Francisella
-Gram negative rod
-Facultative intracellular pathogen
-Serodiagnosis because culture is hazardous
-Reservoir is many species of wild animals, especially rabbits, deer, and rodents
TRANSMISSION:
-Via tick bite ulceroglandular disease
-Traumatic implantation while skinning rodents
-Aerosols
-Ingestion of undercooked infected wild animals
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TULARERMIA:
-Endemic in every US state
-Arkansas and mIssouri highest
-Ulceroglandular disease from tick bite: fever, ulcer, regional lymph node enlargement and suppuration
TREATMENT:
-Streptomycin
PREVENTION:
-Don’t get bitten by a freaking tick.
-Don’t eat rabbit raw
-Vaccine is available (live/attenuated)
| Brucella |
-Gram negative rod
-Zoonotic
-Facultative and intracellular
-Serological confirmation more common (less dangerous than culture)
TRANSMISSION:
-Dailry products that are unpasteruized
-Direct contact with infected animal
-Reservoir is infected livestock
PATHOGENESIS:
-Endotoxin
-Localizes in RES cells and cause septicemia
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BRUCELLOSIS:
-Can come from cattle (abortus), pigs (B. suis), or goats (B. mellitensis)
-Influenza like symptoms including arthralgia, myalgia, back pain
-Sweating, hepatomegaly
UNDULANT FORM OF BRUCELLOSIS:
-Milder, often results from incomplete treatment
CHRONIC FORM OF BRUCELLOSIS:
-Usually in older people and veterinarians
-Cyclic bouts of depression and sweating
-Fever
-Ocular complications in 5-10%
PREVENTION:
-Vaccinate cattle and humans at high risk
-Pasteurize milk, especially goat milk
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Camoylobacter |
-Gram negative rod with polar flagella
-Microaerophillic
-Motile, curved, gram negative rods
-Look like gulls-wings
-Reservoir is the intestinal tracts of human, cattle, sheep, pirgs, dogs, cats, poultry
TRANSMISSION:
-Fecal oral primarily from poultry
PATHOGENESIS:
-Low infectious dose as few as 500
-Invades mucosa of colon, destroying mucosal surfaces
-Rarely will penetrate to cause septicemia
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DISEASE:
-Common cause of infectious diarrhea worldwide
-Camplylobacter enteritis > Salmonella + Shigella in US
-Ten to more stools/day, may be frankly bloody
-Abdominal pain, fever, malaise, nausea, and vomiting
-Generally self limiting in 3-5 days
-Complications include Guillia Barre Syndrome
-Reactive arthritis
TREAMTMENT:
-Emycin, f-quinolones, PCN resistant
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Helicobacter |
-Gram negative spiral gastric bacillus with flagella
-Microaerophillic
-Humans as reservoir
-Fecal oral spread in addition to oral-oral
PATHOGENESIS:
-Motile, urease positive
-Mucinase
-Associated with several forms of stomach cancer
-Invasive into stomach lining
-Prominent inflammation
DIAGNOSIS:
-Via serology and urease breath test
-Biopsy with culture
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DISEASE:
-Causes chronic granulomatous disease and duodenal ulcers
-Associated with several forms of stomach cancer
-Atrophic gastritis rather than duodenal ulcers correlates with increased risk
-Now classified by WHO as a class I antigen
TREATMENT:
-Myriad of regimes.
-Triple therapy is common
-Omeprazole, amoxicllin, clarithromycin
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Enterobacteriaceae
Family
-Citrobacter
-Escherecia
-Enterobacter
-Klebsiella
-Shigella
-Yersinia
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-Gram negative rods
-Facultative anaerobess
-Glucose fermenters
-Cytochrome C oxidase negative
-Reduces nitrates to nitrates
-Catalase positive
PATHOGENESIS:
-Endotoxin
-O= ecell envelope or O antigen
-H=flagellar antigen
-K= capsular polysaccharide antigen
-Vi=Salmonella capsular antigen
DIAGNOSIS:
-Blood, eosin-methylene blue or MacConkey agar
GENERA IN FAMILY:
-Lactose fermenters
-Citrobacter, Escherecia, Enterobacter, Klebsiemma
NON LACTOSE FERMENTERS:
-Shigella and Yersinia: Nonmotile, non H2S producing
-Proteus and Salmonella: Motile, H2s Producers
SLOW LACTORSE FERMENTER:
-Serratia
-Each genus is characterized by a wholse series of chemical tests to detect the presence of enzymes or pathways
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