INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
Australia is a federation of states and territories, including several administered islands. For the purposes of this report, status and trends of biological diversity is reported nationally. This means that the report draws on available and relevant data at the continental scale. The majority of this data is aggregated from state and territory sources. It should be noted that trends at the local and regional scale may not be reflected at the national scale, and vice-versa.
National matters of environmental and biodiversity significance are subject to legislation under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The Governments of the states and all mainland territories have their own environment legislation, which includes provision for state/territory listings and species recovery plans specific to the environmental management and policy priorities of each jurisdiction.
Australia has well developed mechanisms and systems at all levels of government to promote biodiversity conservation and sustainable use outcomes. These incorporate partnerships with private industry and civil society.
The picture of national trend in status/condition of biodiversity and sustainable use is drawn from a number of national reporting mechanisms (Box I, above). Most relevant to this Australian CBD National report is the 2001 State of the Environment Report, the National Land and Water Resources Audit, State of the Forests reporting and the national Natural Resource Management Monitoring and Evaluation Framework. All of these mechanisms report at periods of 1 to 5 years and provide the Australian Government with a sound, scientifically verifiable baseline for assessing trends in biodiversity.
Taken as a whole, the national reporting mechanisms indicate a positive trend over the period between this and the last CBD National Report, indicating progress towards meeting the Convention’s 2010 target. There has been very significant progress and success in some areas, and identification of areas of challenge in addressing biodiversity decline, which are a focus for current work by governments, industry and communities.
A profound and positive shift has occurred in Australia’s management of its natural resources since submission of the second CBD National Report. With inauguration of the National Action Plan for Salinity and Water Quality (NAP) in 2001 and the second phase of the Natural Heritage Trust (NHT) in 2002-03, governments in Australia committed a total of 4.4 billion Australian dollars to repairing, restoring and conserving Australia’s environment and natural resource base. These two landmark programs constitute the biggest financial commitment to environmental action in Australia's history and represent an enormous combined investment by governments and partner community, landholder and industry groups. Together, they have a pivotal role in protecting and enhancing Australia's unique biodiversity and improving the viability and sustainability of agriculture and rural and regional communities.
A snapshot of developments in the 2001-2005 reporting period, presented in accordance with selected thematic and cross cutting areas of the Convention, follows below.
Dry and Sub-humid Land Biodiversity
Both the NAP and the NHT have been fundamental to improved prospects for the biodiversity of Australia’s vast arid and low rainfall zones (within the area known as the rangelands), which covers about seventy five percent of the continent). Concern about the ecological condition of Australia’s rangelands, as well as the social and economic sustainability of rangeland industries, has led towards innovative economic diversification, a growing recognition and use of traditional indigenous knowledge and greater sophistication in rangelands monitoring by the Australian Collaborative Rangeland Information System (ACRIS). The ACRIS reporting framework is based on five diverse land use pressures; critical stock forage productivity, native vegetation species presence, overall vegetation cover, landscape function and social responses to environmental problems. The Lake Eyre Basin Inter-governmental Agreement was signed in June 2001 to protect the vast Lake Eyre Basin and its dependent environmental and heritage values. The basin is one of the largest in the world, situated in one of its most arid and rainfall variable regions.
Forest Biodiversity
This reporting period has seen consolidation of implementation of ten Regional Forest Agreements (RFAs) in Australia’s multiple use and biodiversity rich native forests. The RFAs provide a long-term (20 year) basis for all Australian governments to meet their forest conservation, environmental, social and industry goals. The RFAs, the last of which was agreed in 2002, represented a huge boost for biodiversity conservation, with 2.9 million hectares added to the existing forest reserve system, which now totals 10.4 million hectares. A recent development has been establishment, through the NHT Program, of private reserves and ecological corridors under RFAs and catchment management plans, to enhance forest biodiversity at the catchment and regional scale. The Tasmanian Community Forest Agreement of May 2005, supplements the Tasmanian RFA (1997), and further secures Tasmania’s unique and endemic biodiversity in a series of new reserves.
Inland Waters Biodiversity
Since submission of the second National Report, five new Ramsar wetlands and 35 new non-Ramsar wetlands have been declared to protect inland water ecosystems. The National Water Initiative (NWI) was agreed in June 2004, and is a comprehensive strategy driven by the Australian Government to improve water management across the country. In particular, the NWI will result in a permanent trade in water to flexibly recover water for environmental outcomes and a firm commitment to address, with affected stakeholders, over-allocated water systems, as quickly as possible.
Marine and Coastal Biodiversity
The National Oceans Office was established in 1999 to develop regional marine plans for the integrated management of oceans resources. Regional marine plans are developed over areas corresponding to large marine ecosystems, and identify capacity building and education priorities at a regional scale. The first regional marine plan, covering the waters of the South-east Marine Region was completed in May 2004. Following intergovernmental consensus in the 1990s on the need for improved marine conservation, all Australian jurisdictions are now working together to set up a National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas (NRSMPA) throughout the entire marine jurisdiction. By the end of 2002 the NRSMPA covered approximately 64,600,000 hectares or 7% of Australia's marine jurisdiction. A further three Ramsar and 16 non-Ramsar protected areas were added to the marine and coastal protected area network during this reporting period.
Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing
In 2002 all Australian jurisdictions agreed to a nationally consistent approach for the utilisation of genetic resources, in line with the Bonn Guidelines and Australia’s Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Australia’s approach to securing access to genetic resources on equitable terms, with the involvement of holders of indigenous knowledge, is reflected in the Australian Government’s draft Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Access Regulations and in Indigenous Land Use Agreements under the Native Title Act 1993.
Invasive Alien Species
Invasive species are now considered to be the single greatest threat to biodiversity in Australia, after habitat loss from land clearing. They present governments and the community with a complex set of challenges over coming years. Action against an invasive alien species is indicated by their listing as a key threatening process under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, and the creation of threat abatement plans to address them. Since 2000, sixteen key threatening invasive alien species processes have been identified and assessed by the national “Threatened Species Scientific Committee”. Under the National Weeds Strategy (1997 and reviewed in 2002), rigorous management strategies exist for twenty ‘weeds of national significance’. A further 28 non native species that have established wild populations are inscribed on a National Environmental Alert List, and remain under careful scrutiny. A national assessment of the extent and impact of weeds is to be completed in 2006. Through the NHT (Defeating the Weed Menace Program, 2004), the Australian Government is funding research and development, improved quarantine and community and industry education. An accelerated review of the plant seed importation list is underway and is due for completion in 2006. A comprehensive National System for the Prevention and Management of Marine Pest Incursions is also under development.
Climate Change and Biological Diversity
The National Biodiversity and Climate Change Action Plan (2004-2007) has initiated a broad framework to support adaptation to climate change across Australia. The plan will help coordinate the activities of Australian governments at all levels to address the impacts of climate change on biodiversity across the country.
Economics, Trade and Incentive Measures
The Australian Government is promoting an appropriate mix of policy instruments for biodiversity conservation, covering market and non-market mechanisms, including incentives. Australian Government policy ensures that incentive measures target biodiversity conservation and do not provide, consistent with our international obligations, specific trade distorting input or output-based production subsidies. During this reporting period there has been a surge of interest by rural landholders in the use of auction or tender systems to stimulate biodiversity protection actions. Trials of these innovative systems began in the state of Victoria in 2001-2002, and are now being developed at a regional level around the country in tandem with long established programs such as Landcare.
Ecosystem Approach
Since CBD COP 2, where it was agreed that an ecosystem approach should be the primary framework for action under the Convention, Australia’s domestic application of ecosystem approaches has accelerated and is based on the integrative and adaptive management approach adopted by the Convention. An ecosystem approach to the management and planning of production forests and forest reserves was incorporated into developing Regional forest Agreements (RFAs). The ecosystem approach was fundamental to development of the new Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Representative Areas Program (2004), and is central to identification, through integrated planning at a bioregional scale, of new Marine Protected Areas. The ecosystem-approach has also been applied in other sensitive marine environments, such as Heard and McDonald Island Marine Park in the sub-Antarctic, and in the Tasmanian Seamount Reserve area.
Indicators
Important new work on indicators has been undertaken during this reporting period in response to national priorities and assessment of the gaps in knowledge of Australia’s environment and the condition of its natural resources. Of particular importance was development of a national Natural Resource Management Monitoring & Evaluation Framework (NM&EF) to help monitor and report on the impact of the NAP and NHT. The NM&EF sets out broad “Matters for Target” that are to be reported on using a range of possible indicators. A set of national indicators were used in the 2001 State of the Environment Report. These indicators have been reviewed in preparation for the Third State of the Environment Report in 2006. The National Land and Water Resources Audit: Biodiversity Report also used three assessments to analyse (i) change in continental landscape stress, (ii) wetland condition and (iii) threatening processes for threatened ecosystems. Further development of monitoring and indicators by the Audit will feed into future State of the Environment reporting.
Protected Areas
All jurisdictions in Australia have recently reaffirmed their commitment to a comprehensive, adequate and representative (CAR) protected area system (Directions for the National Reserve System – A Partnership Approach, 2005). The area of terrestrial protected area increased from 77.46 million hectares or 10.08% of total land area in 2002 to 10.52% (80.89 million hectares) in 2004. New data in 2006 is expected to show a further increase. The area conserved by covenants over private land also continues to steadily increase (from almost 81,000 hectares in 2002-03 to more than 239, 000 hectares in 2004-05). Similarly, designation of marine protected areas has accelerated over the reporting period with one of the most significant increases occurring because of the rezoning of the entire Great Barrier Reef, which became law in July 2004. The proportion of the Marine Park protected by highly protected ‘no-take’ zones was increased from less than 5% to more than 33%, and now protects representative examples of each of the 70 broad habitat types identified across the Great Barrier Reef region. By the end of 2002 the National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas (NRSMPA) covered approximately 64,600,000 hectares or 7% of Australia's marine jurisdiction, and new comparative data, when published, is expected to indicate a further expansion.
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