Carbon Pipelines Negative T
AT: Econ Advantage – Coal Not Key to Economy
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- Prefer our evidence – theirs overestimates the coal industries’ potential and underestimates ours
AT: Econ Advantage – Coal Not Key to EconomyCoal hurts the economy – studies proveApergis and Payne 10 (Nicolas and James E., March, “Coal consumption and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of OECD countries” pdf [Table 5 omitted]) The results of the short- and long-run Granger-causality tests are reported in Table 5. Eq. (2a) shows that real gross fixed capital formation and the labor force each have a positive and statistically significant impact on economic growth in the short-run whereas coal consumption has a negative and statistically significant impact. As alluded to in Section 2, the negative impact of coal consumption on economic growth may be attributed to an inefficient and excessive use of coal consumption as well as the possibility that the environmental costs of coal usage outweigh the immediate economic benefit of coal usage on real GDP. In terms of Eq. (2b), economic growth has a significant negative influence on coal consumption, real gross fixed capital formation has a significant positive impact, and the labor force has a statistically insignificant impact. As mentioned in Section 2, the negative impact of economic growth on coal consumption may suggest that an economy is becoming less coal intensive, for instance, electricity production from coal as a proportion of total electricity production may be in decline. In the case of Eq. (2c), both economic growth and the labor force each have a significant positive impact on real gross fixed capital formation while coal consumption has a statistically insignificant impact. With regard to Eq. (2d), both economic growth and real gross fixed capital formation have a significant influence on the labor force whereas coal consumption is statistically insignificant. Thus, from the short-run causality results, it appears there is bidirectional causality between coal consumption and economic growth in which an increase in coal consumption has a negative impact on economic growth and likewise an increase in economic growth has a negative impact on coal consumption. The long-run dynamics displayed by the error correction terms from Eqs. (2a) and (2d) reveal that economic growth, coal consumption, real gross fixed capital formation, and the labor force respond to deviations from long-run equilibrium given the statistically significance of their respective error correction terms. However, the speed of adjustment is rather slow given the magnitude of the coefficients on the error correction terms. Overall, the results suggest there is bidirectional causality between coal consumption and economic growth in both the short- and long-run. The presence of bidirectional causality lends support for the feedback hypothesis whereby coal consumption and economic growth are interdependent. The interdependence between coal consumption and economic growth indicates that energy policies designed to decrease coal intensity, improve energy efficiency, and the use of renewable energy sources would serve to promote the development of long-term energy and environmental strategies that help meet global energy demands. 4. Concluding remarks While coal has been a reliable energy source in many countries investigation of the relationship between coal consumption and economic growth is pertinent both in terms of the economic and environmental consequences of its continued usage. Specifically, this study tests the causal relationship between coal consumption and economic growth within the context of a multivariate panel error correction model for 25 OECD countries over period 1980–2005. First, the Larsson et al. (2001) panel cointegration test indicates there is a unique long-run equilibrium relationship between real GDP, coal consumption, real gross fixed capital formation, and the labor force. Though the long-run elasticity estimates are positive and statistically significant for real gross fixed capital formation and the labor force, the elasticity estimate for coal consumption is negative and statistically significant. This negative impact of coal consumption on real output in the long-run may be the result of inefficient and excessive use of coal as well as the possibility that the immediate economic benefit associated with the use of coal is outweighed by the economic costs imposed on the environment by carbon dioxide emissions. Second, the estimation of panel error correction model reveals there is both short- and long-run bidirectional causality between coal consumption and economic growth, which lends support for the feedback hypothesis. However, the short-run causality results indicate that an increase in coal consumption has a negative impact on economic growth. In this case, policymakers should explore the feasibility of either increasing the efficient use of coal or reducing coal consumption. For example, legislation that would restrict the growth of carbon dioxide emissions might provide an incentive to enhance efficiency or curb excessive coal consumption. Furthermore, greater use of sustainable coal technologies that permit carbon dioxide capture and storage may reduce the environmental costs upon on the economy of excessive coal consumption. Similarly, an increase in economic growth has a negative impact on coal consumption which might suggest that an economy may be less coal intensive, as alternative energy sources are employed such as renewable energy. The use of government tax credits and subsidies for the production and use of sustainable alternative energy sources may provide the needed incentive for both producers and consumers to substitute away from coal to more sustainable energy sources over time. Prefer our evidence – theirs overestimates the coal industries’ potential and underestimates oursNisbet 10 (Matthew C., Professor of Communication at the American University, December 4, “Standing Up for Clean Energy: Comparing Green Jobs to Coal Industry Jobs”, http://bigthink.com/age-of-engagement/standing-up-for-clean-energy-comparing-green-jobs-to-coal-industry-jobs?page=2) Based on the coal and oil industries' history and heavy investment in public relations, lobbying, and advertising, Americans and lawmakers have a faulty statistical sense of these industries' true contribution to the U.S. workforce. In addition, Americans and lawmakers tend to underestimate the current size and near term growth potential of the clean energy sector. This leads to false attributions and susceptibility to claims by conservatives and others that climate legislation is a massive "job killer" when in fact it is a likely net job creator. Correcting this faulty statistical sense, especially in comparison to the current and projected size of the clean energy sector, should be an important communication focus and goal. What's needed is the avoidance of hype about the clean energy sector and instead strong third-party studies, analyses, and endorsements from relevant economists and market research firms. Yet beyond these statistical presentations and expert endorsements, job potential and creation needs to be emphasized at a local level, with specific examples and companies featured in local news coverage and in public engagement campaigns. It's another example of how as we move into the next stage of the climate debate, many different factors reinforce the importance of local and regional engagement. Turn—shift away from fossil fuels key to jobs Roberts 08 Staff Writer at Grist.org (David, December 2008, “The Truth About Green Jobs,” http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2008/11/truth-about-green-jobs)//DR. H Proponents of fossil fuels tout job creation, but the truth is there aren't many jobs in dirty energy, and that number is declining. To wit: Over the last two decades, coal output in the US has grown by a third, while the number of jobs in the coal industry has fallen by half. According to economist John A. "Skip" Laitner of the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, for every $1 million of revenue in energy-related sectors, fewer than two jobs are created, compared to seven jobs per $1 million earned elsewhere. Thus, shifting investment away from conventional energy can't help but create more jobs, particularly during the transition to a green economy, when construction, efficiency, and other labor-intensive industries will be scaling up. US not key to coal market Carr 6/13 Bloomberg (Mathew, June 13, 2012, “Falling Coal Use In U.S. Fails To Stem Global Growth: BP,” http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-06-13/falling-coal-use-in-u-s-fails-to-stem-global-growth-bp.html)//DR. H Falling coal consumption in the U.S. last year failed to stem the pace of growth in the fuel’s use globally, which was driven by China, Australia, Ukraine and South Korea, according to BP Plc. (BP/) Coal represented 30 percent of global energy consumption, the highest since 1969, the oil producer said today in its annual Statistical Review of World Energy. Global use rose 5.4 percent in 2011, similar to the downgraded 5.5 percent pace in 2010, BP said. U.S. consumption dropped more than any other nation, declining 24.2 million metric tons of oil equivalent, or 4.6 percent, to 501.9 million tons. China’s use surged 9.7 percent to 1.84 billion tons. The 2.5 percent growth in global primary energy consumption was caused by increases in emerging economies, BP said. China accounted for 71 percent of growth last year. Use in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development nations declined 2.5 percent, led by a 5 percent drop in Japan. The data suggests that growth in global CO2 emissions from energy use continued in 2011, but at a slower pace than in 2010, BP said. Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. 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