City Energy Efficiency Report: Transport Sector


Transport Sector Energy Efficiency Evaluation



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Transport Sector Energy Efficiency Evaluation


In Wuhan, the total number of motor vehicles has increased rapidly over the past few years. By end of 2013, this total amounted to 1.53 million. The share of private vehicles reached 1.21 million, which accounted for 79 percent of the total.



In 2012, total petroleum consumption in China reached 4.67 million tons. The transport sector accounted for 37 percent of this consumption.17 The share of petroleum consumption by the transport sector has been increasing over the past two decades, from 15 percent in 1990 to 37 percent in 2012, as presented in Figure 7, due to rapid motorization nationwide.
Figure 7: Petroleum consumption in total and by transport sector in China

Urban passenger transport in Wuhan is mainly composed of road transport, supported by water transport on the rivers. Public transport modes include bus, metro, taxi, and ferry.



Figure 8: Total number of vehicles and number of private vehicles18

The Wuhan Public Transport Company operates a fleet of approximately 7,000 buses on 342 routes with a total route length of 6,314 km. Of these 7,000 buses, 4,500 are powered by diesel, 2,250 are powered by Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), and the other 250 are powered by electricity and new clean energy. All the buses are scrapped after eight years of use to keep the fleet relatively new. In 2013, there are three metro lines operating in the city with a total length of 96.7 km. In 2013, the total number of passengers who travelled by public transit per day was 5.92 million, of which 5.1 million (86 percent) travelled by buses and 0.8 million (14 percent) by metro.19,20

As one of the pilot cities in the National Transit Metropolis Initiative, Wuhan’s transit system is currently undergoing an unprecedented pace of development. It is expected that six additional metro lines and eight Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) lines will open by year 2020.

There are 15,637 taxis in Wuhan that carried 420 million passengers in 2013. The major power sources for transport are gasoline, diesel, and compressed natural gas (CNG). By the end of 2014, 98 percent of the taxis in Wuhan were CNG vehicles.



According to the resident travel survey in 2013, 23 percent of the trips were taken by buses; 7 percent by metro; 6.5 percent by taxi; 20 percent by private cars; 18.5 percent by bicycle, including E-bikes; and 25 percent by walking,21 as shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9: Trip mode split in Wuhan

Transportation Sector Benchmarking


According to the analysis by the TRACE tool, 5,304.63 Mega joules/capita transportation energy use places Wuhan in the lower middle of the TRACE database with comparable cities with similar Human Development Indicator (HDI) as shown in Figure 10. This calculation is based on total vehicle ownership, total population in Wuhan Statistical Yearbook 2014, average travel distance, average fuel consumption per 100 km, and rate of vehicles on road provided by local agencies.
Figure 10: Total transportation energy use per capita

Although Wuhan opened its first metro line in 2004, metro system development has only been boosted in the past few years. Currently, with three metro lines of a total length of 96.7 km at the end of 2014, there are 11.7 meters of high-capacity transit per 1,000 people. This ranks Wuhan in the lower end among the cities in the TRACE database with similar HDI, a bit lower than Gaziantep and Mexico City, but higher than Yerevan, Jakarta, Quezon City, Tehran, and Bogota. According to the current metro system plan, nine metro lines will be opened by end of 2020 and the total length will reach to about 400 km.



Figure 11: Meters of high-capacity transit per 1,000 people

With a 30 percent public transport mode split, Wuhan ranks in the lower middle among the cities in the TRACE database. This ranking is expected to improve over the next few years as more metro lines and BRT are built. According to the target value proposed by the National Transit Metropolis Initiative, the public transport mode split in the pilot cities (Wuhan is in the first batch of the pilot cities) should reach at least 50 percent in five years, by 2020.
Figure 12: Public transportation mode split

It is estimated that among the total transport energy consumption in Wuhan, 16.6 percent was by public transport and 64.9 percent by private cars.22 The public transport energy consumption in Wuhan is about 0.51 MJ/passenger km, ranking at the lower middle among comparable cities, a little higher than Rio de Janeiro and lower than Guangzhou.

Figure 13: Public transport energy consumption

Private transport energy consumption in Wuhan, however, placed the city at the higher middle among cities in the TRACE database with the value of 2.14 MJ/passenger km, the same level as Johannesburg and Bogota. Compared to 0.51 MJ/passenger km energy consumption by public transport, private transport consumes about four times more energy than public transport. Thus public transport promotion should be one of the key strategies to achieve energy savings.


Figure 14: Private transport energy consumption



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