Aquaculture Affirmative fyi
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- US offshore aquaculture is underdeveloped- new efforts are needed
- Restrictions now
- Unsustainable now
- Aquaculture is unsustainable now
InherencyUS aquaculture lowUS aquaculture has stalled- no new growthNewman 3-27-14 [Dr. Newman is a marine microbiologist with more than three decades of experience in the global business of aquaculture, auditor for the Aquaculture Certification Council, NSF Surefish and Global Trust, Newman has audited more than 50 processing plants, “US domestic aquaculture industry unlikely to grow,” http://www.seafoodsource.com/en/blogs/global-aquaculture-issues/25835-us-domestic-aquaculture-industry-unlikely-to-grow] Over the last three and half decades, I have watched aquaculture grow rapidly (often too quickly) outside of the U.S. and watched U.S. companies struggle with high regulatory costs and business models that simply were not viable. ¶ Despite this, there is a solid aquaculture industry in the U.S. although the industry cannot meet the needs of the U.S. and some facets of the industry, such as the catfish farming industry, have struggled against imports. Note that this is a generalization. Some sectors, such as bivalve production in general do well. For others growth is at best difficult. There is a strong demand for products that are produced in the U.S. among certain market sectors but for many prices are more important than source. ¶ As technologies have improved, local production for local markets has become a viable business model. Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) allow production in inner cities, although typically the cost structure is high. Nonetheless, niche markets are more than willing to pay the price for domestic fresh product that is produced with the certainty that it is what it claims to be and that it is produced in a manner consistent with sustainability. I expect that we will see some very large operations in the years to come. ¶ It is my opinion though that while there are those in the U.S. that are pushing for a stronger domestic industry that this is not likely to come to pass. The sheer volume of imports into the U.S. is so large and has the potential to be so much larger that there is simply no way that this commodity driven demand could be met by domestic production. ¶ Also, despite evidence that suggests that there may be some fundamental changes in how this production will be approached, the U.S. is highly regulated in many sectors and the costs of doing business often can make being competitive problematic. While one agency or even a group of agencies may be lobbying for a massive expansion in domestic aquaculture production, other agencies (Federal, state and local) are ensuring that this will be a very bumpy road. US offshore aquaculture is underdeveloped- new efforts are neededTiller et al ’13 [Rachel Tiller, PhD, Post Doctoral Fellow with a focus on marine research at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Fulbright Scholar, Russell Richards, PhD with research expertise in coastal and ocean management, Griffith University, Rebecca Gentry, former Policy Analyst at the Ministry of Fisheries, New Zealand, PhD student at the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, “Stakeholder driven future scenarios as an element of interdisciplinary management tools; the case of future offshore aquaculture development and the potential effects on fishermen in Santa Barbara, California,” Ocean & Coastal Management¶ Volume 73, March 2013, Pages 127–135, ScienceDirect, online] In light of the increased demand for seafood in the United States and around the world, driven by a growing population and increasing per capita consumption, aquaculture in open ocean waters is increasingly being proposed as a sustainable and innovative option to meet this demand (Polefka, Richmond et al., 2007). Offshore aquaculture development represents an opportunity to bring economic development to coastal communities, decrease our reliance on foreign imports, and ensure that high quality seafood products reach American consumers. While locating aquaculture in the open ocean can mitigate many of the conflicts and environmental impacts associated with near shore aquaculture, there are still many potential environmental effects and spatial conflicts related to offshore aquaculture development that must be considered and carefully evaluated. Offshore aquaculture is still largely undeveloped in the U.S., providing a valuable opportunity to proactively manage its future development in a way that is scientifically robust, resource efficient, sustainable and minimizes undesirable interactions with existing uses. Restrictions nowUS aquaculture is overly restrictive- sustainable approaches are keyWeek ’13 [Chris Weeks, Regional Aquaculture Extension Specialist, North Central Regional Aquaculture Center, Michigan State University, “Sustainable Aquaculture in the North Central Region U.S.—A Review of Perceptions and Recommendations from the Aquaculture Community,” http://www.joe.org/joe/2013april/comm1.php] It is also important to remember that environmental policy in the U.S. is often dictated on the premise that restriction is the best approach to prevention. Developmental strategies must therefore anticipate and account for the likelihood that regulators will attempt to employ increasingly restrictive measures on the industry, regardless of rights in commerce or the actual effectiveness of a regulation. It is much more difficult, however, to impose potentially unjust and ineffective regulations on a sustainable activity. Hence, one could make strong argument that perhaps the best way to shift regulatory control from that of restriction towards promotion is through increasingly more proactive efforts by industry supporters in sustainable aquaculture development, practices, and promotion. Unsustainable nowAquaculture is inevitable but unsustainable- new recycling methods are key to sustainabilityPapenbrock and Turcios ’14 [Prof. Dr. Jutta Pape Brock, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Ariel Turcios, PhD student, “Sustainable Treatment of Aquaculture Effluents—What Can We Learn from the Past for the Future?” Sustainability 2014, 6, 836-856, online] Worldwide, there is a growing contamination of soil and irrigation water, caused, among other¶ reasons, by intensive agricultural use and environmentally-unfriendly activity, which is due to the need to generate ever greater quantities of food to meet the demands of the growing population.¶ Today, aquaculture is growing rapidly: according to the FAO [1], aquaculture provides 47%¶ (51 million tons) of the global human fish consumption. In order to keep up with population growth and¶ increasing per capita fish consumption, aquaculture output is set to increase by a further 60%–100% over the next 20–30 years. In 2015, the production from aquaculture will be 74 million tons [1]. More than¶ 40% of the world population lives not more than 100 km away from the coastlines, putting high¶ pressure on the coastal ecosystems. Aquacultures as monocultures have been developed in the last decades, from keeping fish in ponds for easier harvesting to high technological fish farms extensively¶ using feed, hormones and often antibiotics with a known impact on the environment. To achieve sustainability, it is necessary to intensify the production using technologies such as water recirculation systems and proper treatment to optimize this valuable resource. Further, is it important to reduce the pressure on the coastlines and produce large amounts of fish also in inland aquaculture systems close to consumers. In recent years long-forgotten historical approaches have been recovered and adapted to new technologies, such as the parallel production of fish with filter feeders and plants or algae, even in¶ multi-trophic systems [2,3]. This concept is applicable to many standard aquaculture installations, such¶ as ponds or net cages. With respect to the pollution generated by aquaculture, nitrogen and phosphorus are considered as waste components of fish farming, causing serious environmental problems. In addition, several fish¶ excrete nitrogenous waste products by diffusion and ion exchange through the gills, urine and feces. Decomposition and reuse of these nitrogenous compounds is especially important in aquaculture using recirculation systems due to the toxicity of ammonia and nitrite and the chance of hypertrophication of the environment by nitrate [2].¶ All aspects of water treatment play a significant role in intensive fish production, because the¶ control and monitoring of water quality is of vital importance to the success or failure of the¶ production. It is therefore necessary to develop new research applications focused on avoiding or at¶ least reducing the negative impacts of aquaculture effluents on the environment. This review aims at¶ giving an overview about aquaculture systems developed in historical times which could still be¶ valuable for the future, about the present problems, and about innovative ideas, especially with respect¶ to the integration of halophytic plants as biofilter in saline aquaculture systems. Aquaculture is unsustainable nowHishamunda et al ‘14 [Nathanael Hishamunda, Senior Aquaculture Officer at the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Neil Ridler, Emeritus Professor of Economics at the University of New Brunswick, Elisabetta Martone, FAO consultant, “Policy and governance ¶ in aquaculture ¶ Lessons learned and way forward,” http://www.fao.org/docrep/019/i3156e/i3156e.pdf] Aquaculture governance is likely to become even more important in the future if the sector is to remain sustainable. This is because all four factors of sustainability- economic, environmental, social and technical- will face challenges. The emergence ¶ of oligopolies in the production of certain species, the dominance of individual ¶ monopsonists in local communities, reconciling competing claims to water and land, ¶ the need to manage aquaculture within a deteriorating ecosystem also used by other ¶ interested parties, vocal opposition from well-funded NGOs, and funding of local ¶ research are among the likely challenges that are intrinsic to the industry as it grows. ¶ Some future economic challenges will occur because aquaculture has become more capital-intensive and is likely to remain so as producers strive to remain competitive and the industry seeks to meet the ever-growing demand for fish. This will lead to increased ¶ industry concentration internationally and locally. Environmentally, aquaculture activities will face deteriorating ecosystems also used by other sectors. A major environmental challenge especially for marine aquaculture will be water pollution. Non-point pesticide runoff from agriculture, and industrial and urban waste, is likely ¶ to threaten the pristine water needed for marine finfish and shellfish. Freshwater aquaculture will be jeopardized by a growing scarcity of freshwater and land.Aquaculture is also an industry competing for sites in coastal areas where other ¶ activities have preceded it, or enjoy more public support. Thus, recreation and tourism ¶ with high income elasticity of demand offer strong growth prospects, and communities ¶ may prefer these activities to aquaculture. Aquaculture is only one sector (and often ¶ a minor one) competing for priority and resources against more politically powerful ¶ lobbies. 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