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Chapter 26, Quiz Questions
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- Essay Questions: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China
- Chapter 27, Russia and Japan: Industrialization outside the West Summary
- Key Concepts: Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance
- Protest and Revolution in Russia
- Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov
- Japan: Transformation Without Revolution
- Chapter 27, Quiz Questions
Chapter 26, Quiz Questions 1) Which of the following statements concerning the Muslim economy at the beginning of the 18th century is most accurate? A) The Muslim economy remained dependent on Arab merchants who traded predominantly with Africa. B) By holding the Europeans at bay, the Muslims were able to capitalize an indigenous industry based on the production of cotton textiles. C) The prosperity of the industrial base of the Muslim empires led to a close alliance between the artisans and the government. D) Merchants within the empire, especially those who were Jews or Christians, grew more dependent on commercial dealings with European counterparts. E) The discovery of new resources caused a resurgence of Ottoman economic power. 2) What was the result of the reforms of Sultan Selim III (1789-1807)? A) Western-style education was introduced throughout the empire. B) The Janissary corps was eliminated as a political and military force. C) The sultan was toppled from the throne by a Janissary revolt. D) Railways were constructed connecting the empire with Europe. E) The empire was taken over by Muhammad Ali. 3) Which of the following was NOT part of the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire? A) Introduction of Western-style education in the universities B) Addition of state-run postal and telegraph systems C) Creation of a constitution based on European prototypes D) Elimination of religious protection for minority religious groups E) Extensive legal reforms 4) Which of the following statements concerning the improvement of women's status as a result of the Tanzimat reforms is most accurate? A) The inclusion of reforms for women was not even considered in Ottoman society during the period of the Tanzimat reforms. B) Despite widespread discussion of the practices of seclusion, polygamy, and veiling, few improvements in women's social status were won in the 19th century. C) While not all women benefited, elite women were freed from the restrictive aspects of Muslim society during the period of the Tanzimat reforms. D) Muslim restrictions against the social equality of women were swept away as part of the Tanzimat reforms. E) Women in the Ottoman Empire became as free as those in western Europe and the United States. 5) Which of the following reforms resulted from the coup in the Ottoman Empire of 1908? A) The sultanate was abolished. B) The constitution of 1876 was restored. C) Janissaries were removed as a political and military force. D) Restrictions against women in Muslim society were removed. E) Removal of the political influence of the officer corps 6) Which of the following statements concerning the relationships between the Young Turks and the Arabs of the Ottoman Empire after the 1908 coup is most accurate? A) The Young Turks harbored resentment against the Arabs of the empire for failing to support the 1908 coup. B) Arab support of the 1908 coup waned when they discovered that the Young Turks had no intentions of abandoning the concept of empire. C) The 1908 coup resulted in the immediate independence of the Arab portions of the Ottoman Empire. D) The close alliance between the Young Turks and the Arab leaders of the Ottoman Empire continued after the 1908 coup. E) The Young Turks supported the idea of autonomy for the Arab portion of the empire. 7) Which of the following reforms was NOT introduced in Egypt after 1801? A) Restoration of the Mamluk armies B) Introduction of Western-style military conscription C) Hiring of French military advisors D) Importation of Western arms E) Rebuilt the irrigation systems 8) What prevented Muhammad Ali from overthrowing the Ottoman Empire? A) His failure to develop a modern army B) Lack of a navy C) His defeat by the Ottomans at Omdurman D) Opposition of European powers E) Completion of the Suez Canal 9) What was the result of the rebellion by Egyptian army officers in 1882? A) The Khedival government was overthrown by an indigenous Egyptian government. B) A new constitution was instituted, modeled on the Ottoman constitution of 1876. C) The rebellion was crushed by the Turkish elements within the Egyptian army. D) The Khedive called on the British to crush the rebellion, resulting in British overlordship of Egypt. E) British influence in Egypt was ended and the Ottomans reasserted control. 10) Which of the following statements concerning the Manchu government is most accurate? A) They destroyed the scholar-gentry in order to consolidate their grip on the government. B) The civil service examination system was eliminated as a means of entering the government. C) Though Manchus occupied a disproportionate number of the highest political positions, there were few limits on Chinese promotions within the imperial bureaucracy. D) Chinese officials were eliminated at the local administrative levels in order to prevent the extreme regionalization that had led to the downfall of previous dynasties. E) They welcomed modernization and Western influence after the Boxer rebellion in 1898. 11) In what area did the Manchus attempt to take strong measures of reform? A) Elimination of the scholar-gentry B) Removal of social restrictions on women C) Overturning the Confucian social hierarchy of age and sex D) Alleviating rural distress and unrest E) Eliminating the influence of religion 12) What accounts for the general failure of Manchu attempts at reform? A) Resistance on the part of the peasantry B) Enormous population growth and the disappearance of open lands C) Buddhist resistance D) Loss of territory to nomads from the Asian steppes E) Strong resistance from the scholar-gentry 13) All of the following signs of dynastic decline were apparent in the Qing regime by the beginning of the 19th century EXCEPT A) corruption of the examination system. B) diversion of revenue from state projects to private fortunes. C) failure of foreign commerce. D) food shortages, mass migrations, and banditry. E) explosive growth of the bureaucracy. 14) What was the impact of the British opium trade on China? A) Its use was restricted to the peasantry of northern China, where production of food rapidly decreased. B) The government was quickly able to halt the importation of opium, so that it did not have the disastrous impact on the Chinese population that was expected. C) Within years China's favorable balance of trade was reversed and silver began to flow out of the country. D) Due to the addiction of the imperial court, the British were welcomed as a valuable trade partner of China. E) The opium trade had little economic effect on China in the long run. 15) What was the outcome of the Opium War? A) Despite technological advantages, the British forces were overwhelmed by the Chinese numerical superiority and were unable to penetrate China's isolation. B) The British soon swept the seas of opposition, but were prevented from entering China by opposition from other European powers who feared Britain's overthrow of the Manchus. C) The British victory was so overwhelming that the Manchu dynasty was overthrown by 1850 and replaced by a republic. D) British victory in the Opium War allowed European powers to force China to open trade and diplomatic exchanges. E) The Opium War led directly to the Sino-Japanese War and China lost Korea to Japan. 16) What was the political and social position of the Manchu rulers at the end of the 19th century? A) The Manchu rulers stubbornly resisted the far reaching reforms that were the only hope of saving the regime and Chinese civilization. B) The last decades of the dynasty were dominated by Cixi, a woman who proposed radical reforms of the social order. C) The Chinese scholar-gentry and the provincial elite allied with the emperors to introduce significant reform of landholding practices and regional administration. D) The dynasty wholeheartedly embraced the ongoing Westernization of the Chinese government and economy. E) The Manchu rulers adopted a wait-and-see attitude with regard to Western-style reforms. Essay Questions: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China How did the emergence of the industrialized West affect the pattern for the decline of civilizations? How did the experience of the Qing dynasty in China and the Ottoman Empire differ between 1700 and 1900? Compare and contrast the conditions leading to the overthrow of the Ottoman Empire in 1908 and the Qing dynasty in 1912. Compare and contrast the British intervention in Egypt with its intervention in China. Contrast the reactions of the Islamic heartlands and China to the challenge of the West. Chapter 27, Russia and Japan: Industrialization outside the West Summary: Russia and Japan defied the pattern of 19th-century European domination. By 1914, they launched significant industrialization and accomplished other changes that preserved their independence. Both achieved economic autonomy and were able to join in the imperialist scramble. There were differences between the two. Japan displayed more political flexibility than did Russia. Change in Russia increased internal strains and led to revolution. Japan through its reforms, pulled away form the rest of East Asia; Russia continued expanding its influence in Eastern Europe and central Asia. Among the characteristics common to the two nations in their maintenance of independence was their prior experience of cultural imitation: Japan from China, and Russia from Byzantium and the West. They were able to learn without destroying their own cultures. Both also had improved their political effectiveness during the 17th and 18th centuries, a situation allowing the state to sponsor change. Key Concepts: Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance: In the wake of the French Revolution, Russia turned form following Western models. Alexander I supported the Holy Alliance in their defense of the religious and political order. Yet Russian intellectuals maintained ties to the West. Pushkin was one of many writers to embrace and enhance the Romantic style. The Decembrist Uprising of 1825 pushed Nicholas I further to the right. Restrictions on political freedom followed. The revolutions of 1830 and 1848 skipped Russia. At the same time, Russia expanded its territory. A Polish national uprising in 1830-1831 was brutally suppressed. Pushing south, Russia took Ottoman lands and supported Greek independence. Russian industrialization did not keep pace with the West. Peasant labor service was increased to meet demands for grain exports, and the grain trade did have a positive effect on industrialization. The Crimean War – from 1854 to 1856 – pitted Russia against the Ottoman Empire. France and Britain, fearful of expanding Russian power, supported the Ottomans. Russian leaders saw the advantage industrialization had given Western powers, and Alexander II pushed for reform. Serfdom was a key issue, and reforming the institution was clearly necessary. The emancipation of the serfs, in 1861was carefully planned to maintain tsarist control. The serfs received lands, but had to pay redemption fees. Peasant revolts actually increased because of disappointment at the limitations of the reforms. The tsar set up Zemstvos, which gave some political experience to more Russians. The army was reformed and recruitment expanded. Literacy and demands for popular fiction increased. Women’s roles broadened. Industrialization was par of these changes. The trans-Siberian railroad linked western Russia to the Pacific, additionally stimulating the coal and iron industries. Industrialization picked p, especially in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Polish towns. Sergei Witte, the minister of finance from 1892 to 1903, modernized the Russian economy. Foreign control increased, and Russia became a debtor nation. While the volume of manufactures was large, Russia was still only partly industrialized. Protest and Revolution in Russia: Minority nationals raised concerns in Russia, but were secondary to the dislocations caused by industrialization. Calls for reform developed along two lines. Liberal reforms were sought by businesspeople and professionals. The intelligentsia and student groups called for more radical reform, but remained isolated. Lastly, anarchists aimed to end all government. Failing to find popular support, they turned to violence. Alexander II responded by withdrawing support, they turned to violence. Alexander II responded by withdrawing support for reform. He was assassinated in 1881. Repressive measures followed, including anti-Semitic policies, and pogroms. Marxism took hold by the 1890s. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, Lenin, adapted Marx’s ideas to Russian conditions. His version of Marxism was dopted by the Bolsheviks. Dissatisfaction grew among workers, who unionized and organized strikes. These different currents of unrest made revolution in Russia likely. Russia made gains against the Ottoman Empire in the late 19th century. Aiding the Serbian and Bulgarian independence movements added to Russian pride. However, the Russo-Japanese War broke out in 1904, when Russia threatened Japan’s regional control. The Russian defeat led to the Russian Revolution in 1905. The tsars created the duma to satisfy liberals. The Stolypin reforms eased the peasants’ redemption payments. Kulaks, peasant entrepreneurs, brought land to develop. The duma’s power was steadily weakened, and the Russian government turned its attention to the Balkans. Similar patterns existed in other eastern European nations. Some chose parliamentary governments, some monarchies. Eastern Europe experienced a period of cultural flowering, with new pride in Slavic culture. Japan: Transformation Without Revolution: Japan’s shogunate ruled in the early 19th century, with few changes. Shrinking revenues weakened the power of the shoguns after 1850. Developments in intellectual life included the terakoya, or public schools, leading to literacy rates of 40% for men and 15% for women. Nationalist leanings led to the celebration of Shintoism and Japanese culture. At the same time, Dutch studies continued in spite of bans on Western reading. Controlled by monopolies, commerce boomed. Slowing economic growth after 1850 and riots in rural areas led to a climate where change was welcome. The arrival of Matthew Perry in 1853 threatened Japanese isolation. By 1856, two Japanese ports were open to U.S. commerce. The emperor was pressured to open the country further. Samurai were especially keen, hoping that the change would dislodge the shogun. The samurai began using America firearms in 1866 and defeated the shogun’s troops. Reform came with the installation of a new emperor – Mutsuhito – called Meiji. The Meiji government replaced the daimyo system with prefects. Samurai were sent to Europe and the United States to learn, turning the group into a force for change. The reforms of 1873-1876 ended samurai privileges and introduced conscription. Iwasaki Yataro is an example of samurai who changed his stripes. Founding Mitsubishi in 1868, he built railroads and steamer lines. Political parties emerged. A new constitution in 1889 included a diet, modeled on the German legislature. Japan was successful in borrowing from the West while maintaining much of its traditional structure. Reforms continued with an overhaul of the army and navy. Priority was given to industrialization. Internal tariffs and guilds were ended to clear the way for a unified economy. The government was closely involved in the process of industrialization. Western models were adapted to Japanese conditions. At the same time, entrepreneurs from all levels of society played an important role in the changes. Industrial conglomerations, zaibatsu, emerged. Industrialization was well advanced by 1900. Still dependent on imports, however, the country lagged behind the West. Cottage industry and sweatshops were common. Japanese society experienced change as a result of economic and industrial change. Population growth was an important issue. Public education was offered to all, focusing on the sciences and technology. Rapid Westernization in the 1870s was replaced by more attention to Japanese values and social structure. Western lifestyles, clothes, and measures were adopted. Women’s roles saw little change Shintoism gained ground. Foreign policy was adapted to Japan’s increasing involvement in the global economy. The Sino-Japanese War gave Japan a quick victory over China, and hegemony in Korea. Forced by European powers to abandon territory it had taken in mainland China, Japan turned its eyes to Russian lands. The Russo-Japanese War of 1904 was another Japanese victory, and Korea was annexed in 1910. Urbanization and industrialization resulted in strains in Japanese society. Politics reflected the tensions, with assassinations and frequent dismissal of the Diet. Among intellectuals, questions were rife about Japanese culture’s survival. Their government’s response was to promote nationalism. The country thus avoided the revolutionary turmoil that affected China and Russia. Key Terms: Sino-Japanese War Duma Meiji Restoration Russo-Japanese War Zaibatsu Decembrist Uprising Emancipation of Serfs Trans-Siberian Railroad Bolsheviks Kulaks Chapter 27, Quiz Questions 1) Which of the following represents a significant difference between Russia and Japan? A) Only Japan had a significant aristocracy prior to industrialization. B) Only Russia participated in territorial expansion by 1914. C) Russia engaged in selective borrowing from Western models by 1700. D) Only Japan underwent significant political revolution prior to 1914. E) Only Japan experienced Communist uprisings by 1905. 2) Which of the following reflects a significant similarity between Japan and Russia during the period of industrialization prior to 1914? A) Both experienced significant political revolutions. B) Both Japan and Russia had prior experience of imitation, Japan from China and Russia from Byzantium and the West. C) Both demonstrated remarkable political flexibility resulting in sweeping transformations of political structure. D) Both engaged in territorial acquisitions in the Ottoman Empire. E) Both had a large industrial labor force coupled with a small agricultural base. 3) Which of the following accounts for Russia's lack of significant revolution in 1830 and 1848? A) Russia lacked a substantial history of autocracy. B) Absence of a coercive labor system in Russia left scant cause for rebellion. C) Political repression D) Like England, Russia's history of participatory government and its national parliament forestalled revolution. E) Major reforms, satisfying most Russians 4) Which of the following statements concerning Russian territorial expansion is most accurate? A) Russia's loss of Poland in the revolt of 1830 stimulated other attempts at territorial expansion. B) Russia actively opposed nationalist movements in the Balkans in keeping with its conservative tradition. C) Western powers actively aided Russia's pursuit of territories in the Ottoman Empire. D) No massive acquisitions marked the early 19th century, but Russia continued to be an aggressive competitor for territorial expansion. E) Russia expanded rapidly south of Alaska to Oregon and east to Utah. 5) Which of the following statements best describes the Russian economy at the beginning of the 19th century? A) Russia had achieved economic autonomy in the 18th century, although most of eastern Europe remained largely agricultural. B) The Russian economy was geographically oriented to the Ottoman Empire, a feature of the Mongol domination of Russia until the 15th century. C) Russia's economic dynamism and innovation rivaled that of the West. D) In return for low-cost grain exports, Russia and other east European areas imported Western luxury goods for aristocrats to display as badges of respectability. E) Russian heavy industry accounted for nearly all its economic growth. 6) What accounted for the West's victory over Russia in the Crimean War? A) The war was fought far from Russia, necessitating lengthy lines of communication and supply. B) Russia was forced to fight an offensive war against entrenched positions. C) The war was fought almost entirely at sea where the Russians were unable to bring numerical superiority to bear. D) The Western nations won because of industrial advantages. E) Sardinian and Polish assistance to the Russians was ineffective in the long run. 7) Which of the following was NOT a consideration in the reform of serfdom? A) An attempt to sweep away the tightly knit peasant communities on which serfdom depended B) The development of a vigorous and mobile labor force C) A desire to meet Western humanitarian standards D) Periodic peasant uprisings focused on lack of freedom, undue obligations, and lack of land E) The preservation of aristocratic power 8) Which of the following statements concerning the emancipation of the serfs in Russia is most accurate? A) The emancipation of the serfs destroyed the Russian aristocracy. B) Emancipation of the serfs loosened the grip of the tsarist state. C) In addition to personal freedom, the serfs were granted parcels of land subject to redemption payments. D) Following emancipation, peasants were free to move about Russia as they pleased leading to massive movements of agricultural labor. E) Few serfs were really emancipated due to the conditions imposed on their release. 9) What was the first step toward industrialization in Russia? A) The construction of factories B) The development of the mining sector C) The creation of an extensive system of railways D) The end of the grain trade with the West E) Mechanization of agriculture 10) Which of the following statements concerning the capitalization of Russian industry is most accurate? A) Capital for Russian investment was almost entirely derived from liquidation of agricultural estates in Russia. B) By 1900 approximately half of Russian industry was foreign-owned by British, German, and French industrialists. C) It was the contact with the Japanese that led to an influx of capital for Russian industrialization. D) Russian industry was capitalized by a substantial middle class that had built up wealth in the grain trade with the West. E) United States investors were the largest owners of machinery in Russia by 1900. 11) Which of the following was present during the Russian program of industrialization? A) Attitudinal change among workers similar to the West B) A large middle class C) Rich natural resources D) Small, but efficient, factories E) A highly educated work force 12) What was the general goal of the Russian intelligentsia? A) Political freedom, social reform, and retention of Russian culture B) Political freedom, retention of the social hierarchy, and increased Westernization C) Restriction of civil liberties, honor and deference to the emperor, retention of Russian culture D) Radical Westernization as part of a program of increased industrialization E) Globally competitive economy 13) Which of the following statements about Russian Marxism is most accurate? A) Marxist insistence on careful revolutionary organization and a focus on the working class were rapidly assimilated by anarchists and peasant groups. B) Marxist doctrines were not imported from the West, but originated among the Russian intelligentsia. C) Lenin introduced important innovations in Marxist theory, including the idea that a proletarian revolution could take place without going through a middle-class phase. D) Lenin was dedicated to the mass electioneering typical of Western socialist parties. E) Marxist doctrines were most applicable to an agrarian economy, not an industrial society. 14) Which of the following Russian developments was NOT adopted in other east European states? A) National parliaments B) Emancipation of serfs C) Economic autonomy from the West D) Monarchic forms of government E) Nationalism 15) Which of the following statements concerning the Tokugawa Shogunate in the 19th century is most accurate? A) The Shogunate bureaucracy had been opened to talented commoners, a reform that improved the standing of the government with the masses of the Japanese people. B) By the 19th century, the Tokugawa were able to dispense with the feudal organization of earlier Japan. C) Increasingly, the Shogunate depended on its long-standing alliances with Western powers to maintain its dominance. D) The Shogunate continued to combine a central bureaucracy with semi-feudal alliances with regional daimyos and the samurai. E) The Shogunate managed its finances carefully, and never carried a deficit. 16) Which of the following was NOT an advantage of Japan over China in the competition to assume leadership and to establish industrialization in Asia? A) Japan's leadership was less secular and bureaucratic than that of China. B) Japan already knew the benefits of imitation, which China had never acknowledged. C) Japan had allowed a more autonomous merchant tradition. D) Feudal traditions limited the heavy hand of government controls while stimulating a sense of competitiveness. E) Western countries were attracted to China first, so Japan had early leeway. 17) Which of the following statements concerning Japanese political reforms in the period of the Meiji state is NOT accurate? A) Meiji leaders established a new conservative nobility, stocked with former nobles and Meiji leaders that operated a British-style House of Peers. B) Samurai, destroyed by the removal of government stipends, were banned from participation in the Meiji Diet. C) The constitution issued in 1889 assured major prerogatives for the emperor along with limited powers for the lower house of the Diet. D) The bureaucracy was reorganized, insulated from political pressures, and opened to talent on the basis of civil service examinations. E) The Meiji came to power with very little violence due to the influence of the Western powers. 18) What was the primary difference between the reformed Japanese government and reformed Russian institutions by 1914? A) Japan retained an emperor at the head of government. B) Japan created a national parliament. C) Japan's government was elected by a broad majority of the population. D) Japan's government had incorporated business leaders into its governing structure. E) Russian institutions were more secular than Japan's. 19) One of the major similarities between Japanese and Russian industrialization was the fact that A) both lacked natural resources. B) scarce capital and unfamiliarity of new technology compelled state direction. C) neither was able to complete construction of a railway system. D) neither had any experience of cultural exchange with the West. E) a small group of independent entrepreneurs led to movement in each case. 20) Which of the following was NOT a sign of significant social stress in industrialized Japan? A) Disputes between generations over Westernization B) The increasing freedom and political influence of women C) Growth of nationalism D) Growth of urban slums E) Racial unrest Essay Questions: Directory: cms -> lib09 -> UT01001306 -> Centricity -> Domain Domain -> Millennial Speech & Debate Okinawa Withdrawal March pf lib09 -> Assignment – Read the article below, then answer the questions in your own words. Upload to Google classroom lib09 -> Marketing College Athletics Popularity of Amateur Sports lib09 -> Delaware cte program of study application local education agency information lib09 -> Gifted ortalentededucationresourceguid e lib09 -> Pirates of Silicon Valley Domain -> Fashion A: Standard 4: The Fashion Industry Domain -> Cost of Living Reality Check: Scenario Download 2.22 Mb. Share with your friends:
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