Art & Art Education in eastern africa a working Bibliography version 4
Orchardson-Mazrui, E 1986: ‘A Socio-historical perspective of the art and material culture of the Mijikenda of Kenya’. PhD thesis. SOAS, U London
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Orchardson-Mazrui, E 1986: ‘A Socio-historical perspective of the art and material culture of the Mijikenda of Kenya’. PhD thesis. SOAS, U London._______ 2006: Aliens at Home. In Jahazi. Commissioned firstly for Thelathini 2003, op cit. A brief history of gallery art before 1995; ‘Aliens’ = KU art department! Osako, J, Muyela A, Odula V, Shiundu L 2003-6: Creative Arts, Standards I-VIII. Nairobi: Jomo Kenyatta Foundation for the Kenya Institute of Education. Primary school text books designed for the 2002 syllabus, incorporating the art of ‘8’ in the 8-4-4. Ready for the next GOK change? Once for sale at the Texbook Centre, Westlands. Ose, E Dyangani 2006: Africalls? DVD Barcelona: Casa Africa. Castellan and three languages (without English subtitles for French and Portuguese); text pp 26; curated by Dyangani Ose; curator; produced by ‘we are here! films’, 188 minutes. A quick-paced documentary video in which ‘calls’ refer to the artist-organizers of arts projects in seven cities in Africa which question status quos. Ose’s sampler of encounters includes: Capetown (Lolo Veleko), Doulala (Doularts), Dakar (Mamadu Gill), Luanda (Nastio Mosquito), Maputo (Jorge Dias), Rabat (Myriam Mihindu); for Nairobi - Kwani? Binyavanga Wainaina reads his satirical essay ‘How to Write about Africa?’ with a brief images of Kuona Arts Trust then located at the Godown. Owuor, Y A 2013: Dust. Nairobi: Kwani?, New York: Knopf, London: Granta. Caine Prize Odwuor’s first novel in which she poetically retells the political story of Kenya’s post-colonial violence and silence, focussing on the present. The protagonist is a woman artist; leit motif is the personal value of art for its maker. p’Bitek, O 1986: Artist the Ruler. Essays on Art, Culture and Values. Nairobi: Heinemann. Petrovich-Mwaniki, L & Kaderbhai, T Fall 1995: The Traditional arts of Kenya as reflected in school art textbooks. Journal of Multi-cultural and Cross-cultural Research in Art Education. Pido, D 2011: The Flashless Spirit: Ignoring cultural history and belief systems in contemporary life. Paper presented at Arts Council ASA (USA) Triennial Conference March, 2011 in the panel session ‘Kenya in the Fusion Period: Art, Esthetics and Development’ chaired by JP Odoch Pido. Picton, J, Loder, R & Court, E eds: 2002: Action & Vision Painting and Sculpture in Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda from 1980. Exhibition catalogue Rochdale Art Gallery. London: Triangle Arts Trust. Loder’s collection is largely from Gallery Watatu during the Schaffner phase. Republic of Kenya Ministry of Education, Science and Technology 2005: Kenya Education Sector Support Programme 2005-2010. Delivering Quality Education and Training to All Kenyans. Nairobi. Rychner, R-M 1996: Contemporary Art in Uganda. Catalogue for 12 artists to document their participation in the 1995 Africus-Johannesburg-Biennale ’95. Kampala. Sanyal, S 2000: Imaging Art, Making History: Two Generations of Makerere Artists. Phd Thesis. Atlanta: Emory University. Sicherman, C 2005: Art and the Educated Man. In Becoming an African University. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press. Sifuna, D 1990: The 8-4-4 Education System in Kenya: A Study of pre-vocational subjects in primary school. Nairobi: Kenyatta U. Somjee, S 1993: Material culture of Kenya. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers. Somjee articulates his theory of material culture as the basis for art education, allowing past and present objects/cultures to be studied and compared. This book was written as a guide for the 8-4-4 while the writer was an advisor; unfortunately, its publication was delayed almost ten years (?politics). Somjee, a KU grad, designer by training in Copenhagen and a Phd in the anthropology of education, was founder of the UNbi Material Culture Collection (Institute of African Studies), lecturer in anthropology UN, head of ethnography National Museums of Kenya, founder of the local Peace Museums movement. Currently, he lives, writes and teaches in Canada. ________1996: Learning to be indigenous or being taught to be Kenyan, An ethnography of teaching art and material culture in Kenya. PhD thesis. Montreal: McGill University. A short version ‘Learning to be Indigenous and Being Taught to be Modern: The Ethnography of Lessons in Art and Material Culture in Kenya’ is in D Boughton & R Mason, eds. Beyond Multicultural Art Education: International Perspectives. Munich, Germany & NY, NY: Waxmann Publishing for INSEA: International Society for Education through Art. ________ 1997: Honey and Heifer: Grasses, Milk and Water: A Heritage of Diversity in reconciliation. Nairobi: Mennonite Committee & National Museums of Kenya.________ 2008: Building Kenyan Identities: Art Education, Material Culture, Indigenous Aesthetics and Community Peace Museums. In M Arnold, ed. op cit. ________ 2012; second printing 2013. Bead Bai: Of imitation pearls we are genuine merchants. [motto is written in Gujarati] South Carolina: CreateSpace. The writer debut novel, part memoir, concerning how beads affect the life of an illiterate Asian woman, the making of an Asian-African; with ethnographic details for Satpanth Bohra (Ismailis) and Maasai. ________ 2014: Conference paper for the Workshop_Journey of Peace traveling exhibition.
Wide scope for the whole continent and diaspora; kanga; includes a print by Peterson Kamwathi which is now on display in the African Galleries. Swigert [wa Gacheru], M 2011: Globalizing Kenyan Culture: Jua Kali and the Transformation of Contemporary Kenyan Art: 1960-2010. Phd thesis. Dept of Sociology. Chicago: Loyola University. On-line, query www. Topan, F 2008: Swahili Aesthetics: Some Observations. In M Arnold, ed. op cit. Triangle Arts Trust [joint authorship] 2006: Triangle variety of experience around artists’ workshops and residencies. London: Triangle Art Trust. Concerns the Triangle network which then included Kuona Arts; contributions by Rob Burnet, founder of Kuona and others involved in artists’ workshops in the region. Trowell, K M 1937: African Arts and Crafts: Their Development in the School. London: Longmans. Classic for art education in eastern Africa; KMT lived in Ukambani and Nairobi, Kenya (1929-35) before her many decades in Uganda where she founded the art school at Makerere and made collections for the national museum (and the BM); author of many texts that document the late 1920’s to mid-1950’s. Vikiru, G 2006: Skilled Talent vs Talented Skill. In Jahazi_Culture, Arts, Performance. 2006:1. Visona, M et al eds 2007: East Africa. In A History of Art in Africa. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Vohora, A 2011: Wall Art in Kenya. Nairobi: Ramco Printing Works. wa-Mungai, Mbugwa & Gona, G, eds. 2010: (Re)Membering Kenya Vol 1. Identity, Culture and Freedom. Nairobi: Twaweza Communications. 12 essays on the post-2008 election violence by younger generation Kenyan scholars; excellent, engaged, thoughtful coverage of timely and challenging issues of being and becoming Kenyan in the 21st century. Wekesa, C 2013: Freedom. Exhibition catalogue (exhibition 7.12.13-31.01.14). Nairobi National Museum. Explores artistic and political freedom: works by E Dawelbait, P Kamwathi, J Kyalo, C van Rampelberg, S Wadu, C Wekesa. Nairobi: Orkedi African Fine Art. Wong, L, ed. 1999: Shootback: Photos by Kids from Nairobi Slums. London: Booth-Clibborn Editions. Wright, K 2005: Ethnic Identities and Cultural Commodization in the Jua Kali Art World of Lamu Kenya. Unpublished MA Thesis in Art History, U Illinois at Chicago. ____ 2012: Zarina Bhimji. Exhibition catalogue. London: Whitechapel Art Gallery & Riding House.
Andersson, I & Andersson, S 2009: Aesthetic representations among Himba people in Namibia. In International Art in Early Childhood Research Journal 1(1). Compares drawing and modeling performance of a small sample of rural, unschooled children. Apple, M, Au, W, Gandin, L, eds. 2009: The Routledge International Handbook of Critical Education. NY & London: Routledge. Axt, F & Sy, E, eds. 1989: Anthology of Contemporary Fine Arts in Senegal. Frankfurt am Main: Welkulteren (formerly Museum fur Volkekunde). Tri-lingual texts in German, French and English. Documents a pioneer effort to integrate contemporary art from Africa in an ethnographic museum, herein the systematic collection of Senegalese art in collaboration with a leading artist-curator. This was during the early-mid 1980’s before Magiciens de la Terre and Africa Explores ‘discovered’ Africa’s contemporary art. Barber, K , ed. 1997: Readings in African Popular Culture. Oxford: James Currey. Becker, H 2008: Art Worlds. revised edition from 1982. Los Angeles: UCLA Press. The Art Worlds model posits an inclusive contemporary notion: all forms happening at the same time; it fits well with the plurality of art practices in Kenya; notion of ‘Art World’ associated with the philosopher Arthur Danto, 1964. Bruner, J 1996: The Culture of Education. Harvard U Press. Excellent theoretical grounding for culturalism, i.e. culture-based education/ cultural psychology, building on Vygotsky, Cole, Wertsch. Cole, M 1992: Culture in development. In M Bornstein & M Lamb. Developmental psychology: an advanced textbook. New Jersey: Erlbaum. Court, E 1999: Africa on Display: Exhibiting art by Africans. In E Barker, eds. Contemporary Cultures of Display. London: Yale & Open U. Discusses themes in the display of ethnic art traditions traces the entry of contemporary African art in UK galleries/museums with reference to the africa’95 art season. Note Open U series for their course Histories of Art. Eisner, E & Day, M 2004: Handbook of Research and Policy in Art Education. New Jersey: Erlbaum. Excellent scholarship, 6 sections: history, policy, learning, teaching, assessment, visions in 36 chapters, including L Hetland & E Winner, G Sullivan, A Efland, B Wilson. Efland, A 1976: The School art style: A functional analysis. Studies in Art Education. 17 (2). Gardner, Howard. 2011 (1st ed 1993): Creating Minds: An Anatomy of Creativity. NY: Basic Books. Gardner argues for shared characteristics across domains for exceptionally creative 20th c persons, e.g. Freud, Picasso, Martha Graham, Gandhi. Two chapters (2, 10) explain the criteria he employs to examine and compare their careers: ‘Triangle of Creativity – Individual (cognition, motivation, endurance, strategy, management of talent), Other Persons (support of a person and in a social ‘field), The Work (in a domain, discipline)’; Gardner assumes very high levels of competence, usually taking ten years for mastery. One of the founder and longtime director of the path-breaking Project Zero for the study of creativity, largely in the arts, Situated in the Harvard Graduate School of Education. Geertz, C 1983: Art as a cultural system. In Local Knowledge Further Essays in Interpretative Anthropology. New York: Basic Books. Harney, E Summer, 2007: Canon Fodder: The Battles over Contemporary African Art. Art Journal. 66 (2). __________. 2004: In Senghor’s Shadow. Art, Politics and the avant-garde in Senegal, 1960-1995. Duke University Press. Hetland, L, Winner, E, Veenema, S, Sheridan, K 2008: Studio Thinking: The real benefits of visual arts education. Harvard UP. Criteria: mastery of skills; ability to create work that expresses an idea – in control of his/her symbols; familiarity with sources (heritage/material culture, history) – can adapt to own needs. Hopkins, D 2000: After Modern Art 1945-2000, Oxford History of Art. King, K & Palmer, R 2010: Planning for technical and vocational skills development. Paris: UNESCO IIEP. Kresse K & Marchand, T 2009: Introduction: Knowledge in practice. In K Kress & T Marchand, eds. Knowledge in Practice: Expertise and the Transmission of Knowledge. Africa. Special Edition 79(1). Lindstrom, L, ed 2000: The Cultural Context Comparative studies of art education and children’s drawings. Stockholm: Institute of Education Press. Madoff, Seven H, ed. 2009: ART SCHOOL (Propositions for the 21st Century). Cambridge, MA & London: MIT Press. Many ‘names’ including C Deliss on her project Future Academy; Madoff is Senior Critic at Yale University. O’Farrell, L 2010 Final Report -- of the closing session of the Second World Conference on Arts Education, 28 May 2010]. Seoul: UNESCO. Oketch, M 2007: To vocationalise or not to vocationalise? Perspectives on the current trends and issues in technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in Africa. International Journal of Educational Development 27:220-234. Relevant to Kenya, though not a case study; more recent research on Kenya’s Free Primary Education with CREATE, www below. Phillips, R 2007: Exhibiting Africa after Modernism: Globalization, Pluralism and the Persistent Paradigms of Art and Artifact. In G Pollack & J Zemans, eds. Museums After Modernism Strategies of Engagement. Oxford: Blackwell. Stimulating volume in which Phillips’ chapter interrogates new approaches to the display of African objects in historical museums of the North, noting changes due to the entry of contemporary art by Africans, cf Court:1999. Smith, N 1992: Development of the Aesthetic in Children’s Drawings. In D Thistlewood et al, eds. Drawing, Research and Development.op cit. Stankiewicz, MA 200 Capitalizing Art Education: mapping international histories. In L Bresler, ed. International Handbook of Research in Arts Education. Springer. Uses P Bourdieu’s model of capitals: human, cultural, economic, fits well with conditions in Kenya. Sullivan, G 2005: Art Practice as Research Inquiry in the Visual Arts. NY & London: Sage Also in E Eisner & M Day, eds. op cit. Wertsch, J ed 1986: Culture, communication and cognition: Vygotskian perspectives. Cambridge U. P. See M Cole’s ‘The zone of proximal development: where culture and cognition create each other’ and other essays by J Bruner, M Cole, S Scribner, all Vygotsky-philes. Wilson, B 2004: Child Art after Modernism Visual Culture and New Narratives. In E Eisner & M Day, eds. op cit. Critique of the concept ‘Child Art’/’School Art’. UNESCO 1995: Our Creative Diversity. Report of the World Commission on Culture and Development. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. UNESCO 1995: The Cultural Dimension of Development Towards a Practical Approach. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. UNESCO 2010: Seoul Agenda: Goals for the Development of Arts Education. The Goals are to (1) Ensure that arts education is accessible as a fundamental an sustainable component of a high quality renewal of education; (2) Assure that arts education activities and programs of a high quality in conception and delivery; (3) Apply arts education principles and practices to contribute to resolving the social and cultural challenges facing today’s world. (This policy statement incorporates the Road Map that was developed collaboratively during and after the 2006 World Conference and before the 2010 World Conference, latterly with Kenyan participation.) Kenya magazines/journals that have art content Chonjo (2006-) Lamu, Malindi & the North Coast (Ed: H Bwanaadi Ernst) Jahazi culture, arts, performance; Twaweza Communications (2006- ) Kenya Past and Present; Kenya Museum Society (from 1971) WajIbu April-May 2006 Special issue ‘Voices from the World of the Arts’ (Ed: J Sibi-Okumu); ceased publication Msanii contemporary art; RaMoMA (2001-09, 25 issues, ceased publication) KWANI? critical literary (from 2003 Founder: B Wainana, current Ed: B Kahora). SELECTED Websites www kie.ac.ke (Kenya Institute of Education) www onbi.ac.ke (University of Nairobi, School of Arts and Design) www ke.ac.ke (Kenyatta University, School of Visual and Performing Arts, Department of Fine Arts) www. kuonatrust.org (model networking; also site for Footnotes)
www. africanchildforum.org (‘Picture Gallery’ offers comparison with paintings by Ethiopian children) www. africancolours.net (on-line contemporary art and culture news) www. africanrockart.org (site for TARA: Trust for African Rock Art which is based in Nairobi; includes education & community programmes) www. annosafrica.org.uk (arts education for orphans and children from the slums; 3 month programmes with existing child care institutions) www. apesinspace.net (animation by Kwame Nyong’o, e.g. Tinga Tinga Tales, 2011: Legend of the Ngong Hills). www. art2bebodymaps.com (international exposure includes ‘Our Positive Bodies’ exhibition at the Brunei Gallery, SOAS, 2008) www. awbkenya.com (Art Without Borders, directed by James Mbuthia, Nairobi) www. thebritishmuseum.org (check under Research for Collections) www. circleartagency.com www. create-rpc.org (CREATE: Consortium for Research on Educational Access, Transition and Equity, Centre for International Education, Sussex; includes Free Primary Education in Kenya) www. drawing-research-network.org/uk (cited by Mercy Kagia) www. fliplopiwas.com (Uniqueco-designs, Nairobi) www. gatsby.org.uk (Kenya Gatsby Trust, support for development of craftwork) www. thegodownarts.com (houses 12 arts NGOs plus artists’ studios) www. harambeearts.org www. hawaartists.com (NGO to promote women artists) www knatcomunescoyouth.org (Kenya National Commission for UNESCO, specifically ‘UNESCO Youth’ with portal intended for the AST Seminar papers. www. kwani.org (check for photography project ’24 Nairobi) www.lamuchonjo.com www. maryknoll Institute of African Studies, Nbi (East African Art course) www. masaimbili.com (Kibera art group; see C Halliday’s video on U-Tube) www. mobileartschoolkenya.org www. museums.or.ke (3.11 Nairobi Museum’s temporary exhibition is ‘Visionary Women’) www. nairobi-artsrust.org (Nairobi Arts Trust/Centre for Contemporary Art in East Africa, Godown; director Jimmy Ogonga) www. open.ac.uk/Arts/ferguson-centre/memorialization (for Peace Museums) www. portraitsofnairobi.wordpress.com (London-based Kibera project ‘Koinonia’) www. sarakasi.org (performing arts, Nairobi) www. shujaaz.fm (development radio in Sheng [slang Swahili with English], monthly cartoon supplement in Nation newspaper) www. sil.si.edu/SILpublications/Modern African Art/ www. slumkidsart.com www. sussex.ac.uk/education/research/cie/projects/tpa/Kenya (pre-school, technical education) www. triaidcraft.co.uk (product development, ‘Good Wood’)
a notional, partial listing of an estimated 60 or more Anno’s Africa, Nairobi Art in Kibera (NGO sponsored by GAIN: Georgetown African Interest Network) Banana Hill, Limuru Culture Boyz, Lamu Kyanika Adult Women Group (KAWG), Kitui District (conserving the ‘traditional’ gourd plant) Lake Basin Arts Group, Kisumu Maasai Mbili, Kibera Ngare Ndare, Laipikia Ngecha Artists, Limuru Lily Pond Art Centre, Nanyuki Sane Wadu Art Trust Studios, Navaisha Wildebeeste Environmental Workshops, Athi & Lamu For suggestions, thank you to Lydia Galavu, Curator for Contemporary Art at Nairobi National Museum, National Museums of Kenya: NMK; Prof George Kyeyune, Makerere University; Dr Lillian Nabulime, Makerere University; Dr Donna Pido, Technical University Kenya; Donald Maingi; Dr Sultan Somjee, formerly with UNbi and NMK; Janet Stanley, Librarian, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C and Ruth Thomas. 
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