Arabic & Fársí transcription list and glossary for Bahá’ís Contents
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- Arabic letters and abjad values.. .
Abbaside Caliphs.. .1. Abu’l-‘Abbás ‘Abdu’lláh as-Saffáḥ (750–54) 2. Abú-Ja‘far al-Manṣúr (754–75) 3. Muḥammad al-Mahdí (775–85) 4. Músá al-Hádí (785–86) 5. Hárún Ar-Rashíd (786–809) 6. Muḥammad al-Amín (809–13) 7. ‘Abdu’lláh al-Ma’mún (813–33) 8. Muḥammad al-Mu’taṣim (“al-Mu’taṣim-Bi’lláh”—‘He who is steadfast in God’) (833-42) 9. Hárún al-Wáthiq (“al-Wáthiq-Bi’lláh”—‘He who has his trust in God’) (842–47) 10. Ja‘far al-Mutawakkil (“al-Mutawakkil-u-‘Al’-Alláh”—‘He who puts his reliance in God’) (847–61) Arabic letters and abjad values.. .
The Arabic alphabet contains 28 letters. Some grammarians regard alif (ا) and hamza (ء) as two distinct letters, while others regard them as two realizations of the same letter. They are a problematic aspect of Arabic writing and are often confusing to native and non-native speakers alike. The Arabic letters are divided into 14 sun (red in the above table) and 14 moon letters. This classification is based on the way these letters affect the pronunciation of the definite article (ال) at the beginning of words. The definite article is assimilated into the sun letters and loses its distinctive sound. As a result, the sound at the beginning of the word is doubled. The definite article retains its distinctive sound when it occurs before one of the moon letters. Examples of changes to the definite article when placed in front of words beginning with a sun letter:
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