (1886-1961) Chester Barnard, president of Bell Telephone Company, developed theories about the functions of the manager as determined by constant interaction with the environment. Barnard saw organizations as social systems that require human cooperation. He expressed his view in his book The Function of the Executive. He proposed ideas that bridged classical and human resource viewpoints. Barnard believed that organizations were made up of people with interacting social relationships. The manager’s major functions were to communicate and stimulate subordinates to high level of efforts. He saw the effectiveness of an organization as being dependent on its ability to achieve cooperative efforts from a number of employees in a total, integrated system. Barnard also argued that success depended on maintaining good relations with the people and institutions with whom the organization regularly interacted. By recognizing the organization’s dependence on investors, suppliers, customers, and other external stakeholders, Barnard introduced the idea that managers had to examine the external environment and then adjust the organization to maintain a state of equilibrium. Barnard also developed set of working principles by which organizational communication systems can maintain final authority for the management team. These principles are
1. Channels of communication should be definitely known.
2. Objective authority requires a definite formal channel of communication to every members of an organization.
3. The line of communication must be as director short as possible.
4. The complete line of communication should usually be used.
5. Competence of the persons serving at communication centers that is officers, supervisory heads, must be adequate.
6. The line of communication should not be interrupted during the time the organization is to function.

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