a. Theism—An infinite God is both outside and within the universe. Although theism can be defined as a belief in one or more gods, Geisler and Watkins take the classical view that theism refers to the one infinite God. God is transcendent—God created and sustains the universe. God also is immanent—God works within the universe and can act within the universe in a supernatural way. Traditional Judaism, Christianity and Islam each hold to theism. 2 b. Atheism—God does not exist. This view claims that the universe is all that there is. Karl Marx was an atheist, sob Marxism or communism teaches that God does not exist. Other famous atheists were Friedrich Nietzsche and Jean-Paul Sartre Geisler and Watson state that there are four primary classical theistic arguments for the existence of God. First, the cosmological argument says that there must be a first cause for the effect known as the universe. Second, the teleological argument says that the intricate design of the universe points to a designer. Third, the ontological argument can be stated in two ways. God is by definition perfect, lacking nothing—including existence itself. So God must exist. God is by definition a necessary being, and a necessary being must exist in order to be necessary. Fourth, the moral argument says that there are objective moral laws pointing to a Moral Law Giver. People intuitively have amoral nature, and intuitively understand moral laws. Atheists object to each of these arguments, but theists counter the objections of atheists. Although theists cannot prove the existence of God, atheists cannot disprove the existence of God Christian apologists have done their job in defending their faith. Atheists have been unable to disprove God or to disprove that Jesus was God in flesh. Various philosophers reason that God exists, but some of the best statements for the existence of God come from God’s word—the Bible. Consider the teleological argument found in Psalm a (NIV):
