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The West and the Changing Balance of World Power
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- Navigate this page:
- Chapter 16, The World Economy Summary
- Key Concepts: The West’s First Outreach: Maritime Power
- Cape of Good Hope . Vasco da Gama’s
- Toward a World Economy: As the voyagers crossed, they brought plants, animals, and microbes in both directions: the Columbian Exchange
- Colonial Expansion: Colonization of the American mainland began in Panama. Francisco Pizarro
- Chapter 16, Quiz Questions
- Essay Questions: The World Economy
- Chapter 17, The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750 Summary
- Key Concepts: The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce, 1450-1650
- Science and Politics: The Next Phase of Change
The West and the Changing Balance of World Power Account for the decline of the Middle East in the 1400’s. Evaluate the position of China in the international balance of power in 1450. What were the sources of dynamism that fueled the Western advances relative to other civilizations? Describe early Western exploration and colonization patterns. In what sense were the civilizations outside the world network of cultural exchange (the Americas, Africa, and Polynesia) vulnerable to interaction with other civilizations? Chapter 16, The World Economy Summary: The rise of the West from the 15th and 18th centuries involved distant explorations and conquests resulting in a heightening and redefining of relationships among world societies. During the classical era, larger regional economies and culture zones had developed, as in the Chinese Middle Kingdom and the Mediterranean basin, but international exchanges were not of fundamental importance to the societies involved. During the postclassical period, contacts increased and were more significant. Missionary religions – Buddhism and Islam – and trade influenced important changes. The new world relationships after 1450 spelled a new period of world history. The Americas and other world areas were joined to the world network, while older regions had increased contacts. Trade became so significant that new relationships emerged among societies and prompted reconsideration of existing political and cultural traditions. Key Concepts: The West’s First Outreach: Maritime Power: By 1500, Europeans had become more aware of the wider world. Ignorance, however, hampered their explorations. Early voyages on small ships brought little returns. Technological change rapidly impacted both the scope and nature of European voyages. Mastery of the compass, added to the use of the cannon, changed everything. Europeans were now able to go farther and protect themselves on the seas. The Portuguese led the way, moving down the coast of Africa, and eventually around the Cape of Good Hope. Vasco da Gama’s arrival in India brought Europe into direct contact with the east. Spanish ships reached the Americas in 1492, and Ferdinand Magellan sailed around Cape Horn into the Pacific in 1519. Northern European nations joined the competition late, but soon took the lead. The French claimed Canada, in 1534, and the British followed. The Dutch and the British focused on commerce, forming East India Companies with monopolies on trade. Toward a World Economy: As the voyagers crossed, they brought plants, animals, and microbes in both directions: the Columbian Exchange. Diets on both sides of the Atlantic were affected, and populations were decimated by imported disease. The ecological impact was immense. Europeans began to dominate trade, although still limited to the coastlines in most areas. Trading outposts dotted the shores of Africa and the Indian subcontinent. In more resistant areas, merchants gathered in areas set aside for them in towns. Competition between European nations was spurred by mercantilism, which dictated that colonizers had the monopoly on exports to their colonies, which, in turn, furnished raw goods at low prices. The practice resulted in large areas of the world dependant on European goods. In this first phase of colonization, the impact of Europeans was growing but still limited. At the same time, new systems of forced labor took root. Was there a world economy at this time? Chinese adherence to tradition kept western influence to a minimum. Japan and Korea also limited contact, and even withdrew from trade. In India and the Middle East, the level of trade was so low that no impact was felt. The volume of trade increased in the 17th century. Britain turned India into a market for its cotton textiles. Western European demands for grain let to increased eastern European production, and the intensification of serfdom. Colonial Expansion: Colonization of the American mainland began in Panama. Francisco Pizarro was one of many adventurers who gained their own empires. The Inca and Aztec were conquered. Missionaries accompanied these enterprises. North American colonies took a different path, often as havens for religious refugees. France and Britain vied for dominance, yet the commercial attractions were not great. The lower density of natives in North America made European inroads easier. Europeans maintained their tradition of nuclear families in their North American colonies, and, in general, more closely resembled the home countries than colonies in Latin America. For the most part, colonization in Africa in this first phase was restricted to coastal trading posts. The Portuguese search for slaves in Angola and the Dutch Cape Colony were important exceptions. As Britain and France struggled for control of India, their impact intensified, as they made Indian leaders part of their rivalry. In the late 1700’s, Britain took a more active role in administering the colony. The Impact of European colonization was initially greater at home than abroad. The Seven Years’ War was the culmination of British-French overseas competition, and the growing European reliance on imports changed tastes at home. Globally, Europeans intensified their use of forced labor. At the same time, some areas benefited by the movement of goods made possible by world trade. Key Terms: Mestizos Mercantilism John Locke Mughal Empire Columbian Exchange East Indian Company Treaty of Paris Calcutta Ferdinand Magellan World Econom Chapter 16, Quiz Questions 1) How was the global trade network of the 15th century different from that of previous eras? A) There was no significant trade between civilizations prior to the 15th century. B) Trade prior to the 15th century was limited to the Eastern Hemisphere as a result of the military dominance of Eastern nations. C) In previous eras, most attention was given to the development of regional economies and cultural zones, rather than a global network. D) Trade in previous eras was almost entirely in the hands of the West as a result of overwhelming advantages in technology E) Trade was controlled by the Chinese due to their naval presence in the Indian Ocean. 2) Why did the initiative in early conquest and exploration pass to northern European nations in the later 16th century? A) Spain and Portugal were defeated in a critical war with the Ottoman Empire. B) The Dutch and the British improved the design of oceanic vessels, producing faster ships than their Catholic rivals. C) Famine and disease disastrously reduced the population of the Iberian peninsula after 1588. D) The Spanish defeat of the English Armada cut England off from further advances in Europe and forced English attention to foreign conquest. E) Conquered nations rose up against Spain and Portugal, requiring large forces to suppress them. 3) What was the purpose of the early English voyages to North America? A) To establish colonies B) To create a fortified port and trading region C) To discover an Arctic route to China D) To drive the Spanish from the Americas E) To convert natives to Catholicism 4) In what way were the early Dutch and British exploration and trade projects different from those of the Iberian nations? A) The expeditions of Spain and Portugal did not enjoy government support. B) Dutch and British exploration owed much to private initiative of merchant groups and the formation of chartered trading companies. C) Dutch and British exploratory expeditions were independent of their respective governments. D) The Dutch and British operated joint explorations in the names of both governments while Portugal and Spain competed in the competition for conquest. E) The Dutch and British projects were financed with banking capital from Italy and the Florentines. 5) What was the impact of the introduction of American crops into Europe? A) The introduction of corn and the potato led to major population growth in Europe. B) Fungi introduced to Europe along with American crops led to a severe decline in agricultural productivity. C) Although American crops were introduced around the world by European traders, they were not adopted in Europe itself. D) Plantation agriculture fueled by slave labor became the norm in European agricultural systems. E) Most Europeans rejected the new foods as uncivilized and began to import rice from China. 6) Which of the following areas of trade was NOT dominated by the West after the establishment of a global trading network in the 17th century? A) The Atlantic B) The Pacific C) The Indian Ocean D) The Mediterranean E) The Caribbean 7) Which of the following statements best accounts for the Spanish failure to hold a position of dominance in world trade? A) The Spanish withdrew voluntarily from the race for world trade dominance and established a policy of international isolation. B) The Catholic church that dominated Spanish society argued against the establishment of a commercial mentality in Spain. C) Spain's interests were increasingly directed toward the destruction of the Ottoman Empire. D) Spain's internal economy and banking system were not sufficient to accommodate the bullion from the new world and lacked significant manufacturing capability. E) Spain exported more finished goods than it imported due to the high quality of its artisans and craftsmen. 8) What economic policy encouraged the development of colonies, particularly by northern Europe countries? A) Mercantilism B) Free trade C) Socialism D) Communism E) Boycotts 9) The dominant commercial nations of northern Europe made up the ________ zone of the world economy. A) dependent B) core C) negative trade D) free trade E) peripheral 10) Which of the following regions were dependents to the core zone of the global trade network? A) Holland B) France C) England D) Sub-Saharan Africa E) Spain 11) Dependence in the world economy and the consequent need to produce unprocessed goods cheaply led to the development of ________ labor systems. A) dependant B) independent C) coercive D) socialist E) free 12) Which of the following statements most accurately describes the impact of the development of core-dependent economic zones on state formation? A) Forced labor and European influence tended to generate weak governments in dependent regions, while increased trade revenues tended to generate increasing government strength in core states. B) While the profits of global trade tended to strengthen the governments of core regions, the creation of colonies extended powerful governments to dependent zones as well. C) The efforts of international trade tended to enrich private commercial interests but weaken core governments who were unable to tap the wealth. Dependent zone governments, based on company organization, tended to be strong. D) No state government benefited from the creation of core-dependent zones. Neither core regions nor colonies were able to develop strong, centralized governments. E) Dependent regions and their governments grew stronger in response to the European threat. 13) Which of the following statements concerning the relationship between Asian civilizations and the world commercial network of the 16th and 17th centuries is NOT accurate? A) Asian civilizations had ample political strength and economic sophistication to avoid dependent status. B) East Asia constituted the civilization that remained most fully and consciously external to the world economy. C) China depended on extensive government regulation to keep European activities in check. D) China was able, thanks to the existence of its coastal navy, to prevent the establishment of European ports. E) Most of the silver mined and exported by the Spanish ended up in China in order for the Spanish to purchase Chinese manufactured goods. 14) What was the nature of the trade between eastern and western Europe in the 17th century? A) Western Europe imported grain in increasing amounts from eastern Europe in return for art objects and manufactured goods. B) Eastern and western Europe remained economically isolated, as Russia, Poland, and Prussia extended their trade relationships with the Ottoman Empire. C) The inability of eastern Europe to produce anything of value to the West frustrated attempts to establish trading connections between the two halves of Europe. D) Eastern Europe emerged as a powerful challenger to Western domination of the global commercial network. E) Eastern Europe provided a trade route for Asian goods because of the role Moscow played as a trade nexus. 15) In which of the following regions was European settlement a significant factor in the establishment of colonies? A) West Indies B) Indonesia C) Dutch South Africa D) China E) Arabia 16) Which of the following represents an impact on western Europe from the development of colonies? A) Colonial development resulted in a greater sense of cooperation among European nations. B) The development of colonies hastened the growth of centralized governments and destroyed the growth of the merchant class in western Europe. C) The use of colonially produced sugar spread widely in Europe. D) The decline of the Catholic church and its power resulted from many Europeans moving to the colonies. E) Colonialism had limited impact on Europe due to the policy of natives selling free-access goods. 17) In which of the following colonies did a deeper appreciation of Western institutions and values take place? A) Spanish Latin America B) French and British colonies of North America C) Brazil D) India E) Macao 18) Why did the southern colonies of the Atlantic seaboard win importance before those farther north? A) Gold was discovered within the southern colonies of the Atlantic seaboard. B) The harsh climate of the northern colonies left those regions virtually unsettled. C) Only the southern colonies were able to eliminate the native Indian population. D) Cultivation of cash crops produced by coercive labor emerged there. E) The need to defend the southern colonies against Spanish settlers. 19) Which of the following statements concerning the interaction of North American colonists with the Indians is most accurate? A) Colonists interacted with Indians, learned from them, and misused them, but did not forge a new cultural grouping as occurred in much of Latin America. B) Constant warfare between the numerous sedentary agricultural tribes and the European colonists resulted in limited immigration from Europe. C) Rapid intermarriage between Europeans and the Native Americans resulted in the creation of a new class of people, the mestizos, who continued to play a significant role in North American colonial development. D) The occurrence of disease that rapidly decimated the Indian populations of Latin America did not take place in North America, thus Indian populations remained large and intermingled with the European immigrants. E) Indian populations grew as a result of new foods and goods introduced by European settlers. Essay Questions: The World Economy Describe the early European exploration of the world. Characterize the nature of early settlement. What was the nature of the “Colombian Exchange”? The European expansion of the 16th and 17th centuries created an imbalance in world trade. Discuss the emergence of dominant core areas and peripheral dependent zones. Prior to 1600, what areas of the world remained outside the global trading network: what areas were then incorporated into the network after 1600? Of all the colonial systems, the Atlantic colonies of North America most fully incorporated Western civilization. In what ways were the Atlantic colonies similar to the West? In what ways did they differ? Chapter 17, The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750 Summary: This chapter is about big changes in Western Europe during the early modern period. The core areas of Western civilization changed dramatically between 1450 and 1750. While remaining an agricultural society, the West became unusually commercially active and developed a strong manufacturing sector. Governments increased their powers. In intellectual life, science became the centerpiece for the first time in the history of any society. Ideas of the family and personality also altered. The changes resulted from overseas expansion and growing commercial dominance. The internal changes, such as the Renaissance and Enlightenment, were marked by considerable internal conflict, with focal points centered on the state, culture, and commerce, with support from technology. Key Concepts: The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce, 1450-1650: Francesco Petrarch was one of the first Europeans to typify the new spirit of the Renaissance. The Italian Renaissance, after an abortive start in the 1300s, took shape in the 1400s. Humanism, the intellectual basis of the movement, looked to ancient Greece and Rome for inspiration. Humanity, particularly in a secular setting was the focus of artistic and intellectual endeavor. The Northern Renaissance, starting some time after the Italian, but also spurred by merchant wealth, took its own direction. It focused on the perfection of man in a Christian context with extraordinary writers such as Shakespeare and Rabelais. Monarchy experienced a period of cultural and political dynamism. Communication was deeply changed by the adoption of the printing press in the 1400s. In a different sphere, the enduring European-style family because prevalent, based on nuclear family. The Protestant Reformation, begun by Martin Luther, reshaped the religious, then the political, map of Europe. Reformers promoted public education, particularly in Calvinist areas. The role fo the Catholic Church was curtailed. However, responding to the Reformation, the Catholic Church finally acquiesced to the attempts of its members to reform itself. Religious strife both led to and inflamed growing nationalist conflicts. The Thirty Years War between Spain and the Holy Roman Empire was fought over religious and nationalist issues. In England, the Civil War was fought over religion, the extent of parliamentary control, and royal claims to sovereignty. While the religious conflicts that afflicted Europe were resolved, with some improvement in women’s roles. An influx of gold and silver form Latin America, and markets that grew as colonization advanced, transformed the European economy. Commercial agriculture became the rule in Europe. Material wealth for the average European greatly increased. Others were hurt by economic change, notably the emerging proletariat. Popular uprisings were common in the 1600s, often leading to calls for a greater political voice. At the same time, persecution of witches burst out, fueled by fear and hatred on the part of the dispossessed poor. Science and Politics: The Next Phase of Change: The impact of the Scientific Revolution spread beyond its immediate sphere, deeply transforming all areas of thought in Europe. Copernicus discovered, or possibly passed on, the heliocentric theory, revolutionizing the western view of the cosmos. Regardless of how he developed his theory, it had an immense influence on scientific studies. The work of Copernicus was ushered by Kepler’s planetary observations, and Galileo’s research using the telescope. Broad, fundamental work done by Descartes and Newton established the scientific approach to knowledge. Scientific studies became popular, and influenced the philosophy known as Deism. According to Locke, everything could be known through the sense with the use of reason. Led by France, monarchy entered a new phase: absolutism. Larger bureaucracies and elaborate court ritual raised monarchs to new heights. Central European monarchs followed the French model, their power strengthened by the defeat of the Turks. At the same time, ideas of the sovereignty of the people developed. In Britain and the Netherlands, representative law-making bodies limited the power of monarchs. All of the European countries had commonalities as nation-states: peoples bounded by common culture, within clearly defined boundaries, constantly at odds with other nations-states. Directory: cms -> lib09 -> UT01001306 -> Centricity -> Domain Domain -> Millennial Speech & Debate Okinawa Withdrawal March pf lib09 -> Assignment – Read the article below, then answer the questions in your own words. 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