Canadian History Readings Understanding Direct and Indirect Causes



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Ben was an expert boatman and smuggler and personally shipped Canadian booze across lake Ontario in his speed boat. Like most rumrunners, Ben’s boat was armed with a machine gun Ben operated all around Lake Ontario, constantly trying to evade the US coast guard, police, and rival smugglers. One day, however, Kerr did not return. His body and that of his friend, Alf Wheat, were found weeks later washed up on the Lake Ontario Shore. The exact cause of his death remains unknown. His wife maintained that it was rival smugglers, while friends suggest that that an ice-field may have trapped his boat on the lake. Police made an immediate connection to Rocco Perri. Nothing was ever proved, but it seems likely that Perri arranged to have Kerr bumped off due to some bad business deal or other.

(Source: Hunt, C. W. Whisky and Ice: The Saga of Ben Kerr, Canada's Most Daring Rumrunner, Dundurn Press Ltd.: Toronto, 1995)

Canada’s Growing Independence

In 1927, Canada’s Prime Minister was William Lyon Mackenzie King. King was a Liberal and his government had much different ideas about Canada’s role within the British Empire than did the Conservatives. In his 1927 speech at the Diamond Jubilee celebrations in Ottawa, King highlighted Canada’s growing importance within the Empire as well as internationally:



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[…]If the period prior to Confederation marked the development of Canada from a group of huts to a group of provinces, it is equally true that the period succeeding Confederation has witnessed Canada's transition from a group of colonies to a nation within a group of nations, and her transition from a group of provinces to a nation among the nations of the world. A land of scattered huts and colonies no more!

But a young nation, with her life full beating in her breast, A noble future in her eyes - the Britain of the West. As Canada has developed in settlement and government, so has the great Empire of which Canada is a part. From a parent State with colonial possessions, the British Empire has become a community of free nations "in no way subordinate [less important] one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs." They are "united by a common allegiance to the Crown, and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations." Such is the position and mutual relation of Great Britain and the Dominions, as defined at the Imperial Conference of 1926. As one of the nations of the British Commonwealth of Nations, though of her own accord, Canada shared in the sacrifices of the world's war; as a nation, Canada participated in the terms of a world's peace. In the larger Councils of Empire her position has been increasingly acknowledged; it has been accorded the highest recognition in the League of Nations as well. At no period of her history has Canada's status as a nation been so clearly defined, and at no time in her history have relations, intra-imperial and international, been happier than they are to-day. Thus has been realized, far beyond their dreams, the vision of the Fathers of Confederation.[…]

Mackenzie King alludes (makes indirect reference) to three major events since the end of the Great War that had contributed to Canada’s development into a “nation among the nations of the world”. These are:




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