Chapter Outline

References

California Department of Transportation (“CALTRANS”). 1999. “Snow and Ice Control Operations, Avalanche Control Areas.” Pp. 13-14. www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/snwicecontrol.pdf

Colorado Avalanche Information Center. N/D. “US & World Avalanche Statistics.” CAIC Web Site. http://geosurvey.state.co.us/avalanche/

Committee on Ground Failure Hazards Mitigation Research. 1990. "Snow Avalanche Hazards and Mitigation in the United States." National Academy Press. 1990.

Intelligent Transportation Systems. N/D. “Corridor Management During Avalanches.” Joint Program Office. U.S. Dept of Transportation web site.: http://itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/inform/p25.htm

Ketchum, ID. N/D. “Avalanche Zone District (A).” Zoning Code Section 17.92. http://www.ketchumidaho.org/pdf/zone17.92Avalanch.pdf

Mears, Arthur. 2002. Avalanche Zoning. http://www.avalanche.org/~moonstone/zoning/AVALANCHE%20ZONING.htm.

Merriam-Webster. N/D. Merriam-Webster Website.www.m-w.com

Michigan Technological University. N/D. Department of Geological/Mining Engineering & Sciences web site. http://www.geo.mtu.edu/department/classes/ge404/rhsawall/passive.html

National Avalanche Center. N/D. US Forest Service Website. http://www.avalanche.org/~nac/basics/sled_index.html

National Snow and Ice Data Center. N/D. “Avalanche Awareness .” NSIDC Website. http://nsidc.org/snow/avalanche/index.html

Orator.com. 2003. “108th CONGRESS, 1st Session,

Washington State Department of Transportation. N/D. “I-90, Snoqualmie Pass East.” http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/projects/I90SnoqualmiePassEast/

Sidebar 3.2.1: US AVALANCHE FATALITIES BY STATE, 1985/86 - 2003/04

STATE	85-86	86-87	87-88	88-89	89-90	90-91	91-92	92-93	93-94	94-95	95-96	96-97	97-98	98-99	99-00	00-01	01-02	02-03	03-04	19-winter totals
CO	4	11	5	4	4	6	9	12	1	9	7	1	6	6	8	4	8	6	3	114
AK	0	6	2	1	1	1	2	7	2	6	8	4	3	12	5	4	11	4	3	82
UT	5	2	0	0	1	0	5	3	1	5	2	6	2	5	2	6	3	1	4	53
MT	2	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	6	3	3	1	7	2	2	7	10	4	0	51
CA	2	0	0	0	1	0	2	1	0	2	0	0	1	1	0	2	1	1	1	15
WA	2	0	1	0	0	0	2	0	0	1	0	5	2	4	1	3	0	1	7	29
WY	2	0	0	0	0	0	2	1	1	1	3	2	1	2	0	7	1	7	1	31
ID	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	3	3	3	0	2	0	1	3	4	22
OR	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	2	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	7
NV	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	3
NH	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	3	0	0	0	1	0	0	2	0	7
NY	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	2
AZ	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
NM	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
total	17	21	8	7	8	8	24	29	13	28	30	22	26	32	22	33	35	30	23	416

http://geosurvey.state.co.us/avalanche/Default.aspx?tabid=49

Sidebar 3.2.2: Avalanche Fatalities in the World (by IKAR* countries), 1985/86 - 2003/04

	85-86	86-87	87-88	88-89	89-90	90-91	91-92	92-93	93-94	94-95	95-96	96-97	97-98	98-99	99-00	00-01	01-02	02-03	03-04	19-year totals
Switzerland	34	15	24	16	28	38	13	28	21	20	17	24	13	36	20	32	24	21	11	435
France	40	24	24	17	22	47	28	23	23	23	44	23	35	44	28	30	29	26	26	556
Austria	43	31	37	14	12	20	9	23	13	24	37	27	11	50	39	22	17	34	8	471
Italy	27	16	38	11	14	38	10	24	24	12	10	13	14	12	16	29	7	24	22	361
Germany	2	3	0	0	1	8	1	3	1	1	3	4	0	3	0	1	3	3	0	37
Liechtenstein	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	2
Slovenia	7	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	3	1	6	0	1	1	0	1	0	2	2	26
Slovakia	nr	nr	nr	nr	nr	nr	0	nr	nr	4	4	2	5	0	2	5	5	4	6	37
Spain	4	1	0	7	6	21	6	2	0	6	2	4	0	nr	0	nr	nr	1	3	60
Andorra	nr	nr	nr	nr	nr	nr	nr	nr	nr	nr	nr	nr	nr	3	0	0	nr	nr	nr	3
U.K.	2	2	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	nr	nr	0	5	0	0	2	1	0	16
Croatia	nr	nr	nr	nr	nr	nr	nr	nr	nr	3	0	0	0	nr	0	0	nr	0	0	3
Norway	22	7	4	4	3	1	4	1	5	3	2	4	6	1	6	9	4	2	4	92
Poland	1	4	5	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	5	5	2	5	0	1	2	8	9	49
Czech Republic	0	1	4	0	0	1	nr	4	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	nr	nr	nr	12
Bulgaria	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	2	4	2	0	2	0	nr	nr	nr	13
Sweden	nr	nr	nr	nr	nr	nr	nr	nr	nr	nr	nr	nr	nr	nr	2	1	nr	nr	1	4
Canada	9	7	7	6	9	12	6	12	8	15	9	16	21	16	10	12	13	29	11	228
U.S.A.	17	21	8	7	8	8	24	29	13	28	30	22	26	32	22	33	35	30	23	416
TOTALS	210	133	152	81	101	196	103	151	112	140	171	148	138	208	147	176	143	184	126	2821

*IKAR = International Commission for Alpine Rescue nr = no report

http://geosurvey.state.co.us/avalanche/Default.aspx?tabid=109

Illustrations 3.2.1 and 3.2.2 – Examples of Snow Bridges




www.fao.org/docrep/ x5376e/x5376e04.htm
Illustration 3.2.3: Snow Fence



www.photolib.noaa.gov/ historic/nws/wea01920.htm
Illustration 3.2.4: Controlled Avalanche Explosive Detonation



www.explosives.org/ Uses.htm

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