Attraction can be defined as the romantic desire for a specific person for mating and it develops out of lust and commitment to another individual
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| Participants: fourteen schools in a rural county in the United States were randomly allocated to treatment conditions.
Procedure: The participants’ attitudes toward adolescent dating violence were measured through the questionnaires, before and after the program. Findings: Less psychological abuse and sexual violence was reported in the treatment than the control group. Most of these effects were explained by changes in dating violence norms, gender stereotyping and awareness of services. Even though one should be cautious of drawing too far reached conclusions of the results, as the measure was based on self report, and not actual behavior, the reduction of adolescent dating violence through education seems promising. 2. Improve social skills and enhance life opportunities for children. Outline two strategies for reducing bullying. Support with two studies for each. Evaluate the studies and the effectiveness of the strategies
Outline the effect of short term exposure to bullying. Support with two studies. Evaluate the studies and to which extent there are short term effects of bullying. Outline the effect of long term exposure to bullying. Support with two studies. Evaluate the studies and to which extent there are long term effects of bullying. Bully: A person who use strength or power to harm or intimidate those who are weaker. Long term effects: - Miss many school days - Lower achievements - Age 23 or above tend to go into depression - Poorer self esteem Fekkes, Piipers, and Verloove- Vanhorick (2004) Aim: To investigate the long term effect of bullying Method: Cross-sectional study Procedure: Questionnaire for participants to answer Results: Victims of bullied had significantly higher chances of depression and psychosomatic symptoms including, headaches, sleeping difficulties, abdominal pain, bed wetting, and feeling tired. Ethical Considerations: Consent form, privacy Strength: Supports the theory of long term memory. Limitation: Ecological validity, replication, and generalizability Kidscape (1999) Kidscape children’s charity had conducted the first ever retrospective survey of adults to discover if bullying at school affects people in later life. The survey shows that being bullied continuously as a child has a dramatic, negative effect throughout life. Participants: 1000 Adults Method: Suvey Results: Bullying affect self esteem, ability to make friends, ability to be successful in education, work and social relationship during adulthood. 46% who were bullied considered suicide compared to 7% who were not bullied. Evaluation The study uses surveys as the method. This makes it fairly high in ecological validity. The population is 1000 adults, which is a large sample, making it more generalizable to other adults. Students cannot be involved in the study, as they are not considered to have experienced effects from bullying that is long term. The participants can give false experiences about bullying, affecting the validity of the study. Short term effects of bullying Definition: Bullying is usually defined as a form of aggression in which one or more children intend to harm or disturb another child who is perceived to be unable to defend themselves (Glew, Rivara and Feudther, 2000) Short Term effects of bullying: Acts moody, sullen, or withdraws from family interactions. Thus, becomes depressed and angry, high rates of illness, loses interest in school work which leads to lower grades. Loses appetite and has difficulty sleeping. Busted lips and bruises, ask for extra allowance, wants to carry a protection item (knife). Study 1: Delville (2002) This study observed effects of bullying on health and brain development of adolescent hamsters. Adolescent male hamsters were placed for an hour a day for 2 weeks in an adult hamster’s cage. The adult bit and chased the adolescent hamsters. A) Control Group: Adolescent male hamsters were placed in an empty, unfamiliar cage. Results: Stress hormone cortisol was at a high level in both groups of hamsters on the first day. But the cortisol level remained high for the entire two weeks for the hamsters who were bullied. Study 2: Snyder (2003) Longitudinal study observing 266 kindergarten elementary school kids on the playground Results: researchers recorded aggressive actions and people being victims and found that boys experienced bullying became depressed and showed anti social behavior, thus anti social behavior made girls targets for short term and long term bullying. Evaluation and Conclusion: There are certainly short term effects of bullying. Though the definition of short term may vary with each victim (for instance, one may argue that a victim suffering from the consequences of feeling unsafe and keeping a weapon at hand may not get over their problem as quickly as a victim who merely acts out by demanding extra allowance) Studies investigating these trends are often more adept at recording instances of bullying and displays of distress through brain studies. For this, animals are often studied to investigate bio-psychological impacts, raising concern about generalizability to human subjects. Despite its generalizability weakness, the Deville study is time consuming too. Similarly, the Snyder study is time consuming and observing can invade participants privacy, which is an ethical consideration. Furthermore, most short term symptoms of bullying are external as opposed to psychological. This is due to the fact that psychological trauma is longer lasting. Efforts to deal with short term effects of bullying are taking preventative measures, and encouraging potential victims to stand up for themselves. This would empower them with a sense of agency, thus reducing feelings of insecurity and powerlessness. Directory: uploads uploads -> 587 Return function, r i(X) r i(0) r i(1) r i(2) r i(3) 1 0 2 4 6 Thermal Station, I 2 0 1 5 6 3 0 3 5 6 10 uploads -> Department of science and humanities department of mathematics part-a questions and answers uploads -> The Case Against the nypd’s Quota-Driven ‘Broken Windows’ Policing What Is It? uploads -> For want of a nail uploads -> Ownership Models There are two different types of ownership models uploads -> Police Militarization uploads -> City of rising star regular meting thursday, july 14, 2016 uploads -> Township of winfield uploads -> Stop Militarizing Law Enforcement Act of 2014 uploads -> The Black Panther Party’s Ten-Point Program What We Want Now! Download 236.44 Kb. 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