Application
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Enables users to perform task; Example: shareware, freeware, open source
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CPU
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Central processing unit, everything is overseen and processed by CPU
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Binary Data
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Hard drive being measured by, example: gigabits, mega bites
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BIOS
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Basic Input Output Device, make sure CPU function, loads the CPU though process of instruction
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Cache
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Uses RAM, store frequently used data with fast RAM that goes straight to CPU
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Device Drivers
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Software developed to allow interact between a hardware device
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Domain Name
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Human readable IP address; Example: Porters.org
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Firmware
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Hard coded info needed to run software
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Firmware
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Info/instructions embedded in hard ware, needed to run software; example: BIOS
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Freeware
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Copy righted software made available for free for unlimited time; example: iTunes
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Hard drive
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Large capacity storage spaces used to hold info such as programs and documents, holds all software and files used on computer
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Hard drive is stored--
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Permanently
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Hardware
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Physical components of a computer
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HTML
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Hyper text markup language: is not a programing language but a markup language, use markup tags to create websites. It tells web browser how should web look.
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HTTP
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Hyper text transfer protocol: standard for web browsers and servers, a technical specification in order to function
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Input device
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Device to put in to computer; example: keyboard and mouse
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Internet
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One giant network that links people together.
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IP address
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When a client uses the internet, you have to use an address that have numerical label assigned to each device participating in a network.
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ISP
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Kind of internet service provider; Example: AT&T
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LAN
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Local Area Network: computer network that covers a small area; Examples: home, office; with this we can use internet wirelessly.
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MAC address
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Media access control address: every mac have a unique serial number called MAC address. Used to identify exact device. GLOBAL IDENTIFIER, WRITEN IN ROM, CARRIED IN NIC, hardware card installed in computers to make possible connection through ethane wire connection to access internet.
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MAN
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Metropolitan Area Network: Spans whole city, usually wireless
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Memory
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Fast storage used to hold data
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Mother board
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Main circuit broad that connects all components. have printed circuit broad which provides pathways for all info and communication in the computer
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Network
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Used to connect, communicate, and unifying link.
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NIC
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Network interface card that is installed in a computer so it can connect to computer. It provides full time connection.
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Open Source
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Software made available for public to publish, copy; example: safari
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Operating system
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Program which manages other programs on the computer, it send messages to the application and user about updates and possible errors. :) a software, system
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Output device
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Make info that was input, and processed available to user.
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Processing Unit
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Device receives and processes, present info
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Protocols
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They are rules to make sure everything meets it's standards
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RAM
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Random Access Memory. Store temporarily info that computer is working on. like short term memory
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ROM
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Read Only Memory. Info cannot be changed, needed in order for CPU to function. Translates firmware
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Router
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Hardware device which routes data from LAN to another connection
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Server and Client
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Are what you need to use the internet, first something provides you with ability to access on web-such as google. Then use machines to access servers-aka computer
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Server IP
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Each time a modem connects to ISP, assigns server IP. it is a static IP because it does not change
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Shareware
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Commercial software offers samples of trials before you must buy it; example: Microsoft Office
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Software
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Programs used to operate computers, attached devices; Example: Application, system
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System
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Enables other software to run by interfacing hardware; example: operating system, firmware, device drivers
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User IP
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Each time a device connects to internet, you are assigned a user ID
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Usually 32 bite numbered expressed as four octets, look like dotted decimals.
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IP address
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Virtual Memory
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Space on hard drive to temporarily store data, swap in and out as needed
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WAN
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Wide Area Network: network that covers large geographic areas with many computers.
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WNIC
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Wireless network Internet card: A NIC that has an antenna, which reads radio wave wireless signals sent from router.
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Application software
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consists of the programs that carry out business functions, such as inventory, payroll, and so on
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Arithmetic/ logic unit (ALU)
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responsible for doing arithmetic computations (for example, ADD A TO B), data transfers (moving data from one area of storage to another), and logical comparisons (such as IS A = 3?) as directed by the control unit
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Assembler program
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computer programs that translate assembly language programs into machine language
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Assembly language
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...
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BASIC (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
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Was developed in the mid-1960s at Dartmouth College by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz to allow students to write simple interactive programs. There have been many versions of BASIC. Visual BASIC, the newest version of BASIC, is an object-oriented, event-driven programming language
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Binary digit (bit)
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characters are composed of binary digits (bits) 0 and 1
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C
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Was developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Laboratories in the early 1970s, is used extensively for systems programs because it gives the programmer a lot of control over hardware. the UNIX operating system was written in C. many applications programs such as word processors, spreadsheets, are also written in C
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Central processing unit (CPU)
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The processing device used by a computer. Consists of a control unit and an arithmetic/logic unit. together with primary storage, the CPU does the processing functions of the computer system
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Character (byte)
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fields are composed of characters. The binary digits used to represent a character are called a byte. Example. In the NAME field that contains the name SAMUEL JOHNSON, there are 14 characters: S A M U E L J O H N S O N including the space or blank between the first and last names.
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Character (string) field
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any nonnumeric field is a character, or string, field
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Code a program
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after the solution is planned, the next step is to write a source program for the solution in a programming language such as Assemble, COBOL, Visual BASIC or C++
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Compiler
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A program used in the translation process of translating instructions into machine language. this program translates each instruction into one or more machine language instructions
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Computer Program
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a sequence of instructions that machines are capable of following
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Computer Programmer
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people who write computer programs
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Computer system
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The interconnected devices capable of processing data, which have been input, and supplying the resulting information as output. consists of input devices, output devices, and a processing device
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Control unit
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Thought of as the "brain" of the computer. among other things, it determines which program instruction to execute, interprets the instruction, and causes the instruction to be executed
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Data
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Raw facts; Example. a list of test scores, a stack of bills, or a recipe
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Database
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A collection of one or more related files; Example. phone directory files, records, fields, characters, and bits
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Date field
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Consists of a calendar date; Example. "Date money turned in"
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Debugging
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the process of testing a program and finding and correcting errors
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Documentation
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A written commentary of the programming process. it should include such things as the specifications provided by the analyst, flowcharts and other planning aids, a list of the source program, comments in the program, sample test data, and test results
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Event-driven, visual language
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Languages that simplified the task of programming applications for Windows. In these languages, the emphasis of a program is on the objects (ex. buttons) included in the user interface and the events (such as clicking a mouse button) that occur when these objects are used. The goal is to give the user as much control over the program as possible; Example. Visual C++, Visual BASIC
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Execute a program
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instructions must first be taken from the secondary storage medium on which they are kept and loaded (put) into the primary storage of the computer
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Field (data item, variable)
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a group of consecutive storage positions reserved for a particular type of data (records are composed of fields); Example: name, address, phone number, and Social Security number
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Field (data) type
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Describes the type of data contained in the field. fields can be numeric or nonnumeric
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Field Name (data name, variable, identifier)
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identifies the field and provides a name to access the data contained in the field
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File
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data related to a particular subject organized in secondary storage
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Firmware
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computer programs actually built into the hardware; Example. the instructions built into the ROM of a microcomputer to start the computer when it is turned on
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First-generation languages
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The earliest programmers wrote instructions in machine. When computers were first invented, this was the only type of programming language available. machine language instructions are written in binary (series of 0s and 1s)
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FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation)
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The first widely used third-generation, high-level programming language. It was developed at IBM Corporation in the mid-1950s and has been enhanced many times since then. it is commonly used for mathematical, scientific, and engineering applications
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Fourth-generation (4GL) language
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High-level languages that require much less programmer effort than third-generation languages. they are typically used to retrieve information from files and databases; INCLUDE: SQL (a common query language), report generators, form designers, and application generators
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Graphical user interface (GUI)
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An easy-to-use interface with which a user can interact. It contains buttons, menus, and scroll bars. this interface is common to all applications written for Windows environment
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Hardware
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The physical devices used to process data; Example. a computer
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High-level language
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These languages require much less programmer effort because they are more English-like and require fewer instructions.
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Information
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data that have been processed and made useful
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Input/ output (I/O) device (peripheral)
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Hardware used to get data and instructions from secondary to primary storage and vice versa; Example. disk drives, CD-ROM drives, tape drives, keyboards, mice, printers, and video displays
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Integer field
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A numeric field that contains a whole number that is positive, negative, or zero. Integers can be short integers or long integers depending on their magnitude and can be signed (stored with a positive or negative sign) or unsigned (positive or zero only); Example. -1, 0, and 25
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Interpreter
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A program used in the translation process of translating instructions into machine language. this program translates each instruction into one or more machine language instructions
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Logic error
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results that are not correct because of using an incorrect operation by the computer
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Logical (Boolean) field
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contains one of two values such as "yes"/"no" or "true"/"false" ; Example. "Money turned in to the league"
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Machine dependent
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means that each computer had its own machine language, so a program written for a particular computer would not work on another type of computer
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Machine independent
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third-generation instruction that might be converted into more than one machine-language instruction that is not tied to particular computers
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Machine language
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the binary (on/off) representation of computer instructions
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Manual Data Processing
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processing data without a computer
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Memory size of a computer
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The storage capacity of its RAM. Measured in kilobytes (K). A single kilobyte is 1,024 storage locations. one thousand kilobytes is equivalent to 1 megabyte, and 1,000 megabytes is equivalent to 1 gigabyte
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Mnemonics
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words and symbols used in assembly language
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Nonnumeric (alphanumeric) field
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contain any character including numbers, letters of the alphabet, and special characters such as dollar signs ($), percent signs (%), hyphens (-), and commas (,)
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Numeric field
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contain only numbers, a decimal point, a positive or negative sign
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Object program
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compilers and assemblers generate this machine language as output
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Object-oriented language
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When programming in this language, the programmer creates objects and methods for working with the objects. One of the first object-oriented programming languages was Smalltalk, which was developed in the mid-1970s by Xerox Corporation. Example. C++
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Operand
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describes the data used in the instruction
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Operation Code
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machine language instructions that consist of the instruction to be executed
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Primary (main) storage (memory)
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stores the data and instructions (programs) needed by the computer
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Procedure-oriented language
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In these languages, the emphasis of the program is on how to accomplish a task. The programmer writes the instructions as well as determines the order in which the computer should process the instructions. Example. FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, and C
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Program specifications
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the specifications used by the programmer
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Program testing
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the only way to find logic errors
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Programming Logic
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designing solutions to problems that will be solved by a computer
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RAM (random-access memory)
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Main memory. Before a program's instructions can be carried out or executed by the computer, these instructions must be stored in RAM.
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Real (floating point) field
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Refer to numeric fields that have decimal points such as 11.213 and -12.36. can be single precision or double precision depending on the magnitude and accuracy required
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Record
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How files are composed; Example1. Each listing in a phone directory represents a record (files are composed of records); Example 2. a payroll file contains one record for each employee
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Register
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a special storage area in the ALU where all calculations are done
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ROM (read-only memory)
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Special type of main memory that cannot be changed by the programmer. It contains instructions for doing such things as starting up the computer when you turn it on. These instructions are built into a memory chip and cannot be erased when the power to the computer is turned off. the programmer has no control over what is stored in the ROM
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Second-generation language
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...
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Secondary (external or auxiliary) storage
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Used as additional memory for the computer, is cheaper than primary storage because it does not have to be as fast. It is permanent in that turning off the computer does not erase secondary storage.
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Software
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term used to describe computer programs
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Source program
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the program written by the programmer which is the input to a compiler, interpreter, or assembler
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Statement
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all programming languages consist of a set of these instructions and syntax rules for putting them together to make valid instructions
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Subroutine (function or module)
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A set of instructions or tasks that accomplishes a specific function of the program; Example. printing heading on a report, accessing a file, or doing a complicated calculation
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Syntax
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Rules used for programming languages in software. if a programmer makes a syntax error in a programming language, the computer cannot understand what to do, and an error results
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System
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the analyst studies this current collection of people, machines, and procedures that work together to accomplish objectives to find out what input, processing, and output procedures are currently being used
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System software
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Software, such as the operating system, is needed to make the computers usable. The operating system communicates with hardware to accomplish input and output functions. Example Windows 7, OSX, Linux
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Systems analyst
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This person who works on a particular project provides specifications to be used by the programmer.
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Third-generation language
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includes FORTRAN, COBOL, C, C++, BASIC, AND Visual BASIC
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Translate a program
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translating assembly language instructions into machine language (binary code)
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Translation (syntax or language) error
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Output includes a list of diagnostics that show these errors; Examples. using a field name that contains too many characters, misspelling a computer instruction, branching to a nonexistent location in your program, and violating the punctuation rules of a language
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User
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analysts develop specifications by working with this person or persons who will be using the program when it is complete in order to determine how best to solve a problem or improve operations
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