An economic analysis of college athlete graduation rates: a closer look at title IX



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Anderson, Deborah J., John J. Cheslock, and Ronald G. Ehrenberg. "Gender Equity in Intercollegiate Athletics: Determinants of Title IX Compliance." The Journal of Higher Education 77 (2006): 225-50.

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Gaston-Gayles, Joy L. "Examining Academic and Athletic Motivation among Student Athletes at a Division I University." Journal of College Student Development 45 (2004): 75-83.

The JBHE Foundation. "African-American College Graduation Rates: Intolerably Low, and Not Catching up to Whites." The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 37 (2002): 89-102.

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Mangold, William D., Luann Bean, and Douglas Adams. "The Impact of Intercollegiate Athletics on Graduation Rates among Major NCAA Division I Universities: Implications for College Persistence Theory and Practice." The Journal of Higher Education 74 (2003): 540-62.

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"National Center for Educational Statistics." US Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences. The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System. 20 Oct. 2008 .

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Sigelman, Lee, and Paul J. Wahlbeck. "Gender Proportionality in Intercollegiate Athletics: The Mathematics of Title IX Compliance." Social Science Quarterly 80 (1999): 519-38.

Stafford, Sarah L. "Progress Toward Title IX Compliance: The Effect of Formal and Informal Enforcement Mechanisms." Social Science Quarterly 85 (2004): 1469-486.

Thelin, John R. "Historical Perspective on the Political Economy of Intercollegiate Athletics in the Era of Title IX, 1972-1997." The Journal of Higher Education 71 (2000): 391-410.

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Appendix I: Title IX Compliance Rates – Each institution is in subsequent order from 2001 – 2007.


Institution

Title IX

South Dakota State

-0.3958398

South Dakota State

-0.205881

South Dakota State

-0.1436512

South Dakota State

-0.2909627

South Dakota State

-0.2627121

South Dakota State

-0.183188

South Dakota State




Nebraska

-0.1160215

Nebraska

-0.0701489

Nebraska

-0.1901877

Nebraska

-0.1500956

Nebraska

-0.0575054

Nebraska

-0.0633712

Nebraska

-0.0609322

Oregon

-0.2535051

Oregon

-0.3050483

Oregon

-0.2738714

Oregon

-0.2318313

Oregon

-0.2440992

Oregon

-0.13562

Oregon

-0.1543446

IUP

-0.0680178

IUP

-0.1600371

IUP

-0.4495656

IUP

-0.0438873

IUP

-0.0056115

IUP

-0.1123934

IUP

-0.0166378

Texas

-0.1797158

Texas

-0.1948217

Texas

-0.1935733

Texas

-0.2181575

Texas

-0.1905927

Texas

-0.1937075

Texas

-0.1818534

Hofstra

-0.3205195

Hofstra

-0.2795437

Hofstra

-0.271774

Hofstra

-0.2986809

Hofstra

-0.2355585

Hofstra

-0.330558

Hofstra

-0.2998748

Boston College

-0.0727211

Boston College

-0.034453

Boston College

0.01744864

Boston College

0.00560803

Boston College

0.00482949

Boston College

-0.0026123

Boston College

0.06790367

Florida Institute of Technology

0.23911081

Florida Institute of Technology

0.40262467

Florida Institute of Technology

0.24276235

Florida Institute of Technology

-0.2361135

Florida Institute of Technology

0.18609174

Florida Institute of Technology

0.13359848

Florida Institute of Technology

0.01923773

Montana State

-0.0757529

Montana State

-0.0436151

Montana State

-0.1004165

Montana State

-0.5501844

Montana State

-0.0677768

Montana State

-0.0940665

Montana State

-0.1053943

Lehigh

-0.0962036

Lehigh

-0.0964622

Lehigh

-0.0996796

Lehigh

-0.5546958

Lehigh

-0.1300354

Lehigh

-0.1515297

Lehigh

-0.0947746

Delaware

-0.2167999

Delaware

-0.3110011

Delaware

-0.1191883

Delaware

-0.0918615

Delaware

-0.1369907

Delaware

-0.1714191

Delaware

-0.2475748

Northern Illinois

-0.2970548

Northern Illinois

-0.2727947

Northern Illinois

-0.2588599

Northern Illinois

-0.2775382

Northern Illinois

-0.2696012

Northern Illinois

-0.3040323

Northern Illinois

-0.2686939

San Diego

-0.0715529

San Diego

-0.096281

San Diego

-0.1208617

San Diego

-0.0811618

San Diego

-0.1227356

San Diego

-0.1158496

San Diego

-0.1038198

Central Michigan

-0.325169

Central Michigan

-0.3728815

Central Michigan

-0.3098212

Central Michigan

-0.4889604

Central Michigan

-0.3414174

Central Michigan

-0.3376216

Central Michigan

-0.2899719

Duquesne

-0.130972

Duquesne

-0.1178633

Duquesne

-0.12276

Duquesne

-0.1407494

Duquesne

-0.0893504

Duquesne

-0.0976624

Duquesne

-0.1490025

New Hampshire

-0.1910195

New Hampshire

-0.2019585

New Hampshire

-0.1567849

New Hampshire

-0.123642

New Hampshire

-0.1396599

New Hampshire

-0.1199542

New Hampshire

0.00347077

Oregon State

-0.1730351

Oregon State

-0.1564838

Oregon State

-0.1716007

Oregon State




Oregon State

-0.2752895

Oregon State

-0.0284062

Oregon State

-0.0299756

Georgia Southern

-0.2970136

Georgia Southern

-0.2336812

Georgia Southern

-0.1463909

Georgia Southern

-0.1558243

Georgia Southern

-0.1558854

Georgia Southern

-0.1734032

Georgia Southern

-0.1908027

Bowling Green

-0.3310447

Bowling Green

-0.3442278

Bowling Green

-0.3215028

Bowling Green

-0.230287

Bowling Green

-0.2605981

Bowling Green

-0.2190551

Bowling Green

-0.2327355

South Carolina

-0.3520299

South Carolina

-0.3487009

South Carolina

-0.3419111

South Carolina

-0.2961642

South Carolina

-0.3057947

South Carolina

-0.2311681

South Carolina

-0.2303199

West Virginia

-0.2157607

West Virginia

-0.163746

West Virginia

-0.185383

West Virginia

-0.1877248

West Virginia

-0.1088065

West Virginia

-0.0729716

West Virginia




Louisville

-0.0595505

Louisville

-0.1832043

Louisville

-0.2507491

Louisville

-0.1755161

Louisville

-0.1605475

Louisville

-0.1650925

Louisville

-0.1844146

Colorado

-0.227998

Colorado

-0.2131203

Colorado

-0.1730557

Colorado

-0.1668271

Colorado

-0.1792766

Colorado

-0.176922

Colorado




Houston

-0.2270255

Houston

-0.2564018

Houston

-0.1491887

Houston

-0.207124

Houston

-0.1967714

Houston

-0.1742316

Houston




Albany

-0.011198

Albany

-0.0515625

Albany

0.03257125

Albany

0.09574867

Albany

0.03552638

Albany

-0.0112054

Albany

-0.0336555

Florida

-0.2694858

Florida

-0.2439932

Florida

-0.2727649

Florida

-0.2662106

Florida

-0.2132278

Florida

-0.1648162

Florida

-0.1627586

University of Alaska - Fairbanks

-0.2707419

University of Alaska - Fairbanks

-0.3905767

University of Alaska - Fairbanks

-0.1056712

University of Alaska - Fairbanks

-0.1983234

University of Alaska - Fairbanks




University of Alaska - Fairbanks




University of Alaska - Fairbanks

-0.0524838

VCU

-0.0064549

VCU

-0.0250322

VCU

-0.0270355

VCU

0.01024518

VCU

-0.131576

VCU

-0.0466369

VCU

-0.053502

William and Mary

0.0585221

William and Mary

-0.3214811

William and Mary

-0.2838055

William and Mary

-0.2023505

William and Mary

-0.1746613

William and Mary

-0.1557512

William and Mary

-0.1554164

UNLV

-0.3646809

UNLV

-0.4251989

UNLV

-0.3056626

UNLV




UNLV

-0.3512654

UNLV

-0.069869

UNLV

-0.3258557

Montana

-0.2595496

Montana

-0.2156775

Montana

-0.1766659

Montana

-0.2256284

Montana

-0.1806538

Montana

-0.1790793

Montana

-0.206101

Idaho State

-0.3981264

Idaho State

-0.0932856

Idaho State

-0.0123229

Idaho State

-0.088185

Idaho State

-0.3389505

Idaho State

-0.1851284

Idaho State

-0.1689223

Aldephi

-0.5146667

Aldephi




Aldephi

-0.4187016

Aldephi

-0.4117483

Aldephi

0.36473083

Aldephi

0.399629

Aldephi

0.39135831

USC

-0.1836201

USC

-0.2324929

USC

-0.0517548

USC

-0.1846136

USC

-0.1790307

USC

-0.168364

USC

-0.1952232

North Dakota State University

-0.1718578

North Dakota State University

-0.144395

North Dakota State University

-0.136749

North Dakota State University

-0.161727

North Dakota State University




North Dakota State University




North Dakota State University

-0.2606279

Pace

0.07659225

Pace

-0.512929

Pace

-0.4437744

Pace

-0.1939819

Pace

-0.467644

Pace

-0.4737542

Pace

-0.5789192

Arkansas

-0.2077047

Arkansas

-0.1430146

Arkansas

-0.1426751

Arkansas

-0.1005798

Arkansas

-0.0868298

Arkansas

-0.068176

Arkansas

-0.100259

University of Mass - Lowell

0.16832068

University of Mass - Lowell

0.09582994

University of Mass - Lowell

0.0726657

University of Mass - Lowell

0.14673977

University of Mass - Lowell

0.14665679

University of Mass - Lowell

0.16566796

University of Mass - Lowell

0.22741465

Morgan State

-0.5625727

Morgan State

-0.3924683

Morgan State

-0.4256443

Morgan State

-0.3703653

Morgan State

-0.4384012

Morgan State

-0.3742777

University of South Dakota

-0.1822534

University of North Dakota

-0.5102656

University of North Dakota

-0.4575085

University of North Dakota

-0.510664

University of North Dakota

-0.6007132

University of North Dakota

-0.1033243

University of North Dakota




University of North Dakota

-0.1093076

Memphis

-0.6129373

Memphis

-0.5602878

Memphis

-0.5806792

Memphis

-0.7073609

Memphis

-0.5399727

Memphis

-0.587565

Memphis

-0.5029835

Alabama

-0.1836224

Alabama

-0.1855714

Alabama

-0.1922253

Alabama

-0.2356927

Alabama

-0.2036961

Alabama

-0.2053558

Alabama

-0.2089722

East Tennessee State




East Tennessee State

-0.6078088

East Tennessee State

-0.4498899

East Tennessee State

-0.4001791

East Tennessee State

-0.3140104

East Tennessee State

-0.2446478

East Tennessee State

-0.2774676

University of Alabama - Huntsville

-0.2149328

University of Alabama - Huntsville

-0.1712662

University of Alabama - Huntsville

-0.2230097

University of Alabama - Huntsville

-0.0910691

University of Alabama - Huntsville

-0.0514313

University of Alabama - Huntsville

-0.0970245

University of Alabama - Huntsville

-0.0643558

Dayton

-0.319346

Dayton

0.03495708

Dayton

0.1019396

Dayton

0.02982177

Dayton

0.09320607

Dayton

0.07607277

Dayton

0.01443395

East Carolina

-0.4304094

East Carolina

-0.4170194

East Carolina

-0.4221311

East Carolina

-0.4170623

East Carolina

-0.4645906

East Carolina

-0.3989776

East Carolina

-0.4115758

Illinois State

-0.1827702

Illinois State

-0.245343

Illinois State

-0.2070645

Illinois State

-0.0424999

Illinois State

-0.1573249

Illinois State

-0.1786566

Illinois State

-0.2052191

Florida Atlantic

-0.096972

Florida Atlantic

-0.13163

Florida Atlantic

-0.2916398

Florida Atlantic

-0.2482314

Florida Atlantic

-0.3276405

Florida Atlantic

-0.3554705

Florida Atlantic

-0.342777

Toledo

-0.1887467

Toledo

-0.1678691

Toledo

-0.1254826

Toledo

-0.1854699

Toledo

-0.0219745

Toledo

-0.0660816

Toledo

-0.0174762

Rhode Island

-0.1143469

Rhode Island

-0.1247866

Rhode Island

-0.1070607

Rhode Island

-0.4101335

Rhode Island

-0.113843

Rhode Island

-0.1014214

Rhode Island

-0.1312487

UMASS

-0.0560647

UMASS

-0.0827101

UMASS

-0.1166941

UMASS

-0.1332482

UMASS

-0.1598858

UMASS

-0.1714038

UMASS

-0.192713

North Texas

-0.1285719

North Texas

-0.1844883

North Texas

-0.1923261

North Texas

-0.1434691

North Texas

-0.1014388

North Texas

-0.0915592

North Texas




University of South Dakota

-0.4247103

University of South Dakota

-0.4142554

University of South Dakota

-0.3496235

University of South Dakota

-0.3651596

University of South Dakota

-0.3754389

University of South Dakota

-0.2938325

University of South Dakota

-0.1822534

Jackson State

-0.5971893

Jackson State

-0.5436453

Jackson State

-0.4881175

Jackson State

-0.4258891

Jackson State

-0.73957

Jackson State

-0.5761239

Jackson State

-0.4394272

Florida A & M

-0.4675567

Florida A & M

-0.4745431

Florida A & M

-0.2165966

Florida A & M

-0.5002371

Florida A & M

-0.5405771

Florida A & M

-0.4555884

Florida A & M

-0.3561372

Kent State

-0.3399499

Kent State

-0.3851758

Kent State

-0.3491694

Kent State

-0.3730492

Kent State

-0.3365751

Kent State

-0.3625487

Kent State

-0.3613886

Barry

-0.3379082

Barry

-0.2891013

Barry

-0.2370806

Barry

-0.241938

Barry

0.03214786

Barry

-0.2067271

Barry

-0.1401303

West Florida

-0.1930104

West Florida

-0.0394821

West Florida

-0.0631549

West Florida

-0.2313367

West Florida

-0.2028468

West Florida

-0.1693993

West Florida

-0.0876343

Pittsburgh

-0.2423563

Pittsburgh

-0.297579

Pittsburgh

-0.2916102

Pittsburgh

-0.3154695

Pittsburgh

-0.2974861

Pittsburgh

-0.2358321

Pittsburgh

-0.2200536

Nova Southeastern




Nova Southeastern

-0.3449387

Nova Southeastern

-0.3429176

Nova Southeastern

-0.3200383

Nova Southeastern

-0.2283446

Nova Southeastern

-0.1314654

Nova Southeastern




Maine

-0.0494076

Maine

-0.0602194

Maine

-0.072443

Maine

-0.1658511

Maine

-0.0942225

Maine

-0.1375976

Maine

-0.0851039

University of Bridgeport

-0.073723

University of Bridgeport

-0.0797011

University of Bridgeport

-0.184481

University of Bridgeport

-0.1147999

University of Bridgeport

0.07866491

University of Bridgeport

0.05239706

University of Bridgeport

0.02993852

Notre Dame

-0.1300006

Notre Dame

-0.1626496

Notre Dame

-0.0374344

Notre Dame

-0.0442064

Notre Dame

-0.0451457

Notre Dame

-0.0621749

Notre Dame

-0.0886057




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