Authoring a PhD

is endnotes, discussed below) Harvard referencing is perhaps the most widely used approach in academic life. There has been a long-term trend for more journals and book publishers to switch over to it, mainly because it saves space and tends to deliver a cleaner and simpler text than do notes of any kind.
The system requires only two elements, an in-text reference,
and a single, integrated bibliography at the end of the thesis,
book or article.
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The in-text reference includes only the author surname
(family name, the year date of publication, and page number details, all enclosed in brackets. For example Jones, 1999, p. 14; Jones and Crank, 1997, pp. An alternative way of citing page numbers leaves out the p. or pp. and just puts in a colon after the year date,
followed by the pagination, as (Jones, 1999: Chapters can be indicated by Ch. or Chs. Whole-book references can be given with just the author surname and date. Where the same author has several publications with the same year date included in the bibliography, add single letters to the date to differentiate, as 1999a.
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The bibliography lists every source cited in the work,
arranged in alphabetical order of the first author’s surname,
and then date order, for example 2 AUTHORING AP H D
Jones, Terence B. (1999) Academic time-wasting in universities’,
American Journal of Scholasticism, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. Jones, Terence Band Crank, Arthur (1997) One Book Academics:
What Goes Wrong (London: Futuristic Press. Second edition.
Jones, Terence Band Winge, Steven A. (2001) Deconstructing postmodern writers angst, Times Literary Supplement,
26 September, pp. Notice that authors single-author works come before those written with others, and thereafter dual-authored works come before triple-author works, and soon. If a first author has several co-written works with the same number of people involved, use the alphabetical order of the second coauthors surnames to set the sequence thus Jones and Crank comes before Jones and Winge in the box above).

For journal articles the bibliography reference must include in sequence author surname, full forename, second forename initial, year date, article title, journal title, volume number, issue number, and pagination. I have included vol.
and no. here because some journals and publishers require it.
Others will ask for the volume number and issue number without these labels, separated by a colon, as 4: iii. But deleting or replacing elements that are already in your references is much easier using find and replace facilities on your word processor than it is inserting them from scratch.
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For magazine or newspaper articles use the same sequence as for journal articles, but replace the volume and issue numbers with the day and month date of publication.
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For books the bibliography reference must include in sequence author surname, full forename, second forename initial, year datebook title (and subtitle if there is one),
place of publication, and publisher. Add any essential information on the edition or translation that readers might need to know. Fora republished later edition of a work give the first publication date at the end of the reference, as:
‘Originally published in One great advantage of the Harvard system is that it provides a clean-looking text which includes immediate information for an expert reader (who will often know what source is being cited from the in-text reference alone. Yet it also gives easy access to more detailed information. The second great advantage is that every thesis has to have a comprehensive bibliography organized on exactly these lines anyway. Thus with any notes system you have to provide referencing for each source at least twice,
once in a bibliography format, and then again in notes format,
as well as repeating note citations of the same source. The
Harvard system eliminates all this duplication and along with it the difficult version control problems which often arise whenever you have two different citations of the same source. If you find that you have a source wrong there is only one place to change the reference under Harvard (although you will need to update the in-text referencing if the author name or year date is altered. You also do not have notes taking up some of the valuable space within the doctorate’s word limit.
W RI TING CLEARLY 7

Finally Harvard referencing has big advantages because it tends to discourage authors from proliferating and expanding
‘subtexts’ in footnotes or endnotes. In any notes system the temptation for authors to create learned subtexts is normally irresistible. Critical asides and authorial digressions multiply,
along with methods comments, lower level data, debates with opponents, and similar materials. Where authors rely on notes,
it often looks as if the main text is surrounded by a forest of subsidiary commentaries, especially in academic books or articles with long footnotes at the bottom of the page, which sometimes squeeze the main text into less than half a page. Harvard referencing should prevent this completely, and yet it is still possible to put in special endnotes to include some bulky but indispensable subsidiary information (see below. Harvard referencing is attractive for publishers and journals precisely because it discourages subtexts, forcing you to makeup your mind about what is key in your sources and what is not. Being constrained to pursue a single line of argument through your text can improve the clarity of your writing and your thought.
Many students who are used to notes systems anticipate that if they try Harvard referencing they will have four main difficulties. In fact these commonly cited problems are all familiar ones, to which easy solutions exist:
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If you have to reference a large amount of literature atone point in your text, more than three or four works, then (but only then) it is permissible to add an endnote to accommodate the references. This exception violates the one-stop lookup rule, but it is preferable to having an unsightly wodge of referencing disrupting your main text. If you find that this is a common problem in your work, you may want to check whether you are over-referencing.
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Primary texts and older works may require unconventional referencing different from that shown above. For instance, you may want to refer to books, chapters and verses in sources like the Bible or the work of pre-modern philosophers, or to the acts, scenes and lines in plays. This problem arises because the page numbers fora classic work or other specialized text inevitably vary from one edition to another. Yet you want to make references in such away that other people can find the 2 AUTHORING AP H D

passage you cite whatever edition of the work they are using.
Legal case referencing also has its own forms. And citations of documents in historical archives should also follow referencing and numbering conventions, often ones particular to that archive. In all such cases you should preferably use a convention that is already well established in your discipline for the Harvard in-text reference, explaining what you are doing on first use for that source. The idea here is to maximize the ability of other professionals to retrieve and check the documents or other material that you cite. If no convention exists for your source then establish your own rule clearly on first use, giving readers a brief reminder about it later on when needed. Primary sources that are constantly referred to can also be abbreviated, so long as you explain the shortened form used to readers on first use and include it in the glossary of acronyms. For example, a reference to John Locke’s Treatise on

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