American Racial History Timeline, 1900-1960 1900
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- 1953-1961, Dwight Eisenhower Administration 1953
1950s The first segment of the Civil Rights Movement is underway by 1954. Emergence of rock and roll music. (Brown and Stentiford, 694)
Texas – Public accommodations [Statute] Separate facilities required for white and black citizens in state parks. (Jim Crow History.org) Sweatt v. Painter, Supreme Court rules that when considering segregated graduate education, “intangibles” must be considered part of “substantive equality.” (Roberts and Klibanoff, 49) McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, Supreme Court rules that an institution of higher education could not provide different treatment to a student on the basis of race. (Roberts and Klibanoff, 49) Henderson v. United States, Supreme Court abolishes racial segregation in railroad dining cars. (Roberts and Klibanoff, 49) Thirty states have anti-miscegenation laws on the books. (Brown and Stentiford, 503) Ralph Bunche becomes the first negro to win the Nobel Peace Prize. (Klarman, From Jim Crow, 3) Integration of the NBA. (Brown and Stentiford, 63) Althea Gibson breaks the color line in tennis. (Brown and Stentiford, 329)
Texas – Voting rights [Constitution] Required electors to pay poll tax. (Jim Crow History.org) Texas – Miscegenation [Statute] Unlawful for person of Caucasian blood to marry person of African blood. Penalty:Two to five years imprisonment. (Jim Crow History.org) NBC institutes a code of standards and practices that required that all groups represented on the radio be treated with dignity and respect. (Brown and Stentiford, 666) South Carolina repeals its poll tax. (Brown and Stentiford, 632) John Johnson founds Jet magazine. (Brown and Stentiford, 423) CBS adapts Amos ‘n’ Andy, a popular radio program that promoted racial stereotypes of negroes, into a weekly half-hour television show with an all black cast. (Brown and Stentiford, 25) USIA creates a pamphlet for American ambassadors designed to help them depict American race relations in a positive manner, The Negro in American Life. (Brown and Stentiford, 165) Brown reaches the Supreme Court. (Brown and Stentiford, 108) Louisiana – Adoption [Statute] Forbid interracial adoptions. (Jim Crow History.org) Louisiana – Miscegenation [Statute] Cohabitation between whites and blacks illegal. Penalty: Up to $1,000, or up to five years imprisonment, or both. (Jim Crow History.org) 1952 Texas – Health Care [Statute] Establishment of TB hospitals for blacks. (Jim Crow History.org) NBC implemens a policy of “integration without identification, allowing the negro to appear on the radio without explicit reference to race. (Brown and Stentiford, 666) The McCarran-Walter Act lifts the ban on Asian immigration established by the Asian Exclusion Act. (Brown and Stentiford, 54) Supreme Court hears arguments in the Brown case. (Brown and Stentiford, 108) Ralph Ellison publishes Invisible Man, a stinging critique of Jim Crow. (Brown and Stentiford, xxvi) Louisiana – Miscegenation [State Code] Prohibited marriage between whites and persons of color. Penalty: Up to $1,000 and/or five years imprisonment. (Jim Crow History.org) South Carolina – Voting rights protected [State Code] Repealed poll tax statute. (Jim Crow History.org) South Carolina – Employment [State Code] Unlawful for cotton textile manufacturers to allow different races to work together in same room, use same exits, bathrooms, etc. Penalty $100 and/or imprisonment at hard labor up to 30 days. (Jim Crow History.org) South Carolina – Miscegenation [State Code] Marriage of white with Negro, mulatto, Indian, or mestizo void. Penalty: Not less than $500 and/or not less than 12 months imprisonment. (Jim Crow History.org) South Carolina – Adoption [Statute] Crime to give colored person custody of a white child. (Jim Crow History.org) South Carolina – Public carriers [State Code] Public carriers to be segregated. (Jim Crow History.org) 1953-1961, Dwight Eisenhower Administration 1953 Texas – Public carriers [Penal Code] Public carriers to be segregated. (Jim Crow History.org) Tennessee repeals its poll tax. (Brown and Stentiford, 632) CBS pulls Amos ‘n’ Andy from the air after negro protests. (Brown and Stentiford, 25) Earl Warren becomes chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. (Roberts and Klibanoff, 42) Desegregation of public schools in Washington, D.C. (Brown and Stentiford, 165) The Baton Rouge bus boycott is the first of its kind in the American South that attempted to end segregation on city buses. (Brown and Stentiford, 66) 1954 The Supreme Court decides for the plantiffs in the landmark Brown v. Board of Education. The ruling makes illegal segregation and discrimination in the nation’s public schools. (Brown and Stentiford, xxvi) Bolling v. Sharpe, Supreme Court outlaws racial segregation in Washington, D.C. public schools. (Brown and Stentiford, 101) Hernandez v. Texas, Supreme Court rules that the Fourteenth Amendment extends beyond whites and negroes and covers individuals of Mexican ancestry. (Oyez) Founding of the Citizens’ Councils in Mississippi. (Roberts and Klibanoff, 66) Over three million Hispanics deported by the federal government in Operation Wetback. (Brown and Stentiford, 373) Louisiana – Education [Statute] Immediately after the Brown decision, Louisiana amended its Constitution to state that all public and elementary schools would be operated separately for white and black children. Penalty: $500 to $1,000 for not enforcing and imprisonment from three to six months. (Jim Crow History.org) 1955 Georgia – Voting rights protected [State Code] Repealed poll tax. (Jim Crow History.org) Brown II, Supreme Court renders its decision on the implementation of Brown. (Roberts and Klibanoff, 71) Emmett Till, a fourteen-year-old black native of Chicago, is kidnapped and murdered while visiting family in Mississippi for whistling at a white woman. Two men are arrested for his murder, but are later acquitted, sparking a national controversy and widespread coverage by the white Northern press. (Roberts and Klibanoff, 87) Massive resistance, a segregationist strategy to reduce integration, is outlined on the editorial pages of the Richmond News Leader on November 21, 1955. (Roberts and Klibanoff, 109) NAACP activist Rosa Park is arrested in Montgomery, AL for violating a city ordinance and Alabama state law by refusing to give up her seat on a municipal bus to a white man. Her decision inspired the later Montgomery Bus Boycott which lasted for 381 days. (Roberts and Klibanoff, 109) Alabama – Public Carrier [Statute]
South Carolina – Education [State Code] Regular school attendance statute repealed. (Jim Crow History.org) 1956 Texas – Public accommodations [Municipal Ordinance] Abolished previously required segregation in the city of San Antonio’s swimming pools and other recreational facilities. (Jim Crow History.org) Gayle v. Browder, Supreme Court outlaws segregation in all public transportation. (Brown and Stentiford, 615) Autherine Lucy attempts to integrate the University of Alabama but fails. (Brown and Stentiford, 217) Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycott begun in 1955 ends after 381 days, drawing national and international attention, and propels Martin Luther King, Jr., to the forefront of the civil rights crusade. (Schuman et al, 54) By the end of 1956, eleven southern states had enacted 106 pro-segegation laws. (Roberts and Klibanoff, 118) Alabama legislature rules that the U.S. Supreme Court has no standing to force the desegregation of public schools. (Roberts and Klibanoff, 128) Integration of the University of North Carolina. (Roberts and Klibanoff, 133) NAACP barred from the State of Alabama (Roberts and Klibanoff, 141) November – U.S. Supreme Court rules that the racial segregation of Montgomery buses is unconstitutional. (Roberts and Klibanoff, 141) Billy Holiday, acclaimed jazz singer, publishes her autobiography, Lady Sings the Blues. (Brown and Stentiford, xxvii) Alabama – Public accommodation [City Ordinance] The city of Huntsville, Ala., passed a municipal ordinance that set aside one day a week when Negroes could use the municipal golf course. (Jim Crow History.org) Alabama – Recreation [City Council Resolution ] The Huntsville, Ala., City Council passed a resolution that made it unlawful for white and blacks to play cards, dice, dominoes, checkers, pool, billiards, softball, basketball, baseball, football, golf, or track together. Also applied to swimming pools and beaches. (Jim Crow History.org) Alabama – Public Carriers [City Ordinance] Birmingham, Ala., acted to “reaffirm, reenact and continue in full force and effect” ordinances which prescribed segregated seating on city buses to prevent “incidents, tensions and disorder.” (Jim Crow History.org) Mississippi – Education [State Code & Constitution] Separate schools to be maintained. All state executive officers required to prevent implementation of school segregation decision by “lawful means.” Governor may close any school if he determines closure to be in best interest of majority of children. (Jim Crow History.org) Mississippi – Public carriers [State Code] Public carriers to be segregated. (Jim Crow History.org) Mississippi – Public accommodation [Statute] Firms and corporations authorized to choose their clientele and the right to refuse service to any person. (Jim Crow History.org) Louisiana – Recreation [Statute] Firms were prohibited from permitting on their premises any dancing, social functions, entertainments, athletic training, games, sports or contests in which the participants are members of the white and Negro races. (Jim Crow History.org) Louisiana – Public carriers [Statute] Revised older laws requiring that common carriers provide separate waiting rooms for white intrastate passengers and for Negro intrastate and interstate passengers. (Jim Crow History.org) Louisiana – Employment [Statute] Provided that all persons, firms or corporations create separate bathroom facilities for members of the white and Negro races employed by them or permitted to come upon their premises. In addition, separate eating places in separate rooms as well as separate eating and drinking utensils were to be provided for members of the white and Negro races. Penalty: Misdemeanor, $100 to $1,000, 60 days to one year imprisonment. (Jim Crow History.org) Louisiana – Public accommodations [Statute] All public parks, recreation centers, playgrounds, etc. would be segregated. This provision was made “for the purpose of protecting the public health, morals and the peace and good order in the state and not because of race.” (Jim Crow History.org) South Carolina – Public accommodations [Statute] State Commission of Forestry given authority to operate and supervise only racially separated parks and to admit to the facilities of the parks only persons who have the express permission of the state. (Jim Crow History.org) 1957 Georgia – Public accommodations and recreation [State Code] Political subdivisions may alienate parks, etc. (Jim Crow History.org) Georgia – Education [State Code] No public funds to be allocated to non-segregated schools. Penalty: felony. (Jim Crow History.org) South Carolina – Education [State Code] No appropriations for schools from and to which students transfer because of court order. (Jim Crow History.org) Alabama – Education [State Code] No child compelled to attend schools that are racially mixed. (Jim Crow History.org) Alabama – Public accommodations and recreation [State Code] Political subdivisions may alienate recreational facilities if approved by referendum. (Jim Crow History.org) Louisiana – Education [Constitution] All public schools to be racially segregated. (Jim Crow History.org) Louisiana – Education [Statute] Compulsory attendance suspended in school systems where integration ordered; no state funds to non-segregated schools. (Jim Crow History.org) Arkansas – Education [Statute] No child required to enroll in a racially mixed school. (Jim Crow History.org) Arkansas – Public Carrier [Statute] Required segregation on all public carriers. (Jim Crow History.org) Founding of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). (Schuman et al, 54) Allen v. Merrill, Indians gain the right to vote in Utah. (Brown and Stentiford, 581) Clash in Little Rock, Arkansas, over the desegregation of Central High School. President Eisenhower dispatches federal troops to keep order and enforce desegregation. (Schuman et al, 54) September 2 – Eisenhower sends in the U.S. Army’s 1,200-man 327th Battle Group of the 101st Airborne Division to Little Rock to take control of Central High School. At the same time, he federally mobilized the entire Arkansas National Guard, about 10,000 Guardsmen, mainly to prevent Governor Faubus from attempting to use the Guard to oppose the federal soldiers. With this overwhelming show of disciplined soldiers, the threat from the mobs abated, although the shouting continued. The Little Rock Nine were able to enter Central High and begin attending classes on September 25. (Brown and Stentiford, 478) The Civil Rights Act of 1957 pledges the federal government to prosecute abuses of negro civil rights. (Brown and Stentiford, xxvii) With the support of the governor and the state legislature, the school board closed all public high schools in Little Rock after the end of the 1957-1958 year. The schools remain closed for one year. (Brown and Stentiford, 479)
Arkansas – Education [Statute] Governor may close schools by election with ballot to read: “For racial integration of all schools within the …school district,” or “Against racial integration of all schools within the school district.” (Jim Crow History.org) Georgia – Voting rights [Statute] This statute made voter registration extremely tedious and difficult. Law was designated as “An act to effect a complete revision of the laws of this state relating to the qualification and registration of voters.” For example, one of the questions asked “Under what constitutional classification do you desire to make application for registration?” (Jim Crow History.org) Georgia – Public carriers [State Code] Segregation on public carriers. (Jim Crow History.org) Mississippi – Recreation [Statute] Authorized governor to close parks to prevent desegregation. (Jim Crow History.org) Louisiana – Health Care [Statute] All human blood to be used in the state of Louisiana for transfusions to be labeled with the word “Caucasian,” “Negroid,” or “Mongoloid” so as to clearly indicate the race of the donor. If the blood was not labeled it was not permitted to be used. (Jim Crow History.org) Florida – Education [Statute] County boards of education may adopt regulation for closing schools during emergencies. Schools to close automatically when federal troops used to prevent violence. (Jim Crow History.org) Florida – Public Carrier [Statute] Races to be segregated on public carriers. (Jim Crow History.org) Texas – Education [Statute] No child compelled to attend schools that are racially mixed. No desegregation unless approved by election. Governor may close schools where troops used on federal authority. (Jim Crow History.org) Cooper v. Aaron, Supreme Court rules unanimously for integration to proceed immediately at Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas. (Brown and Stentiford, 186-187) Martin Luther King, Jr., Ralph Abernathy, and other negro ministers form the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. (Brown and Stentiford, xxvi) Little Rock reopens and integrates its public schools. (Brown and Stentiford, 479)
Alaska admitted to the Union. George Lincoln Rockwell founds the American Nazi Party. (Brown and Stentiford, 577) Arkansas – Public Carriers [Statute] Required assignment of passengers to segregated seats on all intrastate buses. (Jim Crow History.org) Directory: file -> fetch fetch -> 11 th Lit Semester 1 Final Study Guide!!! fetch -> Industrial Revolution Inventors fetch -> Analysis for Galveston Hurricane of 1900 fetch -> The Illuminators (Team 2) 1900 Galveston Hurricane Cycle a team Assignment fetch -> Team csi-utb ruth Reyes Jose Ferrer fetch -> Galveston Hurricane of 1900 Cycle a-teacher as a Problem Solver fetch -> Is Climate Change Starting a New Dust Bowl? Cycle A fetch -> What makes a storm a hurricane fetch -> The 1950s were the "Happy Days" because it was a time of economic prosperity, technology development, new entertainment, new fashion and family growth. The 1950s was a great time fetch -> Sputnik and The Dawn of the Space Age Download 172.07 Kb. Share with your friends:
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