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- Reformed Church in Hungary. Békésy, György
- Ergot.
- Csoóri, Sándor; Pilinszky, János; Kálnoki, László; Rónay, György. Béky, Zoltán
- Reformed Churches in America. Bél Clan
- Árpád, House of; Cumanians. Bél, Mátyás
- Evangelical Lutheran Church in Hungary; Runic Writing Research; Hungarian Runic Script; Mikoviny, Sámuel. Béla I, King
- Árpád, House of; András I, King, Géza I, King; László I, King. Béla II, King
- Árpád, House of. Béla III, King
- Árpád, House of; Béla III, King; László I, King. B éla IV, King
- Árpád, House of; András II, King; Golden Bull; Julianus, Friar; Mongol-Tartar Invasion. Béládi, Miklós
Békési, Andor (Andrew) (Panyik) (Ócsa, 17 February 1910 - Ócsa, 1 March 1989) – Minister of the Reformed Church, theologian. He studied Theology at the Reformed Theological Academy, Budapest (1928-1932) and at Montpellier (1931), Bonn (1932), and Princeton (1933). He obtained his Doctoral Degrees in New Testament Studies from the Protestant Divinity School, Philadelphia in 1933, and in Old Testament Studies from Princeton in 1938. He was a lecturer at the Theological Academy, Budapest (1938-1939), a teacher of religion in Budapest (1938-1945), and Minister in Ócsa (1945-1983). He participated in the Reformed Renewal Movement and in the Reformed Action Committee during the 1956 Revolution. He was arrested and put under investigative detention. He was an eminent John Calvin researcher and, his writings appeared in church papers and magazines in Hungary as well as abroad. He was one of the best-educated theologians of the Reformed Church in the second half of the 20th century. He was Series Editor of the Evangelical Calvinism. He also participated in the Jubilee Commentary (Jubileumi Kommentár) publication. His books include Let You Be Quiet (Csendesedjetek el) (1943), The Dissimilar Bible (A felemás Biblia) (1943); God’s Man in the Storm (Isten embere a viharban) (1943), The Kingdom of God and Us (Isten országa és mi) (1943), He who Triumphs…(Aki győz…) (1944, 1990), Preach the Word... (Hirdesd az Igét...) (1980), Calvin on the Holy Spirit (Kálvin a Szentlélekrő) (1985), and Calvin on the Sacraments (Kálvin a sákramentumokról) (1987). He translated Calvin’s Institutio religionis christianae 1559 (Teaching the Christian Faith – Tanítás a keresztyén vallásra, 1559) (1986). – B: 0910, T: 7103.→Reformed Church in Hungary. Békésy, György (George von) (Budapest, 3 June 1899 - Honolulu, HI, USA, 13 June 1972) – Biophysicist, scientist of acoustics. He was Nobel Prize winner in Medicine (1961) for “The discovery of the physical means of sound communication and analysis in the inner ear”. His father was a diplomat. His elemenatry studies were at Munich, Germany, and Constantinople, Turkey (1910-1913). His high school studies were in Zürich, Switzerland (1914-1916). He studied Chemistry at Bern University, and obtained his Ph.D. in physics in Budapest in 1923. He worked for a short time in Berlin, and later was chief engineer and researcher at the Postal Experimental Station (Postakísérleti Állomás) in Budapest. The results of his research were so outstanding that he was invited as Guest Professor by a number of universities abroad. In 1941 he took over the leadership of the Practical Physical Institute (Gyakorlati Fizikai Intézet). In 1946 he was a researcher at the Royal Carolinska Institute in Stockholm. In 1947 the Harvard University, at Cambridge, Mass. invited him, and he emigrated to the USA. He worked at the University as a leading researcher until 1966. He received the Nobel Prize mainly for the research that he accomplished in Hungary in the field of the acoustic function of the ear. He did not accept the invitation to be a professor either at the University of Stockholm, Sweden, or at the University of Göttingen, Germany. For health reasons he moved to Honolulu and became Professor of the Experimental Laboratories of the Sense Organs, a University Foundation Institute there. When he was still in Stockholm he constructed an automatic audiometer, known in the technical literature and medical terminology as “Békésy audiometer”. Acoustics was his main field of activity, but he also took an active role in the start of Hungarian broadcasting. At the beginning of his work he was interested in every acoustics problem; but later his interests turned more and more toward the biophysical problem of the ear. When the mechanism of the middle ear was worked out he was the first in the world who was to understand perfectly what goes on in the 1cm long snail-shaped cochlea. He solved the secret that was lying in the “corresponding vibration” in the cochlear fluid, which was not really understood before. In Honolulu, his main investigation centered on the cerebral reception of the corresponding vibration. Békésy was also internationally recognized as an expert on American Indian cultures. He left his valuable collection to the Nobel Foundation. He was member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and was a recipient of numerous medals. Several universities bestowed honorary doctorates on him. He was elected an honorary member of several academies of sciences. A Technical School in Budapest and a postdoctoral scholarship bear his name. – B: 0883, 1031, 1105, T: 7660. Békésy, Miklós (Nicholas) (Münich, Germany, 3 August 1903 - Budapest, 25 November 1980) – Agriculturalist. His high school studies were at Pécs and his higher studies at the Agricultural Academy, Debrecen, where he acquired his Degree (1927). He obtained a Ph.D. from the Budapest Polytechnic (1938). He farmed at Gyulapuszta, where he observed a growth on rye called ergot. He guessed its pharmaceutical value, as it indeed contained ergotin, histamine etc. He developed a process that makes possible the artificial production of ergot now used worldwide. He lived in Budapest from 1933, and from 1934 he worked at the Medical Plant Research Station. Later he also worked for the Polytechnic of Budapest. He received a number of prizes, among them the Kossuth Prize (1954). – B: 0883, 1160, T: 7103.→Ergot. Béklyó, békó→Hobble. Béky-Halász, Iván (Budapest, 12 August 1919 - Budapest, 8 March 1997) – Poet, literary translator. He received his university education in Budapest, then, after the crushed Revolution and Freedom Fightg of 1956, moved to Canada. He obtained a Degree in Library Science at the University of Toronto, and worked in the John P. Robarts Research University Library. In the library he collected in a section some 30,000 volumes of Hungarian literature and history. He published several collections of poems, including Facing the Wall (Arccal a falnak) (1972); Blessed Harbors (Áldott kikötők) (1979); Indian Summer (Indian nyár) (1981), and translated several works of Hungarian poets into English including Sándor (Alexnder) Csoóri, János (John) Pilinszky, László (Ladislas) Kálnoki and György (George) Rónay. He later repatriated to Budapest, Hungary. – B: 0892, 1257, T: 4342.→Csoóri, Sándor; Pilinszky, János; Kálnoki, László; Rónay, György. Béky, Zoltán (Hernádszentandrás, 21 June 1903 - Washington, DC, USA, 26 November 1978) – Bishop of the Reformed Church in the USA. He was a leading figure of the emigrant Hungrians. He was ordained in Sárospatak, where he studied Theology at the Reformed Theological Academy. He continued his studies in Philadelphia. Between 1929 and 1936 he was Minister of the Trenton congregation. In 1936 he became the Dean of Eastern Classis; in 1954 he was named Senior Dean of the Hungarian Reformed Church in America, and Bishop from 1958. He took part in various world congresses, where he became a spokesman for Hungarian causes. The city of Trenton made him an honorary citizen and named a street after him. The Governor of the State of New Jersey appointed him Commissioner for Refugees. He was chairman of various emigrant organizations and institutions of the Hungarian Reformed Church in the US. In 1970 he became a member of an Advisory Committee, appointed by the President of the United States. On four occasions he delivered the opening prayer in both chambers of the Congress. He administered the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper to US presidents Johnson, Nixon and Ford. He was Editor-in-Chief of the Hungarian Church (Magyar Egyház) from 1954 onward, and the periodical Brotherhood (Testvériség) from 1965 on. He was also the author of numerous religious, sociological and political articles and published several volumes on Theology, as well as on the history of Hungarian congregational life in America. He served as President of the Hungarian Reformed Federation of America from 1964 to 1976. He furthered the ecumenical movement, and throughout his life he sought to keep together the emigrant Hungarians scattered throughout America. In 1947 the Theological Academy of Sárospatak granted him an Honorary Professorship in Theology. – B: 0883, 0910, 1160, T: 7686.→Reformed Churches in America. Bél Clan – A Hungarian clan dating from the Árpád-era. Their domain was in the region of Molnos-Bél that later became County Borsod in northern Hungary. Several sources mention that converted Cumanians built the Bélháromkút Monastery in 1232, thus presumably this was a Cumanian clan. Evidence for this assumption is supported by the clan names Buken, Karul, Kene, Mikó, Ugra, Zerje, widespread amongst the Cumanian or related families. The descendants of this clan were the Bekényi and Béli families. – B: 0942, T: 7685.→Árpád, House of; Cumanians. Bél, Mátyás (Matthew) (Ocsova, now Ocova, Slovakia, 22 March 1684 - Pozsony, now Bratislava, Slovakia, 29 August 1749) – Lutheran pastor, historian, outstanding scientist of his time. He was born into an artisan family. He studied at the University of Halle, Germany between 1704 and 1707, where he became acquainted with pietism. He was chaplain in Besztercebánya (now Banská Bystrica, Slovakia), later rector of a high school for girls and afterwards he worked as a pastor. While teacher-director, he applied the principles of pietism to new educational methods, and this made the Pozsony High School famous. He wrote school textbooks and, from 1721 to 1727, established and edited Nova Posoniensa, a periodical in Latin for the purpose of furthering his educational ideas. He was the first scientific researcher of the Szekler-Magyar runic writing. His runic alphabet, which is more in calligraphic style than Telegdi’s lettering form, originally came from Sámuel Kapossy, a schoolmaster of a college in Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania). In 1718 he published his own alphabet in Leipzig, Germany with the title De vetere litteratura Hunno-Scythica; but by then it was public knowledge in Norhern Hungary (Upland, Felvidék, now Slovakia). Entries in the Reformed Church registries of births using his alphabet can be found at Nagybánya (now Baia Mare, Romania), Furta etc. He wrote a handbook to acquaint Germans with the Hungarian language and with their runic writing under the title Der ungarische Sprachmeister (The Hungarian Speech Master) that saw nine editions. He was to compile the many-faceted political picture of the whole of Hungary in order to go beyond the goals of the German polymaths. He kept data on geographic, historical, ethnographic and linguistic subjects of the Carpathian Basin with a research group made up of his sons and students. The result of decades of work is the published first five volumes of Notitia Hungariae novae historico geographica (New History and Geography of Hungary), Vienna (1735–1742). They contain his description of ten counties with maps by Sámuel (Samuel) Mikoviny. These are still valuable references. The rest of the work remains in manuscript form to this day. His life’s work shows the significant stages of progress of sciences for nearly one hundred years in Hungary. – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7675.→Evangelical Lutheran Church in Hungary; Runic Writing Research; Hungarian Runic Script; Mikoviny, Sámuel. Béla I, King (circa 1016 - 8 July 1063) – Hungarian king of the House of Árpád. He was the third son of Vazul (Vázsony), grandson of Khagan (Prince) Taksony. When his father Vazul (Vázsony) was blinded, Béla fled with his brothers to the court of Prince Bretislav of Bohemia to thwart his father’s political designs, and later to King Miesko of Poland, where he gained considerable acclaim in the battle against the Pomeranians. He was invited back by his brother, King András I (Endre, Andrew) in 1048. He returned to Hungary to oversee the country’s defenses. He successfully defeated Henrik III, Holy Roman Emperor, by using ancient Hungarian tactics. When his brother reneged on his promise by granting the throne to Salamon (Solomon) instead of Béla, he returned to Poland and gathered an army to attack his brother, András (Endre). After defeating him, Béla was crowned king at Székesfehérvár on 6 December 1060. Following his enthronement he suppressed the rebels of János (John), son of Vata, attacked the Szeklers and canceled all ancient titles, an act that strengthened Christianity. He did much to strengthen Christianity and created a strong cultural base in Hungary. In his battle against Emperor Henrik IV, a supporter of the former king Salamon, he suffered a serious injury at Dömös and died of his wounds near the western border of Hungary. He was buried at the Abbey of Szekszárd, which he had founded. From his marriage to Rexa, daughter of a Polish prince, he had three sons Géza (Geza), László (Ladislas) and Lambert, and four daughters Princesses Zsófia (Sophia), Eugenia, Ilona (Helena) (wife of Croatian King Zvojnimir) and another whose name is lost. – B: 0883, 1133, T: 3323.→Árpád, House of; András I, King, Géza I, King; László I, King. Béla II, King (circa.1108 - 13 February 1141) – King of the House of Árpád; son of Prince Álmos. King Kálmán (Coloman) blinded him at the age of five along with his father. He became known as “Béla the Blind” (Vak Béla). In 1129 King István II (Stephen) named him as his successor. He was crowned on 28 April 1131. He married Ilona (Helena), daughter of Serbian Prince Uros, who excercised a great influence on her husband. She persuaded him to settle accounts with the magnates who had been responsible for blinding him in 1136 at Arad. She was responsible for the massacre of 68 distinguished nobles, while others were sentenced to prison term and loss of property. From Spalato (now Split, Dalmatia) Béla occupied Bosnia and the nearby territory of Rama on the right banks of the River Sava, for which he assumed the title of King of Rama. He established the Provostship of Arad and the Abbey of Földvár. He died in 1141 and buried at Székesfehérvár. – B: 0883, 1133, T: 3312.→Árpád, House of. Béla III, King (1148 - 23 April, 1196) – King of the House of Árpád, second son of King Géza II. He was educated in the Byzantine Court, according to an arrangement between his brother King István III (Stephen) and Byzantine Emperor Manuel, who made him his heir but reneged on his promise when a son was born to him. Béla married the Emperor’s half-sister. After the death of King István III, he succeeded to the throne in 1172 and was crowned with the Pope’s consent by the Archbishop of Kalocsa. In 1180-1181 his alliance with Manuel came to an end when Manuel died and Béla occupied Dalmatia. He continued his expedition against Venice and gained recognition of Hungary’s supremacy. He supported trade, commercial ventures and the sciences. During his reign, political, cultural and ecclesiastical relationships were developed with the Western countries, especially with France. He was true to the beliefs of Western Christianity despite his Greek upbringing. He invited the French Cistercian Order to teach his people the arts of agriculture and building construction. Later they spread the art of animal husbandry and the sciences. He maintained favorable relations with the Pope and the ruling family of France. He was cautious and maintained a neutral diplomacy with the Holy Roman Emperor. At this time the Hungarian court was one of the most attractive centers of Europe. At the prompting of King Béla III (1172-1196), King László I (St Ladislas) (1077-1095) was canonized by the Church in 1192. Through the establishment of the Hungarian Chancellery he strengthened central control. During his 24 years reign Hungary’s power was on an equal footing with the western and eastern empires, and was Europe’s largest united country. On his large crown lands there were the rich gold mines, making him one of the richest rulers of Europe. His royal palace at Esztergom (excavated in the 1930s) was without parallel at that time. No great wars were fought either. His second wife was Margaret, French royal princess, the widow of the English crown prince Henry. One skirmish involved the naval fleet of Venice that was successfully repelled to retain Hungary’s rights on the Mediterranean Sea. Croatia, Bosnia, Wallachia (Havasalföld) in the Balkans and Halics in the north remained feudal vassals of Hungary. Béla III was buried in Székesfehérvár. In 1848 his remains were discovered and laid to rest in the Mátyás (Matthias) Church in Buda. – B: 0883, 1133, T: 3312.→Árpád, House of; Béla III, King; László I, King. B  éla IV, King (?, November 1206 - 3 May 1270). – Hungarian king of the House of Árpád (1235-1270), first son of King András II (Endre, Andrew) and Princess Gertrud of Meran. As a child he witnessed the murder of his mother by disgruntled nobles, led by Bánk bán. Before his succession to the throne he bore the title “junior king” (ifjabb király) with jurisdiction over Slavonia and Transylvania. He married the daughter of Emperor Theodore Laskaris of Nikea, which caused him to fall out of his father’s favor.
In 1222, his father King András II (Endre, Andrew) was forced to issue an edict known as the Golden Bull (Aranybulla) that, among others, curtailed the powers of the king and church. This shocked the clergy and displeased the Pope. In fact, the Pope excommunicated András for the latter’s use of Moslems and Jewish moneylenders and for restricting the Church’s salt monopoly. The king was compelled to conclude a truce with the Pope by surrendering to the demands of the Church. Thus, the Hungarian clergy, under the protection of the papacy, managed to retain their power – for the time being. When Béla IV succeeded to the throne in 1235, he faced grave difficulties and saw no other solution than the restoration of the former economic basis of royal power. He set up a commission charged with the task of revising grants of land and recovering alienated castles and crown lands. This attempt met with universal resistance. He also dismissed and imprisoned some of his father’s counselors. The estates of those who participated in the murder of his mother were confiscated. This poisoned relations between the king and the majority of the Hungarian ruling class with grave consequences that became evident during the subsequent Mongol-Tartar invasion in 1241. A few years earlier, a Hungarian Dominican friar named Julianus traveled east to find Hungarians who had stayed behind in Bashkiria (Magna Hungaria) by the River Volga. There he learned that the Mongol hordes were advancing toward the West. Soon the news of the fall of Kiev reached Hungary. A Mongol invasion of Hungary looked imminent. In 1237 the Mongols attacked the Cumanian tribes inhabiting an area between the rivers Dnieper and Dniester. Some of the Cumanians, led by their king, Kötöny, fled westward and asked permission to setztle in Hungary. Béla IV designated a district in the region between the Rivers Danube and Tisza for them in the hope that the Cumanian warriors would be loyal to him in his struggle with the barons. However, the Cumanian herdsmen soon clashed with the neighbouring farmers. The resulting animosity provided food for agitation and the barons were quick to turn it to their own advantage. They clamored for the expulsion of the Cumanians. The King however was reluctant to let the Cumanians be expelled as he received fresh news of the approach of the Mongol hordes. At the last moment Béla lost the Cumanians. A mob incited by the barons murdered King Kötöny and the Cumanians left Hungary for the Balkans. A large number of barons looked on indifferently, even with hostility at the King’s efforts to rally resitance when the Mongol hordes reached the frontiers of Hungary. Apart from the prelates only few barons led their soldiers to the king’s standard. The Mongols entered Hungary from three directions in 1241. From Poland in the north, Transylvania in the east, while the main body of the Mongol forces led by Batu Khan entered from the northeast through the Verecke Pass in the Carpathians. It was only after Batu Khan defeated the army of Palatine Dénes (Denis) Tomaj that he was able to muster sufficient forces to march toward Pest with all his armies united. The Battle of Mohi on the banks of the River Sajó resulted in a decisive defeat of the badly organized Hungarian army. With just a handful of troops the King fled to Prince Frederick of Austria. Frederick, instead of giving him assistance, took him prisoner. He released him for a large ransom and occupied three western Hungarian counties. From the Pope the King received no assistance other than words of encouragement. In the meantime the enemy plundered and destroyed the country. When the Mongol-Tartars crossed the frozen Danube River the king fled to Spalato (now Split) on the Dalmatian coast, and later to the Island of Trau. Only after the Mongol hordes had left the ruined country in 1242 did the king’s skills as statesman emerge: together with the nobility he started to rebuild his devastated realm. He modified his political stance toward the noblemen and through large donations of land to the counselors, began the reconstruction of the cities and built stonewalled forts in anticipation of the returning enemy. He struck a peace with the Cumanians and used family alliances towards strengthening the country’s defenses. In 1245 he married off his son István (Stephen) V “the younger king” to Elizabeth, daughter of the princely Cumanian family. His daughter Anna became the wife of Prince Rotislav of Csernigov. His daughter Ilona (Blessed Jolanta) became the wife of the ruler of Halics, while his other daughter Kinga (Kunigunda) married Boleslav, the Polish Prince of Krakow. Pope John Paul II beatified Kinga on 16 June 1999. Béla later defeated the Austrian Prince Frederick and installed his son István as ruler of Styria. In the latter part of his life there was a conflict with his son István. Jointly with his two sons an important edict was declared whereby they installed as nobles those who were in the ‘servant’ role attending to the king. He spent his last days with his daughter Margit (St. Margaret – Szent Margit of Hungary) in a monastery on the Island of the Hares (today’s Margaret Island – Margit Sziget) of Budapest) and was buried by the Franciscans of Eger. – B: 0883, 1133, T: 3312.→Árpád, House of; András II, King; Golden Bull; Julianus, Friar; Mongol-Tartar Invasion. Béládi, Miklós (Nicholas) (Békés, 23 March 1928 - Budapest, 29 October 1983) – Critic, literary historian. He studied at the Arts Faculty of the University of Debrecen and received a Degree majoring in Hungarian, History and French. He carried out research in the Hungarian Faculty of the University of Budapest for a year, from where he joined the Institute of Literature History at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1956. He worked there until his death. Between 1957 and 1960 he was also the Literary Editor for the Magvető Publisher (Magvető Kiadó). His main field of research was Hungarian Literature of the 20th century, where he played a leading and decisive role. He specialized in the populist writers’ movement and the history of the Hungarian avant-guarde. He founded and edited until his death the small monographic series Our Contemporaries (Korátrsaink). Between 1963 and 1972 he was internal associate of the literary review Critic (Kritika), thereafter Founder and Executive Editor of the review, Literature (Literatura). He endeavored to introduce to the Hungarian public the literature of Hungarian writers living in national minority areas of the Carpathian Basin, and their integration into the mainstream Hungarian literary life. He was Editor of the Hungarological Bulletin (Hungarológiai Értesitő). His works include Historical Present (Történelmi jelenidő) (1981), Value Changes (Értékváltozások) (1985) and Hungarian Literature in the West after 1984 (A nyugati magyar irodalom 1984 után), with B. Pomogáts and L. Rónay (1986), and Gyula Illyés (1987). He was awarded the Attila József Prize (1975). – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7456.→Pomogáts, Béla. 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