Disaster information: a bibliography
ID: 1720 Au: Gayle, Michael. Ti: A report on the January 13, 1993 earthquake and the insurance industry
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ID: 1720 Au: Gayle, Michael. Ti: A report on the January 13, 1993 earthquake and the insurance industry. So: Journal of the Geological Society of Jamaica; 30:55-6, 1996. Ab: As a result of the January 13, 1993 earthquake, 7871 claims reporting losses of $152 million were made. Most of these were from the Corporation of Kingston and St. Andrew. Due to the 2 percent excess, the Conditions of Average Claus which were introduced after Hurricane Gilbert in 1988, many claims will result in no payment to the insured. The occurrence of the earthquake and the attendants claims reported did not of themselves contribute to further increases in local insurance rates. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1721 Au: Adams, Alfrico D. Ti: A review of the effects of the January 13, 1993 earthquake and building code provisions. So: Journal of the Geological Society of Jamaica; 30:41-8, 1996. Ab: In Jamaica single-storey and two-storey are usually non-engineered structures. These suffered minor cracks in response to the January 13, 1993 earthquake. Generally, structures of two or more storeys or with long spans or complex structural arrangements usually benefit from engineering design services. Percentage-wise few of these structures were damaged in the earthquake. The fact that much of the observed cracking in buildings occurred in non-structural masonry walls, led to recommendations that partition in multistorey buildings should be lightweight walls instead, and in lower buildings, all masonry walls could be load-bearing. Structural engineers are guided by two building codes: The National Building Code, Jamaica (1983), which recommends use of the latest version of the Structural Engineers Association of California Building Code (SEAOC) and, the Caribbean Uniform Building Code (1985), which in the absence of reliable information of damaging Jamaican earthquakes recommends use of the zone factor, Z= 0.75 (equivalent to an acceleration of 0.3g on rock). Based on the information that the focus of the earthquake was on land and close to populated areas, a recommendation was made that the zone factor be reviewed, possibly to 0.4g. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1722 Au: Green, Sean; Webber, Mona K. Ti: A survey of the solid waste pollution in the Kingston Harbour mangroves, near Port Royal, Jamaica. So: Caribbean Marine Studies: The Journal of the Institute of Marine Affairs; 5:14-22, 1996. Ab: The objective of this study was to determine the quantities and distribution of domestic solid waste in the Port Royal mangroves. Ten sites were sampled on four occasions in an attempt to give an indication of the spatial and temporal variation of the solid waste in the mangroves. There was a very significant spatial variation in the distribution of the solid waste: however, this was not influenced by the distance away from the point sources (gullies and rivers which enter Kingston Harbour) or rainfall. The predominant material seen as waste was made of plastic, the category of non-mangrove wood was second with respect to abundance. Generally, the solid waste seen in all categories was predominantly made up of small or medium-sized materials (0.15 m - 1 m). The data indicate that the total quantities of solid waste transported into the mangroves are related to the total rainfall in the Kingston metropolitan area. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1723 Au: Gumbricht, Thomas. Ti: Application of GIS in training for environmental management. So: Journal of Environmental Management; 46(1):17-30, Jan. 1996. Ab: The multitude of environmental problems in a world of dynamic and unpredictable natural systems call for new methods that make use of recent development in the digital integration of human reasoning, data and dynamic models. A reported course in Natural Resources Management is based on holistic perception, systems dynamics and cybernetics, and uses geo-informatics as vehicles in projects on eutrophication, acidification, ecological settlings, and Landsat-TM multispectral classification. The projects are efficient, but time consuming, tools for teaching environmental management. Student differences in cognisance are great, and most had problems coupling different models and data, theory and problem solving. Improved multimedia interfaces could be a temporary solution. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1724 Au: Gavidia, Jorge. Ti: Disaster mitigation through appropriate plans and codes: case histories from the Caribbean and Latin America. So: Stop Disasters; 28(2):11, 1996. Ab: Caribbean countries, small islands and continental states, are subject to the regular occurrence of natural disasters: hurricanes, earthquakes, and certain countries volcanic eruptions. Rapid economic and social development in most of the Caribbean countries has been accompanied by a growing stock of housing and infrastructure services, as well as by a host of installation, and facilities necessary to support economic activities mainly in tourism. This has contributed to the increase exposure of Caribbean settlements to the effects of natural hazards. Housing, infrastructure, and other installations are often not located, designed or constructed taking into account principles from the mitigation of such hazards. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1725 Au: Palm, Elina; Vrolijks, Luc. Ti: Disaster reduction, urbanization and the environment. So: Stop Disasters; 27(1):4-5, 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Walker, Lawrence R; Zarin, Daniel J; Fetcher, Ned; Myster, Randall W; Johnson, Arthur H. Ti: Ecosystem development and plant succession on landslides in the Caribbean. So: Biotropica; 28(4a):566-76, Dec. 1996. Ab: Landslides are common in mountainous regions of the Caribbean and are triggered by heavy rains and earthquakes, and often occur in association with human disturbances (e.g. roads). Spatially heterogeneous removal of both substrate and vegetation is responsible for a variety of patterns of ecosystem development and plant succession trajectories within Caribbean landslides. Soil nutrient pools in exposed mineral soils reach levels comparable to mature forest soils within 55 yr but soil organic matter recovers more slowly. Plant colonization of landslides depends on the availability of propagules and suitable sites for germination, soil stability, and the presence of residual or newly deposited soil organic matter and associated nutrients. Once initial colonization occurs, the rate and trajectory of plant succession on landslides is strongly affected by plant/plant interactions. We present two conceptual models of landslide succession that summarize the major processes and pathways of ecosystem development and plant succession on landslides. Additional work is needed to characterize interactions between spatially heterogeneous zones, controls over soil development, impacts of key plant species, and the role of animals on Caribbean landslides. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1727 Au: Chiodini, G; Cioni, R; Frullani, A; Guidi, M; Marini, L; Prati, F; Raco, B. Ti: Fluid geochemistry of Montserrat Island, West Indies. So: Bulletin of Volcanology; 58(5):380-92, Dec. 1996. Ab: Two geochemical surveys carried out in March 1991 and September 1992 revealed the existence of a hydrothermal system in the southern portion of Montserrat Island, below Soufriere Hills Volcano. This conclusion is supported by the presence of:(a) the thermal springs of Plymouth which are fed by deep Na-Cl waters (C1 concentration~25000 mg/kg. temperature ca 250oC) mixed with shallow steam-heated waters; (b) the four fumarolic fields of Galway's Soufriere, Gages Upper Soufriere, Gages Lower Soufriere, and Tar River Soufriere, where acid to neutral, steam-heated waters are present together with several fumarolic vents, discharging vapors formed through boiling of hydrothermal aqueous solutions. Involvement of magmatic fluids in the recharge of the hydrothermal aquifers is suggested by: (a) the high 3He/4He ratios of fumarolic fluids i.e., 8.2 R. at Galway's Soufriere and 5.9R.at Gages Lower Soufriere; (b) the &D and &18O values of Na-C1thermal springs and steam condensates, indicating the involvement of arc-type magmatic water in the formation of deep geothermal liquids; and (c) the CH4/CO2 ratios of fumarolic fluids, which are lower than expected for equilibrium with the Fe0-Fe01.5 hydrothermal rock buffer, but being shifted towards the S02-H2S magmatic gas buffer. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1728 Au: Masure, Philippe. Ti: GEMITIS network among cities in the Caribbean. So: Stop Disasters; 28(2):12, 1996. Ab: The Caribbean Basin is subjected to the most violent natural phenomena. The GEMITIS (a word of Greek origin meaning "civilized land") program proposes French cooperation in risk management in urban planning and disaster prevention. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1729 Au: Schumacher, Mary; Hoagland, Porter; Gaines, Arthur. Ti: Land-based marine pollution in the Caribbean: incentives and prospects for an effective regional protocol. So: Marine Policy; 20(2):99-121, Mar. 1996. Ab: This article reports some results of a study to enhance the effectiveness of a prospective protocol on land-based marine pollution (LBMP) in the Wider Caribbean Region (WCR), which is under negotiation. We argue that the environmental, economic, and institutional diversity of the region as a whole suggests an incremental approach to international resolution of LBMP problems, one that builds upon successful arrangements among States that have appropriate incentives for solving transboundary or common pollution problems. We report on two approaches to the identification of commonalties and complementarities that can serve as the basis for subregional collaborations and exchanges. First, we consider the relative identities of WCR States as polluters and pollutees within subregional groupings already designated by a joint UNEP-IOC program. The analysis yields several illustrative examples of key match-ups among source, stakeholder and facilitator States within and across subregions. Second, we develop a rating system that reflects the size and direction of a State's economic incentive to control LBMP and its economic and institutional capacity to do so. The results are useful for predicting which States are the most likely to engage in sustained and effective action to control LBMP and the general categories of assistance or special inducements that the other States are likely to need in order to participate successfully. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1730 Au: Grabowski, Wojciech W; Moncrieff, Mitchell W; Kiehl, Jeffrey T. Ti: Long-term behaviour of precipitating tropical cloud systems: a numerical study. So: Quarterly Journal of the Meteorological Society; 122(533): 1019-42, Jul. 1996 Part A. Ab: Results of a 24-day, two dimensional integration of tropical cloud systems forced by large-scale ascent, surface luxes and radiation in a typical sheared tropical environment are presented. A non-hydrostatic, cloud-resolving numerical model containing sophisticated microphysical parametrizations as well as turbulence, surface flux and short/long-wave radiative representations were used. A predominant cloud-system hierarchy was identified; fast westward-moving mesoscale convective systems, producing extensive cirrus anvils and a strong radiative effect; and slow-moving regions of enhanced precipitation, causing a significant modification of the fast-moving cloud-system behaviour on the time-scale of about one day. The experimental set-up was similar to that used by Sui et al. The demonstrated episodic convective activity and the fundamental role of organised deep convection by and large agree with their analysis. However, despite many similarities, the results for the mean thermodynamic statistical equilibrium are dramatically different: a warm and humid regime, as opposed to the cold and dry regime of Sui et al. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1731 Au: McFarlene, Neville. Ti: Observation of the effects of the January 13, 1993 earthquake on the Jamaica Public Service Company (electric utility). So: Journal of the Geological Society of Jamaica; 30:51-4, 1996. Ab: It was estimated that the Jamaica Public Service Company Limited sustained damage to their facilities, amounting to $4.65 million, as a result of the January 13, 1993 earthquake. The types of damages varied from minor cracks in Customer Service offices to power generating system failures, which resulted in power outages in a few areas. The company put its Emergency Response Plan into effect and in so doing, activated its Emergency Operations Centre System Control and conducted rapid damage assessments, Electricity was restored to affected areas within approximately 38 minutes. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1732 Au: Wilson, Lauriston. Ti: Observations on the effect of the January 1993 earthquake on educational institutions in Jamaica. So: Journal of the Geological Society of Jamaica; 30:49-50, 1996. Ab: The January 13, 1993 earthquake was a test of the structural integrity of Jamaica's schools which vary considerably in age and design. Damage reports came from approximately 100 schools, mainly in Kingston, St. Andrew, Portland, St. Thomas and St. Catherine, parishes of Eastern Jamaica. The Ministry of Education and Culture in collaboration with the Ministry of Construction examined the affected buildings. Damage by way of cracks to non-load bearing walls, separation of walls and columns, opened construction joints and shifted door frames, were identified. In no case was the structural integrity of the building so threatened that schools had to be closed. A very rough estimate of repairs was set at $10 million. The Ministry also found that there was a need to train school personnel in earthquake response. The Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management has already developed a programme which will be introduced in teacher training colleges. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1733 Au: Friends of the sea. Ti: Ocho Rios Marine Park not forgotten! So: Sea Views; (5):1, 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Harris, Norman H. Ti: Preliminary observation on ground response and performance of non-engineered buildings: the January 13, 1993 earthquake. So: Journal of the Geological Society of Jamaica; 30: 33-40, 1996. Ab: On January 13, 1993 an earthquake of magnitude 5.4 caused damage mainly in the eastern section of the island. Landslides were widespread in the hilly terrain of St. Andrew and Portland causing damage to roadways and affecting quarry slopes. Ground cracks were observed on the approach of the causeway bridge and also on the ground pavements in the Jacks Hill area. In Barbican and August Town, St Andrew, the ground settled under earthquake loading in areas located on the edge of gully courses. Buildings, particularly non-engineered residential structures showed damage ranging from non-structural to severe structural damage. Within the area of reported damage, concrete reinforced buildings showed better structural performance than buildings made of unreinforced concrete, wattle and daub, or structures made of concrete-nog timber frame construction. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1735 Au: Mutomaa, Narumo R. Ti: Psycho-social caretaking model for the crisis management. So: Stop Disasters; 27(1):16-7, 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Carby, Barbara E. Ti: Review of the January 13 earthquake: lessons learnt and recommendations. So: Journal of the Geological Society of Jamaica; 30 57-9, 1996. Ab: The earthquake of January 13 was the largest to affect Jamaica since 1957. It was important, therefore, that as much information as possible be recorded from the earthquake. The Geological Society of Jamaica's review provided a good overview of the effects of the tremor on buildings and utilities. The most significant information to emerge, however, was the evidence that on-land faults in Jamaica can generate a large earthquake. The implications of this are considerable and should form the basis of further discussion among emergency managers, the professional societies and the planning authorities. This paper summarizes the lessons learnt from the earthquake based on papers presented at the review meeting, and makes recommendation for strengthening areas of weakness. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1737 Au: Wiggins Grandison, Margaret D. Ti: Seismology of the January 1993 earthquake. So: Journal of the Geological Society of Jamaica; 30:1-14, 1996. Ab: A moderate earthquake with duration magnitude (MD) 5.4 and Modified Mercalli intensity (MM) 7 occurred near Kingston, Jamaica, at 12:11 p.m. (EST) on January 13, 1993. The main shocks were located near to Silver Hill Peak, Portland. The hypocentres of 32 after shocks were determined and these defined a nearly vertical fault plane with a rapture length of nearly 12km in a SW-NE direction. The depth of the main shock and aftershocks were between 4.2 to 18.4 kilometers, indicating that no surface break took place. A brief report of the performance and the condition of the Jamaica Seismograph Network at the time of the earthquake are also given. The earthquake indicated that land-based faults in Jamaica could produce events with damaging intensities, whereas heretofore, damaging earthquakes were perceived to have offshore origins. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1738 Au: Robinson, Edward; Ahmad, Rafi; Phillip-Jordan, Cheryl; Armstrong, Michael. Ti: The Burlington landslide, mouth of the Rio Grande, Jamaica: example of an ancient slide dam. So: Journal of the Geological Society of Jamaica; 31:37-42, 1996. Ab: There are several historical records of landslides that have blocked river courses in Jamaica. Some of these are only vaguely located geographically. Here we outline the main features of a large, previously unrecognized landslide at Burlington, near the mouth of the Rio Grande. Recognition of this feature suggests that a systematic examination of geomorphic evidence in the river valleys of eastern Jamaica will lead to the identification of additional ancient, slope failures that may have formed landslide dams in prehistoric and historic times. The Burlington landslide also serve as a possible model for demonstrating that there are locations in Jamaica where a landslide dam could result in the formation of a lake, greater than 10km in extent, such as was reported to have occurred after the 1962 earthquake. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1739 Au: Ahmad, Rafi. Ti: The Jamaica Earthquake of January 13, 1993: Geology and Geotechnical aspects. So: Journal of the Geological Society of Jamaica; 30:15-31, 1996 Ab: A magnitude 5.4 earthquake occurred in the Blue Mountain Ridge (Wiggins- Grandison, this volume) causing significant damages in the parishes of Kingston and St. Andrew. The effects of the tremblor were mapped in approximately 225 km2 area. Heavy objects were upthrown as a result of well marked vertical ground accelerations. Ground cracks tending nortwest were mapped in an area due south of the epicentre. The ground failures were controlled by the geology and geomorphology of the area, and included: landslides, ground cracks and localized liquefaction. These caused significant damage to lifeline structures, illustrating the significance of geological information in urban planning, especially for the Kingston Metropolitan area which has a population of over 700,000, a population density of 1200 persons /km2, and is highly vulnerable to multiple hazards. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1740 Au: Van Duk, P. M; Stroosnuder, L; De Lima, J. L. M. Ti: The influence of rainfall on transport of beach sand by wind. So: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms; 21(4):341-52, April 1996. Ab: This paper deals with the effect of rainfall on the process of wind erosion of beach sands and presents results from both field and wind tunnel experiments. Although sediment transport by splash is of secondary importance on coastal dunes, splash-saltation processes can move sediments in conditions where no motion is predicted by aeolian processes. The effect of rain-drop impact on the movement of soil particles by wind was measured on a sand beach plain using an acoustic sediment sampler. In general, an increase of particle movement by wind at the sensor heights was observed during rainfall. Rainfall also affected the wind erosion process during and after rain by changing the cohesive conditions of the surface. The influence of the surface moisture content on the initiation of wind erosion and on the vertical distribution of transported sand particles was studied in a wind tunnel. Moisture significantly increased threshold wind velocities for the initiation of sediment transport and modified vertical sediment profiles. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1741 Au: Smith, T. E; Thirlwall, M. F; MacPherson, C. Ti: Trace element and isotope geochemistry of the volcanic rocks of Bequia, Grenadine Islands, Lesser Antilles Arc: a study of subduction enrichment and intra-crustal contamination. So: Journal of Petrology; 37(1):117-43, Feb. 1996. Ab: The purpose of this study is to describe the petrography, Sr, Nd, Pb and O isotopic composition, and the major and trace element geochemistry of the lavas and dykes, and to use these data to assess their petrogenics. Particular attention is paid to the role of incorporation of subducted sediments versus crustal contamination in the evolution of these lavas [see Davisdson, (1935, 1987, White & Dupre (1986) and Davidson et al. (1993]. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.. ID: 1742 Au: Mathur, Mahendra. Ti: Trinidad: flooding need not be a killer. So: Stop Disasters; 27(1):9, 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Pompa Toledano, Ana Cristina. Ti: Caracterización del comportamiento de las tormentas locales severas en la provincia Santiago de Cuba y su peligrosidad para la vida humana. Pub: Camagüey; s.n; 1996. 26. Co: Congreso Internacional de Desastres; Camagüey, 12-15, Nov. 1996. Lo: Cuba, Latin American Centre for Disaster Medicine. ID: 1744 Au: Glasgow, Joyce. Ti: Environmental education pilot project, Jamaica 1995/1996. Pub: Kingston; Natural Resources Conservation Authority; 1996. 56. Ab: Report of a pilot field project to introduce UNESCO-UNEP modules in environmental education to educators. The project also sought to obtain feedback as to their effectiveness as teaching sources. Lo: Jamaica, Natural Resources Conservation Authority. ID: 1745 Au: Caribbean Meteorological Institute. Ti: Monthly weather summary (part A 1996). Pub: St. James; Caribbean Meteorological Institute; 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Caribbean Meteorological Institute. Ti: Monthly weather summary (part B 1996). Pub: St. James; Caribbean Meteorological Institute; 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Ti: Port Antonio sanitation study. Pub: Kingston; Louis Berger International; 1996. Lo: Jamaica, Natural Resources Conservation Authority. ID: 1748 Au: Planos Gutiérrez, Eduardo O. Ti: Regional analysis of hurricane rain and their influence on the hidrological regime/Análisis regional de las lluvias torrenciales y su influencia en el régimen hidrológico. Pub: Ciudad de la Habana; Centro de Hidrología y Calidad de las Aguas; l996. 8. Ab: Basándose en la caracterización hidrológica detallada de las lluvias torrenciales se exponen algunos conceptos metodológicos para el tratamiento de estos en un análisis regional. Se plantea que esta caracterización se basa en 30 años de observaciones hidrológicas provenientes de una adecuada red, la cual comprende l2000/cm2 de la región oeste de Cuba. Lo: Cuba, Latin American Centre for Disaster Medicine. ID: 1749 Au: Hammouya, G; Allard, P; Clocchiatti, R; Jean-Baptiste, P; Parello, F; Semet, Michael P. Ti: Geochemistry of fumarolic and magmatic fluids from Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology. Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 34. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12, Oct. 1996. Ab: We report preliminary geochemical results obtained on volcanic fluids emitted before and during the current eruption of the Soufriere Hills Volcano, as well as on volatiles trapped in crystal melt inclusions of the newly extruded lava. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Wadge, Geoffrey; Woods, Andy; Bower, Sally; Jackson, Paul. Ti: A volcanic hazard evaluation system for Montserrat, West Indies. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstract. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 38. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: When an explosive andesitic volcano is erupting, warnings given to government are set in the context of a continual influx of new data and a general lack of analytical tools to interpret these data in terms of the specific multiple hazards faced. The Montserrat Volcano Observatory (MVO) has faced this situation during the 1995-1996 volcanic crisis at the Soufriere Hills Volcano. Here we describe a computer system that aids MVO scientists to operationally evaluate the two main hazards faced: dome collapse and sub-dome explosions. There are 3 main components to the system. Data imports and processes relevant monitoring data for use in the other two modules. dome analyses dome morphology and rate of growth and assesses the likelihood of major collapse. Volcano models the transport of magma to the surface from a sub-surface reservoir and assesses the probability of explosive pressure build-up. Our experience at designing and using the system operationally will be presented. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Ti: Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. So: Kingston; University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies; 1996. 41. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1752 Au: Chen, A. A; McTavish, J; Roy, Abraham K. Ti: A Caribbean database for the earth sciences. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 5. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1753 Au: Montserrat. Montserrat Volcano Observatory. Ti: A photographic and videographic chronicle of important events during the current eruption of the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 27. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: The Soufriere Hills volcano is the youngest of four major volcanic centres on the island of Montserrat which have been active during approximately the last five million years. It consists of a central nucleus of four andesite lava domes which are separated by deep valleys and truncated by English's Crater, a horse-shoe shaped structure open to the east and partly filled by Castle Peak Dome. After more than three years of intermittent earthquake swarm occurrence and almost 400 years of dormancy, the Soufriere Hills volcano started erupting on 18 July 1995. The initial phase was characterised by phreatic eruptions during which several vents were opened up on and around Castle Peak dome and significant quantities of ash were produced. In late September 1995, a small spine and dome was extruded in English's Crater and this grew to a height of about 20cm and then stopped growing. Activity then returned to a state of mainly episodic steam and ash eruptions of variable amplitudes. The eruptions became larger (in terms of ash volumes) and more frequent during late October and early November 1995. In mid November 1995, an andesite lava dome was extruded into the main vent excavated by the phreatic eruptions. Since early December 1995, activity has been dominated by variable but relatively slow, quiet dome growth on Castle Peak dome within English's Crater. The unstable sides of the growing dome occasionally collapse, resulting in the formation of pyroclastic flows and associated ash clouds. The larger pyroclastic flows propagate at the moment down the open eastern side of the crater while the ash clouds are blown on the wind, mainly towards the west and northwest. Relatively significant pyroclastic flows occurred on 03, 06 and 08, April and 12, May 1996, in the Tar River Valley area to the east of the Soufriere Hills volcano, with the flow front on 12, May 1996 reaching the sea. Eleven months have already passed since the beginning of the eruption and although no person has been hurt or killed and no houses have been seriously damaged or destroyed yet, three major evacuations of about 3000-6000 people from southern to northern Montserrat have already taken place. The latest evacuation which started on 03, April 1996 is still in force at the end of June 1996. The net result is great hardship amongst the people of Montserrat since many are living in very unfavourable conditions and the economy has been severely damaged. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Turk, Michael A. Ti: Analysis of an objective dvorak technique during the 1995 hurricane season. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 24. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: The Dvorak technique is the internationally recognized means of estimating tropical cyclone intensity using satellite data. The determination of the Dvorak T number can be highly subjective. The Regional and Mesoscale Meteorology Branch (RAMM) of NESDIS in conjunction with the Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA), Colorado State University, have developed an objective technique for use on hurricanes with well defined eyes. This objective technique uses the warmest eye temperature and the coldest surrounding ring temperature to determine the final T number. The Synoptic Analysis Branch (SAB) of NESDIS has been experimenting with this objective technique for the last two years. The unusually active 1995 Atlantic hurricane season provided the basis for a preliminary analysis of the objective technique. This initial study based on the 1995 season revealed that (1) the subjective Dvorak estimates were within a half T number of objective estimates approximately 80 percent of the time for systems with well defined eyes; and (2) subjective (objective) intensities were within a half T number of reconnaissance-based estimates 76 percent of the time. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Ahmad, Rafi; Manning, Paul A. S; McCain, Trevor W. Ti: Ancient landslides in the Red Hills and Stony Hill, St. Andrew, Jamaica. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 4. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: Landslides are recognised over a large part of the northern slopes of Red Hills and Stony Hill in the parish of St. Andrew. Rockfalls, rock slides, debris flow and deep-seated complex slides are the major types of slope movements mapped. These pre-historic slope movements appear to be associated with the evolution of the east-west trending, Quaternary fault scarp that defines the northern boundary of the Tertiary limestones exposed in the Red Hills and Stony Hill. The insitu limestone outcrops examined in the vicinity of the fault scarp show brecciation, solution features, red clay-filled pipes and fractures and development of terra rossa. The colluvium covered slopes are under a dense forest and bush, and generally inaccessible. In some areas bare rock slopes are seen. Several lines of evidences have been used to identify the landslides. These include anomalous topography, geological structure and the occurrence of exotic boulder deposits of Tertiary limestones overlying the Cretaceous basement rocks comprising granitoids, volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks. The landslide deposits consist of limestone debris, boulders and blocks and terra rossa which have often been extensively modified by surficial processes and colonised by bushes and tall trees. The landslide zone mapped is some 7 km long and 1.5 km wide. Active landslides are confined to drainage channels which may have acted as chutes for old slides. We suggest that the possible triggering mechanisms for these landslides may be seismic shaking and/or catastrophic storms. The occurrence of rock slides may indicate seismic shaking as a possible mechanism for the initiation of landslide activity in this area. However, paleoseismicity and the age of sliding need to be established. The evaluation of the landslide hazard is in progress as a part of the Caribbean Disaster Mitigation Project sponsored by OAS and USAID. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Ahmad, Rafi; Manning, Paul A. S; McDonald, Morag; Clark, Jane; Hellin, John. Ti: Bio-engineering for prevention of landslides on Jamaican roads. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, Hazards and Hazard Management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department. of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 3. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12, Oct. 1996. Ab: Our experiences in the eastern Caribbean and elsewhere indicate that when employed along with the other conventional methods, bio-engineering may offer simple, robust and cost-effective solutions to the management of roads in steep terrains where landslides frequently disrupt the traffic flow, in addition to mitigating excessive erosion. In this paper we present a preliminary assessment of the potential of bio-engineering in the slope stabilization on the Guinea Corn-Corner Shop Road, Clarendon. This road is subject to recurrent landslides and flooding following every event of significant rainfall in the watershed. In July 1994, we mapped some 82 landslides along the entire ll km of the road, that is, 7 failures/km. Most of the slides are confined to highly weathered and jointed volcaniclastic sediments and ignimbrites and their residual soils which cover an area of 284.26 ha (62 percent of the total area) with slopes in excess of 20o. The existing vegetation types and landuse practices along the road have been described in terms of their function in arresting mass movement and the protection cover they offer against infiltration. In areas where vegetation cover is inadequate or instability is observed, recommendations are made as to vegetation types and techniques which may be implemented to increase slope stability. An assessment is made of the characteristics of existing vegetation with regard to its ability to coppice, display rapid regrowth, nodulate, its adaptability to variation in sites and to poor site conditions, robustness, ability to propagate and whether it will direct seed. Where these criteria are not met by existing vegetation, other species are recommended which would grow in the observed conditions. This study will directly benefit the Rural Road Rehabilitation and Improvement Project (RRRIP) currently being undertaken by the Government of Jamaica. The Guinea Corn-Corner Shop Road is one of the roads being improved under this programme. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Doser, Diane I; Vandusen, Shelley R. Ti: Body waveform modeling studies of large historic earthquakes near Puerto Rico (1915-1920). So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 7. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12, Oct. 1996 Ab: Between 1915 and 1920 a series of five large earthquakes magnitude 6.7 to 7.5) occurred near Puerto Rico. Although the locations of these earthquakes are poorly known, the epicenters f three of events (1915, 1917 and 1920) fall within the rupture/aftershock zone of the 1943 (magnitude 7.9) North Mona Passage earthquake. Thus these earthquakes could provide important information on precursory stress field changes that led to the 1943 event. The other two earthquakes (1916 and 1918, the largest events of the sequence) occurred in the central Mona Passage due west of Puerto Rico. A preliminary evaluation of body waveforms suggests that several of these earthquakes occurred at sub-crustal (40 km) depths. The waveforms also suggest that reverse-oblique faulting occurred in most events and that several events had complex rupture histories. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Ahmad, Rafi. Ti: Focal mechanism for the Jamaican earthquake of January 3th, 1993. So: In: Donovan, Stephen K. ed; Mitchell, Simon F. ed. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Caribbean Geological Conference (abstract). Kingston, University of the West Indies (Mona). Deptartment of Geography and Geology, 1998. 71-2. Co: 15th Caribbean Geological Conference; Kingston, 29, Jun. – 2, Jul. 1998. Ab: This paper presents a focal mechanism for the M 5-4 (duration magnitude) Jamaica earthquake of January 13th, 1993, based on the computations of Russ Needham of USGS/NEIC. The Earthquake Unit, UWI, Jamaica, located the epicentre of the main shock northwest of the Silver Hill Pak (18.115o N, 76.686oW) in the Blue Mountain structural block. This earthquake triggered landslides in eastern Jamaica. Given the limitations of the seismic data used in the computations, the nodal plane with a strike of 310o appears to be the preferred fault plane and is supported by the available structural data. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Robinson, Edward; Laughton, Dionne V. Ti: Burlington and Jupiter landslides, Rio Grande Valley, Jamaica: comparison with Millbank landslide as examples of processes producing natural dams. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 19. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: Two large, presumably prehistoric landslides in the Rio Grande, are those at Burlington, at the mouth of the Rio Grande, and at Jupiter, near Moore Town. Both these slides are considerably larger than the landslide that blocked the Rio Grande at Millbank in 1937, impounding a lake. The Burlington landslide has been described briefly in a previous publication. The Jupiter landslide is similar in form to, and has developed over the same geological units, as the Millbank slide. Although presumed to be prehistoric, its geomorphology suggests that it is of comparatively recent origin, and the nature of the debris indicates that more than one event is involved. Debris from the most recent event extends across the valley floor, with appreciable runup on the opposite side of the valley from which the slide originated. Investigation of these landslide features is continuing. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Lander, James F. Ti: Caribbean tsunamis: an initial history. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies. Department of Geography and Geology. Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 13. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: Reports of 14 tsunamis or possible tsunamis are known for the Caribbean beginning with an event off the coast of Venezuela in 1530. Seven of these have reported damage associated with them. Although the history of the Caribbean area is the longest in the Western Hemisphere, the tsunami history has not been studied in detail due to the varied colonial past and the number of political divisions and consequently must be considered incomplete. It is subject to tsunamis of tectonic origin but most seem to be associated with structures other than the eastern oceanic trench and subduction zone. Notable is the 1867 tsunami originating in the Anegada trough between St. Thomas and St. Croix, Virgin Islands which caused 14 to 16 fatalities and was observed through the Caribbean. The 1918 tsunami off the northwestern corner of Puerto Rico caused about 40 fatalities and extensive damage. The Caribbean area is also subject to rare but destructive tsunamis from Atlantic sources. The 1755 Tsunami which affected Lisbon, North Africa and England put waves as high as 7 meters at Saba, and 3.7 meters at Antigua and Dominica. Waves reached the second story of buildings in Martinique. The Caribbean may also be subject to tsunamis generated by volcanic activity and landslides but none were documented from the 1902 Pelee eruption or the 1692 Port Royal, Jamaica subsidence. Tsunamis at least as high as those in historic times can be expected to reoccur but with the greatly increased coastal development and increased tourism the disaster potential is much larger. The risk should be thoroughly evaluated by a multi-national historical effort and modeling. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Boudon, Georges; Semet, Michael P; Villemant, B. Ti: Characterisation of the hydrothermal system of the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 35. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: The Soufriere Hills volcano has one of the most active hydrothermal systems among Lesser Antilles volcanoes. The horseshoe-shaped English's Crater (2 x 1.2 km) is the result of a flank-collapse event that produced debris avalanche deposits observed in the eastern seaside cliffs. Detailed geochemical (whole rock, trace elements, U-Th disequilibrium), mineralogical (x-ray power diffraction-XRD) and microtextural (Scanning Electron Microscope-SEM) studies on different samples representative of the entire 1995-96 period of dome growth should help confirm the nature and extent of interaction at the hydrothermal-magma interface and their influence on eruptive style. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Simpson, David M. Ti: Community-based organisations and the use of drills and simulations for increasing earthquake preparedness and response. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 21. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: On April 20, 1996, over 25 cities in the California San Francisco Bay Area will conduct an earthquake drill. This regional drill will be the first of its kind in the United States. The effort is a product of a regional non-profit organisation called BAYNET (Bay Area Network) which represents cities and communities that have created community-based earthquake preparedness and training organisations. These community-based groups focus their efforts on both preparedness education and disaster response training. The groups seek to educate and train citizens in urban search and rescue, fire suppression, first aid, and other response skills. The managers who administer the community-based programmes, and who are organising the drill activity in their jurisdiction, will be surveyed immediately following the drill. Using a combination of mail and phone surveys, the programme managers will be asked about the structure of their drill, the type of simulation scenario, the level of participation, and questions relating to the interaction of volunteers with the local emergency management organisations. This paper will present the results of the programme manager survey, with a focus on the institutional and organisational design and implementation of the drills in local jurisdictions. The stated intent of sponsoring a regional "drill day" is to increase the earthquake preparedness awareness in the area and to simulate, and thereby evaluate, the activation of the volunteer community-based organisations. The paper will explore the degree to which these intentions were met. The paper will also discuss the utility and viability for using drills and simulations for these volunteer-oriented organisations. As this "drill day" is to become an annual event, recommendations will be offered regarding how to optimise the use of simulations and drills in community-based organisations on an ongoing basis. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Smith, Douglas L. Ti: Comparison of seismic attenuation values for events in the Caribbean with those located in North America. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 21. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: Continuing analyses of seismograms for earthquake events recorded by the University of Florida network yield attenuation, coefficients related to the geographic origin of the event. Of 34 events subjected to reanalyses, twenty-one originated in Central and South America. Identifiable Lg phases were selected from records of events from North America, but p wave phases were used for those events from the circum-Caribbean region. An attentuation coefficient of y=0.10 per degree is derived from events which originated in North America. Efforts to independently calculate Q from transmissivity data from the upper Floridan Aquifer yielded Q values of 172 to 688. While these y and Q values are comparable to assigned values for the eastern United States, significantly higher attenuation is recognised from records of events from the circum-Caribbean region. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Hooper, Donald M; Kover, Thomas P; Mattioli, Glen S. Ti: Computer-simulation models of pyroclasltic flows at the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat: application to hazard assessment. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies. Department of Geography and Geology. Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 39. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: Soufriere Hills volcano consists of a series of central andesitic lava domes. The youngest dome, Castle Peak, occupies English's Crater. The computer code FLOW3D is being used to simulate several types of gravity-driven, pyroclastic, surge, and block-and-ash flows that have been observed or may potentially occur at the Soufriere Hills volcano. These computer simulations can be extremely useful in assessing and mitigating the risk associated with several types of volcanic hazards. Because of their predominance at the Soufriere Hills volcano, an understanding of block-and-ash flows produced by the disintegration of lava domes is critical. Furthermore, because English’s Crater is open to the ENE, this region is highly susceptible to various volcanic flow products, including lahars. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Morrissey, Michael. Ti: Curriculum innovation for natural disaster reduction: the experience of the Commonwealth Caribbean. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, Hazards and Hazard Management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 16. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: This survey article explores the roles of the Pan-Caribbean Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Project and the Jamaican Office of Disaster Preparedness in stimulating the incorporation of natural disaster mitigation concepts into the curricula of primary and secondary schools, and-through the sensitization of key resource persons-in infusing such concepts into primary and secondary textbooks published for the region. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Young, Simon R; Hoblitt, Richard P; Smith, Alan L; Devine, Joseph D; Wadge, Geoffrey; Shepherd, John B. Ti: Dating of explosive volcanic events associated with dome growth at the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology. Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 28. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: Prior to the reawakening of the Soufriere Hills volcano in 1995, research on the deposits of past eruptions of the volcano had concentrated on a well exposed sequence of block and ash flows exposed on the sea cliffs and in river valleys on the flanks of the volcano. Radiocarbon dating of these deposits yielded ages ranging from c.24 to 16 ka. A single date of 32054 had been obtained (1959) from a poorly exposed section along Hot River, which drains the breached eastern side of the summit crater. This date had not been duplicated and was thus suspect. A combination of volcanic mudflows and rainfall following the passage of 2 hurricanes and a tropical storm between early August and late October 1995 caused severe erosion in Hot River and in several other ghauts, revealing several good sections through carbon-bearing deposits from the volcano. In support of the monitoring exercise at Soufriere Hills volcano, a series of sampling visits was made and key sections investigated in the Hot River valley in order to clarify the stratigraphy and age of the most recent deposits. Radiocarbon ages obtained from one or more relatively thin pyroclastic flow deposits thought to include the same deposit as that sampled in 1959 were 20040, 24050, 27050, 29050, 32045, 35050, 42050, 43045, and 77045;an AMS date on a sample at a similar stratigraphic level about 50 m further downstream gave an age of 42025 yrs BP. Later investigations revealed a complex sequence of pyroclastic flow and lahar deposits of assumed recent age, the best section (although not necessarily the most complete) being close to the mouth of Hot River. Radiocarbon ages from a number of these units will be presented, along with petrological and geochemical data. In addition to the Hot River section, investigations of other areas revealed additional widespread deposits along the eastern coast in which Amerindian artifacts have been found along with carbon of both anthropogenic and probable volcanogenic origin. A date from the carbon collected in basal part of this deposit gave an age of 395070. Further carbon-bearing deposits within Fort Ghaut to the west of the volcano will also be described; these are not thought to be volcanogenic deposits. Investigation of the most recent deposits from the Soufriere Hills has enabled the monitoring team to better understand the style of dome-building events at this volcano. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Suite, Winston H. E. Ti: Disaster management training by the case study method-its application to the Caribbean Region. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 22. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996.
Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1768 Au: Peacock, Walter Gillis. Ti: Disaster mitigation, response and recovery: a socio-political ecology perspective. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 18. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: The development of effective policies related to disaster mitigation, response, and recovery demand a fuller appreciation of society structure and organisation. At best, attention usually focuses on society's relationship to the physical environment with little concern for the particular problems arising from the structure of social systems. This paper considers various structural and organisational dimensions of human societies and communities in particular, the structure of human communities related to division of labour, inequality, cooperation, competition, and conflict. Their implications for policy planning, development and implementation are discussed. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Chin, Myron W. Ti: Effective mitigation strategies for hurricanes and earthquakes in the Caribbean. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 6. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: The Caribbean is affected by geological, climatic and environmental hazards such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, tropical cyclones, floods, drought, environmental pollution and deforestation. However, historically, the damage caused by earthquakes has not been as great as that caused by hurricanes and floods. In this paper therefore, effective mitigation strategies for reducing losses from hurricanes and earthquakes in the Caribbean are discussed with particular reference to the Caribbean Uniform Building Code (CUBiC) provisions for wind and earthquake loads. A brief review of these provisions is presented and it is emphasised that there is an urgent need to enforce compliance with the requirements of CUBiC and to encourage higher standards of construction quality throughout the Caribbean. Other factors affecting effective mitigation strategies are outlined and the economics and practicalities of mitigation are discussed against the background of the attitudes of the Caribbean peoples at risk and the nature of Caribbean political administrations. The paper concludes that successful and effective mitigation strategies must involve the close collaboration between the local community and the government agencies and must contain a mixture of immediately visible improvements and of less visible but long term sustainable benefits. In this regard the paper recommends the urgent completion of Part 5 of CUBiC which deals with the construction of Small Buildings. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Gibbs, Tony. Ti: Effects of Hurricane Luis on structures in Antigua. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 9. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: This paper focuses on the electricity and health sectors after Hurricane Luis struck Antigua and Barbuda in the north-east Caribbean on 4 and 5, September 1995. The nature and extent of the damage are described and illustrated. The causes of failures and successes are analyzed. It is shown how the failures could have been reduced to a manageable amount and, in many cases, eliminated completely with little incremental effort and cost. The impact of building codes and standards is assessed. Damage to buildings was mainly due to weak connections of light-weight roofing materials, impact damage to glazed openings from flying objects, inadequate fixings of windows and external doors and water damage from the torrential rains. There were also several examples of catastrophic collapse of entire buildings due to unsound structural concepts. The lack of maintenance of building components contributed significantly to the damage. In the cases of structures not associated with buildings (e.g. telecommunication towers and transmission systems) inadequate specification of performance criteria at the procurement and design stages was an important factor in the failures. The actual wind speeds were not greater than should have been in a 1-in-50-year event. The introduction of mandatory building standards and codes would have a significant, positive impact in reducing losses in future hurricanes. Antigua is not only in the regular path of severe hurricanes. It is also located in the most hazardous area of seismic activity in the Caribbean Archipelago. The Interrelationship of wind-resistant and earthquake-resistant design is analysed. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Lynch, Lloyd L; Ramsingh, Chandradath; Ambeh, William B. Ti: Electronically tailoring the frequency response of low cost exploration geophones for volcano monitoring applications. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 29. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: Electronically extending the bandwidth of a seismic sensor to improve its range of usefulness for a particular application is not a new idea. The primary disadvantages of instruments designed with this technique are instability problems and reduced dynamic range. If designed carefully, however, the above problems can be minimised and a broader instrument response will be obtained at relatively low cost. This is very attractive in volcano monitoring where it is often required to deploy several instruments which may be lost during an eruption. In this paper, we describe the design of a highly stable tri-axial seismometer for volcano monitoring applications. The desired response was obtained by tailoring the response of inexpensive HS-1 rotary geophones that are designed with a natural frequency of 4.5 Hz and a transductance of 4.1 V/m/s. In our design, a low noise preamplifer interface is used to optimise the self noise performance of the system. The preamplifier is followed by a two stage frequency equalizer to compensate for the low frequency roll-off of the geophone down to a frequency of 0.45 Hz. A fourth order Butterworth filter which follows is used to set the upper cut-off frequency of the system to 20 Hz. Using a broadband accelerometer, we estimated the seismic noise spectra of various seismic station sites around the Soufriere Hills volcano in Montserrat. We then verified that the self noise spectra of the instrument is below that of the seismic noise spectra for most of the usable bandwidth. We, therefore, conclude that the useful dynamic range that is offered by this instrument in volcano monitoring applications is basically the same as that of its more expensive off-the-shelf counterpart of similar bandwidth. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Murria, Juan. Ti: Evaluation and mitigation of earthquake risk in the Venezuela petroleum industry: an update. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, Hazards and Hazard Management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 17. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: Most of the facilities of the Venezuela petroleum industry are located in areas of low to moderate to high seismic activity. As a consequence, Petroleos de Venezuela (PDVSA), the national oil company undertook in 1991 a ten year project to evaluate the seismic risk in the critical installations of its facilities at a cost of approximately US$2.5 million. This project is being coordinated by INTEVEP, the research and development subsidiary of PDVSA with the decided cooperation of the operating petroleum and petrochemical subsidiaries CORPOVEN, LAGOVEN, MARAVEN and PEQUIVEN. This paper presents an update of the activities performed to date, the problems encountered and the solutions adopted. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Sergio, Mora C. Ti: Extent and social economic significance of slope-instability in the island of Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominican Republic). So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, Hazards and Hazard Management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 15. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: In the island of Hispaniola, slope instability phenomena are frequent, particularly intensive soil erosion and landslides. In Haiti, soil erosion is extreme and has contributed to increase the generalised food supply and environment degradation problems currently affecting this country. Landslides are also common, such as those around the Peligre reservoir and the Massif de la Selle. In the Dominican Republic, intensive erosion phenomena are not less common, such as the case of the locality of Banica, where it has reached an ultimate scale. Large landslides are widespread throughout Septentrional and Central ranges, with the well known case of the town of Carlos Diaz in the former and the vast movements generated in the latter during the passages of David and Frederic Tropical Storms in 1979. Climatic and geomorphic conditions are evidently the origin of these phenomena, which are deteriorated by the frequent transit of hurricanes and seismic activity. However, irrational human activity is steadily aggravating the situation. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Roy, Abraham K. Ti: Generating a database for hurricanes from non-conventional sources. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 1. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: It is extremely difficult to represent a hurricane even in its mature stage by the operational assimilation systems. This is due to the lack of efficient observational network over the land in tropical regions but also due to the development of hurricanes over the oceans where they can be missed completely by the conventional observation network. Due to this reason the hurricane vortex cannot be properly represented and hence results in the poor prediction of track and intensity of the hurricanes. In this paper, a method is described to generate a complete data set for a hurricane from a few essential non-conventional sources in Caribbean weather conditions. A complete multi-level data set of zonal and meridianal wind, temperature, relative humidity and surface pressure is generated. Since no two hurricanes are similar, a number of analytical vortices are included in this method. The vortex which gives the least coefficient of spatial variation with respect to the observed hurricane is selected for hurricane reconstruction. This complete reconstruction of a hurricane can be made more realistic with the tuning of the analytical profiles with the observed data. Such a data can be used for numerical weather prediction in forecast models. The method is tested using an observed hurricane. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Roy, Abraham K; Chen, A. A; McTavish, J. Ti: Generation of a database for the disaster management in Caribbean using WWW. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, Hazards and Hazard Management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies Department. of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 2. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: The popularity of World Wide Web (WWW) as a medium of information exchange can be used for disaster management. In this paper, a method is described to create a database of disasters which can be used for emergency management in the Caribbean. This consists of a central server which hosts the database with the associated software and a number of nodes (Sub-servers) with special authorization to update the database. A Common Gateway Interface (CGI) script is used to create, update and retrieve the database. Images and videos of the disasters can also be hosted at the server at any of the nodes. The database can be mirrored at the central server as well as at the nodes. The basic skeleton of such a network is designed and is available at URL:http/wwwphysics.uwimona.ed.jm:1104/staff/visit/abraham/climate/author.html. This website will be extremely useful for scientists, engineers, policy makers and media. Although anybody can retrieve the data through WWW, only authorized individuals at the server and nodes are allowed to create and update the data. This is to protect the database from hackers and other unlawful individuals. The flexibility of the system ensures the fastest, quickest and cheapest way of information exchange across the islands of the Caribbean, which is essential for disaster emergency management. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Pascaline, H; Jeremie, J. J; Jacques, D. Ti: Geochemistry of ash and new dome rock erupted during the period July 1995 to April 1996 at the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies. Dept. of Geography and Geology. Unit of Disaster Studies, 1996. 39. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: Samples of ash and rocks extruded from July 1995 to April 1996 during the current eruption of the Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat, were analysed and the results obtained agree with the type of eruption dynamism observed. The andesitic nature of the rock is that which normally occurs in the calc-alkaline series of island arcs. The petrographic character of the extruded lava is also in accordance with evolution generally observed towards hornblende andesites. From the chemical viewpoint, indices of crystallization appear which may enable the elucidation of the physico-chemical characteristics of the magma chamber. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Maharaj, Russell J. Ti: Geotechnical evaluation of ground hazards in expansive mudrocks and clays from a watershed in Trinidad, West Indies. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies. Department of Geography and Geology. Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 13. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: Investigations of mudrocks from the Ortoire watershed from south Trinidad show that pyritic, calcareous, glauconitic and gypsiferous mudrocks and expansive clays occupy more than 79 percent of the drainage basin. The watershed supports domestic and commercial agriculture, hydrocarbon exploratory activities, is intensively populated and provides important transportation routes to other parts of the island. However, many of these land uses are disrupted by ground failures due to frequent landslides; foundation heave; soil piping, macropore development; soil cracking and foundation settlement in high shrinkage/expansive clays. These incur high annual damage/repair costs to local residents and Government Departments. Investigations show that weathered clays are mainly montmorillonite (20-80 percent), with secondary kaolinite (8-35 percent and illite (20-35 percent) and are overconsolidated (due to highly compressive tectonic stresses and uplift and Quaternary sea level fluctuations). They are highly plastic, with liquid limits between 74-109 percent; plasticity index between 46-77 percent; clay content between 52-92 percent; shrinkage limit between 12-19 percent; skemptons clay activity index between 0.70-1.43; in-situ density between 1620-1900 kg/m3; natural moisture between 31-43 percent; optimum moisture (ASTM Standard proctor test) between 22-32 percent; one dimensional swell potential between 1.25.3.25kg/cm2; caution exchange between 20-70; milliequivalents/100g dry soil and of Unified engineering soil classification, CH. In addition, degradation of pyritic mudrocks and the transfer of their acidic leachates to adjacent calcareous marls and mudstones lead to gypsum precipitation, while in fluvial areas, glanconitic mudstones and sandstones, jarosite precipitation is another possible hazard. Both these sulphates can increase the swell potential of weathered clays by more than 100 percent, decrease soil strength and further increase ground failures and hazards. Field studies, supported by laboratory data show that their precipitations are stratigraphically and tectonically controlled. Primary gypsum is also found in the mudrocks of lagoonal facies. Weathering of these facilitate loss of soil volume, potential collapse and foundation settlement. The geotechnical properties of all expansive clays are geologically controlled, while areas with high ground failure incidence are those primarily affected by intense tectonic deformation, strain partitioning and strain localization. In addition, gypsum and jarosite precipitation, weathering of primary gypsum and the geological control on expansive clay development has largely been unrecognised from previous studies on expansive clays from Trinidad. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Vandusen, Shelley R. Ti: Historic earthquakes (1917-1962) of the North- Central Caribbean margin. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies. Department of Geography and Geology. Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 24. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: We have studied the faulting processes of eight earthquakes along the north-central Caribbean plate margin using body waveform modeling techniques. Our study area extends from southwestern Cuba to the Swan Island fracture zone (75o to 85o W). Results of this study show that the western portion of the region (80o to 84oW) has only experienced large (magnitude 6.0) strike-slip earthquakes with focal depth of 12 km or less. Since 1917, seismic slip due to large earthquakes in this region is 50 to 80 percent of plate motion rates. The oceanic nature of the plates on either side of this portion of the plate boundary likely accounts for this simple, uniform behaviour. Within the eastern portion of the study are (75o to 80o W), where more continent-like material is found on either side of the plate boundary, seismic deformation occurs over a -250 km wide zone. Three of four large earthquakes we studied occurred at focal depths 12km, however, an event offshore of southern Cuba in 1932 could be as deep as 26km. Large earthquakes off southern Cuba most likely involved slip along northward dipping, high angle-reverse faults. Onshore and offshore of Jamaica, large earthquakes showed a combination of strike-slip and reverse motion, most likely along east-west and northwest-southeast striking fault planes. Seismic slip rates are much lower (2 to 20percent) than plate motion rates in this region, however, one earthquake of magnitude 7.8 (comparable to the 1946 Hispaniola earthquake) would make the seismic slip rates comparable to plate motion rates. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Wadge, Geoffrey. Ti: How did we do? Looking back on the 1986 assessment of volcanic hazard at Soufriere Hills. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 29. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12, October, 1996. Ab: In 1986 Mike Isaacs and I undertook an assessment of the future hazards posed by volcanic activity at Soufriere Hills volcano. This was done under the Seismic Research Unit's basic remit to supply hazard assessment and partly funded by the Pan Caribbean Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Project. Field work comprised mapping the most recent deposits and collecting and submitting charcoal for radiocarbon dating. In the laboratory at Reading, computer simulations of the deposition of past eruptions were made. A 35 page report to the Montserrat government and an academic paper resulted. The former was dusted off in July of 1995 and helped guide some of the early thinking on how to respond to the crisis. Reading the report now it is clear that we did not anticipate the actual course of events in 1995-6. Specifically, we made no attempt to assess the addition of new dome lava to Castle Peak dome. However, what the report was successful at doing was to alert the authorities to the potential of major explosive eruption in southern Montserrat and giving guidelines on which to base evacuation strategy. The emphasis on this "worst-case scenario" was therefore justified and indeed is still valid for future use. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Lynch, Lloyd L; Ambeh, William B; Robertson, Richard E. A. Ti: Interaction between the scientists, civil authorities and the public during the first six months of the Soufriere Hills Volcano crisis in Montserrat. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 41. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: The current eruption of the Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat, is the most serious volcanic crisis in the Caribbean since the 1979 eruption of the Soufriere Volcano in St. Vincent. There have been four volcano-seismic crises at this volcanic centre in the past 100 years but no eruptions since about 350 years BP. Unlike the regional scientists who have been closely monitoring the most recent unrest since it began back in 1992, the Montserrat public and the civil authorities were less prepared for the eruption. Not only was there not a detailed emergency plan in existence but most people were unaware that there was a potentially active volcano on the island. These two factors strongly influenced the courses of action that were taken at various stages during the first six months of the crisis by some of the key social actors. This paper explores the protocols and procedures that were employed in communication of scientific and other advice to the civil authorities and information to the public during the crisis. It also explores the public response to some of the emergency preparedness measures implemented and the avenues that were used to express public sensation, desire and perception. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Rogers, Cassandra T. Ti: Landslide hazard evaluation products for selected watersheds in St. Lucia, West Indies. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 20. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: The limited availability of landslide hazard data and the non-existence of relevant digital databases for most Caribbean islands limit the methodology by which the time frame in which landslide hazard in these islands can be evaluated. In spite of these limitations, landslide hazard products must be prepared with sufficient accuracy and timeliness to enable their utilization by potential users. The paper describes a landslide hazard evaluation package which was prepared under these conditions for eleven priority watersheds in St. Lucia, immediately following widespread landslide damage which affected the island during Tropical Storm Debbie. The package consists of a suite of three annotated maps, at 1:25,000 scale, and a companion guidance document. The map data base contains an updated landslide inventory map, a debris flow hazard map and a map of existing and potential debris flow initiation sites and runout regions. The guidance document provides, i) recommendations for appropriate land use in regions of varying landslide hazard and ii) procedural action to reduce the vulnerability of planned activities to landsliding. The maps were prepared manually by calculating hazard ratios for individual hazard units, terrain units with uniform slope gradient, slope form, soil type and mean annual rainfall. Although these hazard evaluation products have high utility, the problems involved in their preparation highlight the urgent need for the development of digital databases to better equip these islands to mitigate against landslides prior to a disaster, and to respond more rapidly to post-disaster conditions. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Devine, Joseph D; Rutherford, Malcolm J; Young, Simon R; Ambeh, William B; Hoblitt, Richard P; Shepherd, John B. Ti: Mineralogy of dome-forming andesite lavas recently erupted in Montserrat, West Indies. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 36. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: Volcanic activity at the Soufriere Hills Volcano in Montserrat (Lesser Antilles island arc) resumed after a dormant period of 420+25 years on 18 July 1995 with a series of phreatic explosions accompanied by abnormally high levels of seismic activity. Since late September 1995 a small andesitic lava dome has grown in the vicinity of Castle Peak, a young (20 years b.p.) andesitic dome which occupies English's Crater (20,000 years b.p.). A review of seismic monitoring and volcanic hazard assessment activities triggered by the ongoing eruption will be presented elsewhere by the Montserrat Volcano Observatory scientific team. This report summarises the results of mineralogical studies of old and new Castle Peak dome eruption products undertaken in order to provide estimates of magma ascent rates and pre-eruption conditions (e.g. T, P, PH20) in the magma storage region. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library..
Au: Timiovska, L. S. Ti: Model of seismic intensity field in the problems of seismic risk evaluation. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 23. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1784 Au: Chen, A. A; McTavish, J; Roy, Abraham K. Ti: Modelling of flood and drought conditions in the Caribbean. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 6. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: A project to model flood and drought conditions in the Caribbean was initiated in 1994 with the formation of the Climate Modelling Group, Mona (CMGM). The objective of the project is to determine the atmospheric conditions responsible for floods and droughts in the Caribbean by the use of atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The model used in the project is the Center for Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies (COLA) model with resolution determined by triangular 30 truncation. One of the initial activities of the project was to conduct a series of statistical analyses of observed climate data to identify climate parameters which would likely affect flood and drought conditions in the Caribbean. Techniques employed included empirical orthogonal functions (eof), correlation functions and spectral analysis. The COLA model was validated for use of the University of the West Indies' computer and for use in the Caribbean region. A series of runs were then made to simulate Caribbean climate in real time and in conditions where individual or combined climate parameters were used. Model runs indicate that precipitation in the Eastern Caribbean is positively correlated with El Nino events. However, the COLA model is not accurate enough for conclusive studies and it has a resolution of 40o longitude x 5o latitude so that the climate of individual islands, such as Jamaica, is not well represented. For more accurate work and to predict climate changes in individual islands a higher resolution model, the so-called regional model, is needed. Such a model will have the beneficial spin-off of giving 10 day weather forecast for an island such as Jamaica. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Robertson, Richard E. A; Shepherd, John B; Jackson, Paul; Skerritt, George. Ti: Monitoring ground deformation at the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 31. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: Geodetic levelling stations designed to measure earth tilt as a means of prediction of volcanic activity, were established at the Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat in 1966. These early stations used a Hawaiian-type portable water-tube tiltmeter and were deployed during the 1966-67 volcano-seismic crisis. Single setup levelling lines using a Wild N3 precision level replaced the water-tube tiltmeters during the 1980s and a number of new stations were established. During the current period of unrest at the Soufriere Hills volcano, a variety of techniques and instruments have been used to measure ground deformation. These include: a) Single-setup or "dry tilt" levelling using a Wild N2 level; b) Electronic tiltmeters using bubble tiltmeters; c) Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) using a Leica TC1100 total station. The techniques and instrumentation used has evolved in response to specific problems which have arisen as the crisis developed. The EDM technique has proved to be the most useful in terms of interpretation of the progress of the eruption. Changes in ground tilt have been noted at the dry tilt stations but these have been ambiguous. No genuine tilt event has been recorded by the electronic tiltmeter stations. Expansions of the Castle Peak region has been continuous since the application of the EDM technique during late August 1995. The rate has generally been very low but an increase in the rate of expansion by one to two orders of magnitude immediately preceded the phase of significant dome growth which began in the middle of November 1995. The poster examines all aspects of ground deformation used in Montserrat. The principles, techniques and equipment used, particularly during the current period of volcanic activity, are presented as well as some of the results obtained so far. The development of the ground deformation network is also highlighted and plans for its future expansion reviewed briefly. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Robertson, Richard E. A; Young, Simon R; Darroux, Billy. Ti: Morphological changes due to volcanic activity at English's Crater, Montserrat, West Indies So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 27. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: The Soufriere Hills Volcano lies in the south-central part of the island of Montserrat, at the northern end of the Lesser Antilles island arc. Volcanic activity in the past has produced a series of volcanic domes: Gages, Chances, Galways and Perches, which encircle a horse-shoe shaped summit crater. English's Crater is an arcuate structure one kilometre in diametre breached on the east and partly filled by Castle Peak dome. Eruptive activity began at the Soufriere Hills volcano on 18, July with the opening of a steam and ash vent on the northwest side of Castle Peak dome. During the period July to September 1995, activity at the volcano was largely phreatic and a succession of vents formed, which skirted the flank and top of the old Castle Peak dome. A cryptodome was formed during late September 1995 and a juvenile spine was extruded on the west side of Castle Peak dome. Since this time visible activity at the volcano has been characterised by slow growth accompanied by magmatic gas emission. Visual observations of conditions at English's Crater from a helicopter and from various observation points around the volcano, have been a vital component of monitoring activities. Basic photography using small and medium format still cameras have been used to document changes around the volcano. Significant changes in the morphology of Castle Peak dome and in conditions at English’s Crater, which have occurred during the eruption have been well documented. This poster presents a pictorial review of the 1995/96 eruption of the Soufriere Hills Volcano using both photographs and topographic maps to illustrate the morphological changes which have occurred at Castle Peak dome. It serves to highlight the utility of a detailed photographic and visual record in the interpretation and analysis of volcanic activity. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Earle, Aedan H. Ti: Multi-hazard mapping and risk assessment in the British Virgin Islands-an application of GIS in environmental assessments and development planning. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 8. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: The Hazard and Risk Assessment Project currently underway in the British Virgin Islands involves the systematic evaluation and mapping of natural and man-made hazards, production of an inventory of the elements at risk, establishing degrees of vulnerability and estimating losses. Ultimately risk associated with the various hazards will be assessed. The project is being conducted within the framework of a Geographic Information System. Data sets generated by the different stages of the project are overlain and additional Data sets or themes developed. The GIS data base will serve as inputs for long term development planning purposes and real time disaster management. The outputs of the project are to be used to develop disaster mitigation strategies. The advantages of a comprehensive approach to hazard assessment is outlined and the value of GIS in environmental management is demonstrated. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Ahmad, Rafi; Robinson, Edward. Ti: Neotectonic faults and landslides in Jamaica. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, Hazards and Hazard Management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department. of Geography and Geology Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 3. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: Neotectonic faults and fault scarps form an important landslide generating environment on the island of Jamaica, located in a seismically active, strike-slip plate boundary zone. Some of the more spectacular and damaging landslides, e.g. Judgement Cliff, Millbank, Rio Nuevo Valley, Ewarton and Preston are associated with neotectonic structures. In all cases, it is Tertiary limestones exposed in the fault scarps that have slipped over a basement of older and relatively less competent rocks. At Judgement Cliff, the rupture surface lies within lithological horizons containing gypsum. These conditions provide an ideal environment for the overlying limestone slabs to slip over the weak basement rocks. In areas where fault scarps overlook relatively narrow valleys, such landslides have the potential to block and dam the river course, flooding the valley with a temporary lake. The Millbank and, probably, the Judgement Cliff landslides were of this type. The landslide triggering mechanisms are heavy rainfall and/or seismic vibrations. Human interference with the slopes associated with fault scarps is thought to increase their susceptibility to failure. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Douligeris, Christos; Collins, John. Ti: Prototype oil spill information management system. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 7. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: The Oil Spill Information Management System (OSIMS) is an integrated information management tool providing a graphical interface to an object-oriented database of geographical and other spill-related data. OSIMS combines the utility of a Geographic Information System (GIS) with the intelligence of a Decision Support System (DSS), and provides world-wide access through the Internet and the World-Wide Web (WWW). In addition to the static maps available in a traditional GIS, OSIMS provides an advanced visualization tool for atmospheric and oceanic data, including animations of oil spill trajectory models and 3-D plots of ocean currents. The DSS component of OSIMS includes on-line contingency plans for selected areas of the Florida Coast, which may be accessed by the user or searched automatically by a rule-based expert system (CLIPS). Rules are used to determine what to display, and at what level of detail. The key is to provide the requisite information without overwhelming the user with irrelevant details. OSIMS provides the high degree of organisation and preparation required to allow the various agencies and responsible parties to effectively manage an oil spill cleanup effort. OSIMS may also provide an organised management system to support strategic activities, e.g. contingency-planning, training and event-reconstruction. A prototype regional OSIMS system has been developed. The system is also capable of being expanded to address more general pollution issues, fishery management issues and expand its geographic focus in the Sea of the Americas. It can also form the basis for the development of similar information management systems for the other natural and man-made hazards and emergency situations. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Gardner, Cynthia A; Casadevall, Thomas J; Robertson, Richard E. A. Ti: SO2 emissions during the phreatic phase of volcanic unrest in the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 33. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: On 18, July 1995, after almost three years of irregularly increasing seismicity, phreatic explosions opened a vent at the Soufriere Hills volcano, about 4 km east of the capital city of Plymouth, Montserrat, West Indies. A programme of primarily airborne gas measurements using the COSPEC (correlation spectrometer) method to assess SO2 emissions was initiated to help monitor the unrest. Excellent logistical support allowed almost daily flights from late July to early September, 1995. The SO2 data correlated well with seismic and observational data and helped constrain hypotheses regarding the unrest. These measurements implicated magma in the unrest four months before the first arrival of juvenile material at the surface. COSPEC measurements began on 29, July 1995, a day after phreatic explosions opened a second vent (Vent 2) in English's Crater, an easterly directed breach in the summit of the Soufriere Hills volcano and the site of the youngest volcanic activity on the island. Initial SO2 values of 300100 tonnes per day (t/d) were detected until 4 August 1995 when a value of 800 t/d was measured shortly after a seismic signal, indicative of a steam emission event had occurred. This heralded the 5-6 August 1995 seismic swarm which was interpreted to be the manifestation of magma being intruded to shallow levels. Maximum COSPEC measurements during the swarm were 1200t/d. This value fell to about 200t/d after the swarm was over, and over the next two weeks COSPEC measurements held steady at about 150t/d. A second seismic swarm (13 August, 1995) centered on a complex of older domes northwest of the Soufriere Hills and had no effect on SO2 emissions. This is consistent with the interpretation that this second seismic swarm was due to crustal readjustments and not to another batch of magma moving to shallow levels. On 21 August 1995, SO2 values fell abruptly to background levels after a third period of intense shallow seismicity. The decrease in SO2 was coincident with an abrupt decrease in tremor. From this period until 02 September, 1995 when COSPEC measurements ceased, SO2 levels only deviated from background levels briefly (and then only slightly above background) immediately after a third vent opened on 27 August 1995. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Swanson, Grace; Stephens, George. Ti: Satellite monitoring of volcanic hazards to aircraft. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, Hazards and Hazard Management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies. Dept. of Geography and Geology. Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 22. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: Ash clouds from erupting volcanoes pose serious hazards to aircraft flying through them. Environmental satellite data offer a means of detecting volcanic eruptions in order to issue timely warnings. Ash plumes may be detected by visible or infrared sensors during daylight hours, and by infrared sensors at night. Ash drift direction may be correlated with radiosonde wind data to estimate ash cloud altitudes. In response to several situations where jet aircraft flew into the ash cloud of an erupting volcano and experienced severe damage, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the U.S. Geological Survey have formally implemented the Volcano Hazards Alert Plan, a cooperative, operational system to coordinate information on ongoing eruptions and issue warnings of the presence of air-borne ash to aviation interests. The plan is activated whenever an eruption occurs which may endanger aircraft within U.S. Flight Information Regions (FIRs). The Synoptic Analysis Branch of the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) provides information at 3 to 12 hour intervals on the location and time of the eruption, estimated height and horizontal distribution of the ash cloud and estimated direction of movement to the National Weather Service and the FAA, which transmit appropriate warnings to aviators. Currently under development at NESDIS are procedures to provide more timely access to high resolution Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer imagery, and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer data using modern communication links, and workstation technology. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Alvarez, Leonardo. Ti: Seismic hazard and seismic zoning of Jamaica: a preliminary approach. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 5. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: General features of seismicity of North Central Caribbean region were established from earthquake data. They were used together with regional neotectonic characteristics for delineating main seismic source zones. Seismic hazard assessment in terms of intensity was performed with program SACUDIDI. Initial data (rate of seismicity, intensity attenuation, maximum magnitude, focal depths) were specially prepared or taken from papers or reports. As main results, recurrence periods for different intensities in points of a regular grid were obtained. Seismic zoning was performed, instead of selecting a particular hazard map (intensities for a given recurrence period or given waiting time and probability level), by classification of recurrence periods of different intensities, with the aim of a logical-combinatorial algorithm of non supervised pattern recognition included in system PROGNOSIS. Results -group of points with similar hazard behaviour, characterised by one of them called "holotype" - are presented in a zoning map together with curves of recurrence periods vs. intensity for holotypes. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Ambeh, William B; Miller, Angus; White, Randy; Power, John A. Ti: Seismicity during the current eruption of the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 31. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: The Soufriere Hills volcano, located in southern Montserrat, started erupting on 18 July 1995 after about 400 years of quiescence. The eruption has been going on for almost one year and has moved through an initial phase of phreatic eruptions to one presently dominated by the slow and quiet emplacement of a lightly degassed andesitic lava dome whose over-steepened sides occasionally collapse to produce pyroclastic flows. During the current eruption a broad spectrum of seismic signals, including volcano-tectonic earthquakes, long period earth quakes, hybrid earthquakes and tremor, has been recorded by a nine-station seismic network. This network was an upgrade during the first two weeks of the eruption of a pre-eruption network of two permanent and four temporary seismic stations operated by the Seismic Research Unit. To date, more than 50,000 earthquakes have been detected of which more than l1,000 have been located. Most of the located earthquakes place in the area beneath and surrounding the Soufriere Hills volcano at depths in the range 0-8 km. The seismic events have shown both spatial and temporal variations. While the initial (phreatic) phase of the eruptions was dominated by the occurrence of volcano-tectonic earthquakes (mainly as short duration swarms), their numbers decreased considerably after the extrusion of the lava dome. Intense, repetitive, hybrid earthquake swarms generally seem to be associated with periods of increased dome growth while long period events do not seem to show any specific associations. Current seismic activity is dominated by signals attributable to rockfalls from the growing lava dome. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Ambeh, William B; Lynch, Lloyd L. Ti: Seismicity preceding the current eruption of the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 30. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: Montserrat is one of the islands forming the inner volcanically active segment of the Lesser Antilles arc. The Soufriere Hills Volcano, located in the southern part of the island, started erupting on 18, July 1995 for the first time since European colonization of the island in 1632. However, during the past 100 years, the seismicity of Montserrat has been dominated by the occurrence of long duration, major earthquake swarms or volcano-seismic crises in 1897-98, 1933-37 and 1966-67. None of these was accompanied by an eruption although there are increased activity at some of the Soufrieres and possible minor ground deformation in the southern part of the island during the 1966-67 episode. Seismicity preceding the 18 July 1995 eruption was dominated by energy release in the form of episodic earthquake swarms. During the period January 1992 to 17, July 1995, eighteen low to moderate intensity earthquake swarms of variable durations ranging from a few hours to several days occurred in Montserrat. In June 1994, because of one of these earthquake sequences which was slightly more intense, the Seismic Research Unit increased the number of seismic stations in Montserrat from the pre-existing two (which were telemetered to Trinidad) to six, with data from five of the stations being recorded on a PC locally, as well as continuing transmission of signals from the original two stations to Trinidad. These swarms are often characterised by a non-stationarity of events within them, i.e., there is clustering of earthquakes into subswarms. Hypocentres calculated for some of these earthquakes yields a spatial distribution of epicentres concentrated in southern Montserrat and focal depths generally less than 20km. However, unlike the major sequences in 1897-98, 1933-37 and 1966-67, no change in the activity rates at the Soufrieres was observed during the recent swarms. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Morrow, Betty Hearn. Ti: Surviving the second disaster: social changes in the aftermath. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 16. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: The relationship between disaster and social change is an intriguing one. There are obvious ways in which the physical destruction caused by an earthquake or hurricane, as examples, leads to changes in the social structure and culture of a community. Internal factors, such as population loss or redistribution, are likely to result in long-term alterations in its demography and economy. This paper focuses, however, on changes precipitated by external forces in the aftermath. Increasingly people and individuals from all over the world respond to disasters--converging, often with surprising speed, into stricken communities with motives ranging from altruism to avarice. The effects of the infusion of people, ideas, resources and technologies can be profound, particularly on small, relatively isolated communities, such as the islands of the Caribbean. Using case studies from hurricanes Hugo on St. Croix, Andrew in Miami, and Marilyn on St. Thomas, this paper examines several factors, some inherent in the social system itself, others in the nature of the disaster, influencing the extent and ways in which a disaster-struck society is likely to be changed. This leads to speculation about how communities might mitigate against the negative effects of these "second disasters". Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Sergio, Mora C; Jimenez, Oscar; Madrigal, Carlos. Ti: The Rio Toro landslide dam and its implications on the construction of a hydro-power plant, Costa Rica. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, Hazards and Hazard Management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies. Department of Geography and Geology. Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 16. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: A large landslide occurred during the night of 12-13 June 1992, 700m upstream of the Power House site of Toro 2 hydroelectric project under construction. A combination of factors contributed to the slide of 2.5X10 6m3 pond. The debris dam was composed of 70 percent large rock boulders (columnar lavas, volcanic breccia) several decimeters to decameters in diameter and 30 percent pyroclasts, soils and vegetation debris. The destruction of the dam occurred progressively from June 16 to July 14. By the end of September there were practically no remains of the dam. The debris was carried downstream and aggraded from 20 to 30m the course of the river at the power house site. In September, 1964, the river has re-excavated the course 10-15m. It is estimated that the river will find its former level in 8-10 years. The stability of the slope behind the power house was re-evaluated through field reconnaissances, drill holes, geophysical prospection and calculations. It is estimated that the slope is stable in terms of large slides, but the penstock, powerhouse, bridge and tailrace structures are vulnerable to minor rock falls and floods, to which they will be appropriately protected. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: McKinnon, Barbara E; Heath, Warren. Ti: The analysis of earthwork and slope deterioration from aerial photographs. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 14. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: Roads, railways and coastlines are all large scale linear features usually incorporating many earthworks. These earthworks are subject to deterioration and may fail causing serious problems. A significant number of these failures could be prevented if all earthworks were monitored frequently and early signs of deterioration noted so that improvements could be made. Inspections on foot, however, are very costly and time consuming and therefore are rarely undertaken. A technique to monitor earthworks and provide information for their repair has been developed at the Transport Research Laboratory (TRL)). It has been used in a number of countries including Malaysia, Nepal, the Philippines and Jordan to record and analyse slope conditions on more than 700 km of road. The analysis procedure employed is designed to be used on linear features, when many earthworks have to be evaluated quickly and inexpensively, and concise information about their location and cause of deterioration is required. Details of the technique used to record earthworks and description of the analysis procedure is provided, with an example showing the results for one particular section of road in the Philippines. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Krebs, Wolf; Krebs, Ingeborg. Ti: The effect of the Soufriere Volcano on the coastal sea life in the west of Montserrat. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies. Department of Geography and Geology. Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 40. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: Healthy coral reefs are found along the western coast of Montserrat wherever rocky outcroppings provide substrate for their development. Since July 1995, the Soufriere Hills volcano had frequent phreatic eruptions. The prevailing easterly winds have transported the airborne volcanic ash predominantly into the sea south of Bransby Point. Rain water transported ash that was deposited on land into the sea via rivers and ghauts. Both models of pollution had different effects on the marine biosphere. The airborne ash fell on the surface of the sea over a large area. As it sank slowly to the bottom, the currents further diluted the material. Thus an effect on the reefs was only seen after the largest of the eruptions. In these cases mainly marine algae suffered. It took about two to three weeks for them to regenerate. The ash that was washed down the rivers entered the sea in high concentration (mud) and it was deposited around the mouths of the rivers or ghauts. The reef adjacent to the mouth of White River was monitored. The ash that was washed down the rivers entered the sea in high concentration (mud) and it was deposited around the mouths of the rivers or ghauts. The reef adjacent to the mouth of White River was monitored. In October 1995 a layer of about 20 cm of silt covered a large area ranging from the mouth of the river to a depth of about 20cm. In this region the previously healthy reef was completely destroyed. In the periphery of the silt deposits, the sequence of the decay of the reef could be studied. At first, after being covered by only a thin film of silt, the green and brown algae died. The next organisms to be affected were sponges. Lighter loads of silt apparently could be cleared away by sucking it through the pores of the animals. However, if the silt load got too heavy the sponges died. Corals survived the longest due to their ability to clear the silt from their surfaces. The picture gets somewhat complicated by two hurricanes and a tropical storm in August and September 1995 and by torrential rainfalls in December 1995. In addition to the new volcanic material, these storms washed huge amounts of old soil into the sea. Due to the nature of the tidal currents in Montserrat, there is no transportation of material in the sea from the south of Bransby Point to the North of it and vice versa. Ash falls in the region north of Bransby Point are not affected at all by the volcanic activity. Eventual changes in these reefs must be attributed solely to the effect of the storms. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Sergio, Mora C. Ti: The impact of natural hazards on socio-economic development in Costa Rica. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, Hazards and Hazard Management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 15. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: Important contributions in identifying natural hazards and vulnerability in Costa Rica have been made by individuals and institutions, however, relatively little effort has been aimed towards prevention, preparedness ad mitigation of natural disasters. Recognition and prevention campaigns which were initiated in the late 1980's and early 1990's lacked momentum and their benefits have vanished without the required continuity. Heavy economic losses caused by natural disasters such as the Limon-Telire earthquake (April 22, 1991;Mw 7.6; 5 to 8.5 percent of 1991 Gross National Product, GNP) and a GNP loss average of close to 2 percent /year (around US$2 billion between 1988 and 1993) should be a testimonial motivation to reinitiate and improve a general preventive and mitigative programme for natural hazards. Essential elements in this programme ere planning and land-use zonation endeavours, design and implementation of expedite information flux systems, education programmes for students as well as the general public and sponsorship for multidisciplinary technical groups. The image and credibility of organisations such as Commission Nacional de Emergencia (CNE) should be appraised and strengthened working with specific communities upon which situations urgently require help in the natural hazards field. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Grases, Jose. Ti: Uniform design criteria against natural hazards: the Caribbean case. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies. Department of Geography and Geology. Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 11. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: Recent revisions of the selection of seismic maximum ground motions to be used for the design and/or safety evaluation of critical dams state that such works should be capable of withstanding the expected effects of the maximum credible earthquakes at the site. This implies the review of a number of dams located in seismic-prone areas, upstream of important population centres and, most important, represents a more conservative strategy in the engineering approach to dam design. In parallel to this, currently used earthquake resistant code design criteria are based on maximum ground motions which have been selected upon annual exceedences, far smaller than those accepted for the selection of maximum wind design velocities, whatever, the definition used for 'sustained velocity'. The fact that during the last five centuries, the vast majority of the Caribbean countries have been affected several times by destructive hurricanes, earthquakes and tsunamis, makes the previous issue a critical one for short and long term planning and development. It seems desirable, that long term mitigation strategies against the threat of natural hazards should follow unified criteria, associated with acceptable costs as well as with a reasonably small probability of an unacceptable performance. This paper discusses these particular issues, with emphasis on the expected structural reliability of presently enforced seismic design codes. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Roy, Abraham K; Chen, A. A. Ti: Using WWW as an education and teaching tool for disaster awareness. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies. Dept. of Geography and Geology. Unit for Disaster Studies, , 1996. 1. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: In this era of information explosion and the easy accessibility of information super high way, World Wide Web (WWW) can be used as a teaching and educational tool as well as for generating public awareness about the disasters. Using different tools available in the Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) such as fill out forms, image maps, Common Gateway Interface (CGI), images and animation, it is possible to make the web sites more educational and informative. Such an attempt has been made in this study to educate the public about the fundamentals of hurricanes through WWW. In this case, through a quiz, the various aspects of a hurricane are explained using images and animation. The interactive nature of the website is designed to make it more interesting and lively. This tool can be used to educate the public as a distant learning technique, especially considering the geographical nature of the distribution of Caribbean islands. This website is available at URL, http//wwwphysics.uwimona.edu.jm:1104/staff/visit/abraham/climate/quiz.HTML. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Gorham, Richard J. Ti: Waterborne disease control in natural disasters. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies. Department of Geography and Geology. Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 11. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: Natural disasters can have profound deleterious effects on public and private water systems. These negative impacts also pose a threat to the public's health through the effects of hazardous materials released into the environment by the disaster or through the transmission of waterborne or water-associated diseases. Natural disasters, especially floods, may cause sewage contamination of water supplies and cause the proliferation of mosquitoes, flies and rats. One of the major health consequences of disasters is contamination of the water supply by pathogenic microbes. Prevention and control of waterborne diseases in the disaster area falls within the purview of the preventive medicine team. Protection of the health of emergency responders is given high priority. Provision of emergency supplies of potable water, restoration of water-treatment and sewage-treatment systems, food-service inspections, testing of water supplies for coliforms, sanitation in emergency shelters and environmental sanitation in general, monitoring and suppression (if necessary and feasible) of pest and vector populations, epidemiological surveillance and disease control, and collaboration with local health workers are all important activities of the preventive medicine team. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Oostdam, Ben L. Ti: World Wide Web against Caribbean natural hazards and disasters. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies. Department of Geography and Geology. Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 18. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: Results are presented of investigations of the actual and potential use of World Wide Web in the ongoing battle against natural hazards and disasters in the Caribbean. WWW can be successfully used in linking investigators, coastal zone management experts, emergency preparedness managers, relevant Government Agencies and NGO's, as well as the general public. The need for improvements in connectivity between isolated and possible mechanisms for funding of acquisition, maintenance and training in WWW use is assessed and compared with present communication techniques. Summaries are presented and analysed of interviews with emergency management officials and others involved in the 1995 Caribbean hurricane season and of reports by and communications with authorities involved in emergency management of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions in analogous tectonic island arc settings of Indonesia and Japan. In addition to real time use during and immediately after disasters. WWW can play a vital and preventative and pro-active role in increasing public awareness, reversing the still prevalent passive attitude against natural disasters, improving and making environmental education more relevant, and promoting appropriate codification, legislation and enforcement of zoning, construction, insurance and emergency measures. It is also proposed that the network of organisations to be established according to one of the major stated objectives of the Conference commit itself to the constructive use of the Internet and teleconferencing in order to speed up communications and to publish its proceedings on the World Wide Web in addition to more conventional, slower and much less accessible means of printed Proceedings. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Rivero Vega, Roger E; Garcia Bargados, Dositeo R; Rivero Jaspe, Roger R. Ti: Sistema de alerta temprana de la sequia agriola : experiencias de su uso durante la emergencia ganadera de 1995-96 en Camaguey. Pub: Camaguey; s.n; 1996. 10. Co: Forum Provincial de Ciencia y T‚cnica, 11; Camaguey, Nov. 1996. Ab: El balance hidrico de los ecosistemas y el contenido de humedad del suelo constituyen par metros relevantes para el desarrollo vegetativo de los bosques, cultivos y pastizales, los cuales est n en relación directa con la productividad primaria de ecosistemas naturales y artificiales y determina la producción de biomasa y los rendimientos agricolas. Expone un sistema de alerta temprana de la sequia agricola, las experiencias obtenidas, durante la sequia, y los beneficios económicos y sociales de su aplicación durante la emergencia ganadera. Lo: Cuba, Latin American Centre for Disaster Medicine.
Au: Maul, George A. ed. Ti: Small islands: marine science and sustainable development. Pub: Washington, D. C; American Geophysical Union; 1996. 467. Co: Small isalnds: marine science and sustainable development; s.l, 8-10, Nov. 1993. Ab: Small islands developing states (SIDS) were recognized at the 1992 United Nations Conference and Development Conference [UNCED] as requiring special attention by the scientific community in order to address problems associated with sustainable economic development and coastal area management. The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO convened a meeting on small island oceanography (Martinique, 8-10 November 1993) that brought together specialist from marine science, geography, hydrology, ecology, fisheries, management, economics and sociology. Thirty participants from 15 countries and SIDS in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans approach the challenge from UNCED with cross-cutting lectures, debates, and problem solving exercises focusing on the three "c's" of successful interdisciplinary endeavor: communication, collaboration and coordination. Oceanographic science information to support coastal zone management was deemed essential to the following most critical and related SIDS issue areas: (1) water quality; (2) natural hazards prediction and response planning; (3) harvest of living marine resources; (4) shoreline coastal dynamics; and (5) habitat conservation. Cross-cutting solutions to these five issue areas emphasize the need for numerical modelling, enhance monitoring and inter-calibrations, education and training, data sharing, regional coordination and networking, and appropriate methodology development of for decision making, In particular, quantitative data from coastal physical oceanography was identified as the highest priority in an issue/solution matrix, and the expanded use of PC or workstation computer models that integrate the physical environment with socio-economic response such as climate change, sea level rise, and population growth was recommended. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Ti: Solid waste management project, sewerage and sewage treatment component interim report. So: Castries; Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS); 1996. Lo: St. Lucia, St. Lucia Solid Waste Management. ID: 1807 Ti: The home companion: guide disaster preparedness. So: Castries; ISIS; 1996. Lo: St. Lucia, Hunter J. Francois Library. ID: 1808 Au: Tuitt, Carol. Ti: The socio-psychological impact of ongoing volcanic activity on the lives of people in Montserrat. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. The science, hazards and hazard management: abstracts. Kingston, University of the West Indies. Department of Geography and Geology. Unit for Disaster Studies, 1996. 39. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: On 18 July 1995, the lives of the approximately 10,000 people living on the island of Montserrat were changed dramatically as the Soufriere Hills volcano sprang to life. While life has been particularly difficult for the 4000 persons who have had to be relocated in the interest of safety, no resident on the island has been untouched by this crisis situation. The impact, from an economic/developmental standpoint, has been tremendous, but more so, in the socio-psychological sphere. It is the latter which is the focus of this study. A series of counselling sessions are being held with persons from all walks of life, relocated or not, both in groups and with individuals. Stress levels are extremely high as the activity nears its one year mark, and this is manifested in a number of ways. This includes feelings of hopelessness, helplessness and displacement; irritability and increased aggressiveness, reduced capacity for decision making, poor concentration and short-term memory. The limitation in available accommodation has forced separation of family members on one hand, or overcrowding on the other, as persons attempt to deal with this problem. Reports of increased sexual activity, less attention to rules/regulations and reduced ability to focus on academics have been raised among youths. While for others, loss of employment, impending layoffs and reduction in work hours are raising the panic button. Conversely, terms such as broadband tremor, pyroclastic flows, dome growth and EDM measurement have taken on new meaning, and are now part of the vernacular of the youngest child, as an island looks on with awe at the wonders of nature. For the first time since activity started, people are now coming to terms with the reality of the situation and are understanding the long-term repercussions of this crisis. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Barrett, Mearle. Ti: Waste management opportunities in developing countries: Paper prepared for presentation at the 18th Canadian waste management conference, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, October, 1996. So: s.l; s.n; 1996. 5. Lo: Jamaica, Natural Resources Conservation Authority.
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: Barbados: disaster and emergency medicine course. So: Disasters; (65):4, Jan. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: The internet: tending to the basics. So: Disasters; (65):1+, Jan. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: Tradewinds 1996. So: Disasters; (65):4-5, Jan. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: Workshop on joint civilian military public health humanitarian interventions. So: Disasters; (65):2, Jan. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Shaklee, Ranold V. Ti: Tropical cyclone frequency in the Bahamas 1900-94. So: Bahamas Journal of Science; 3(2):23-9, Feb.1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: Defining the military role in humanitarian assistance. So: Disasters; (66):3, Apr. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: Montserrat volcano threatens. So: Disasters; (66):5, Apr. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: Prevention – mitigation - preparedness: who should lead?. So: Disasters; (66):1, 7, Apr. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: Project on disaster preparedness in Eastern Caribbean. So: Disasters; (66):4, Apr. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library..
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: Safe hospitals by the Year 2001. So: Disasters; (66):1-2, Apr. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library..
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: University of Puerto Rico launches disaster management program. So: Disasters; (66):4, Apr. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: Barbados: training in disaster and emergency medicine. So: Disasters; (67):4, Jul. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: Jamaica: UWI sponsors course on geological risks. So: Disasters; (67):5, Jul. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: The regional disaster documentation center six years of distribution. So: Disasters; (67):2, Jul. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: WHO issues new international guidelines for Drug Donations. So: Disasters; (67):1, Jul. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Perdersen, Scott C; Genoways, Hugh; Freeman, Patricia W. Ti: Notes on bats from Montserrat (Lesser Antilles) with comments concerning the effects of Hurricane Hugo. So: Caribbean Journal of Science; 32(2):206-13, Aug.1996. Ab: From August 1993 to August 1994, bats were surveyed on Montserrat, Lesser Antilles. Four years after this small volcanic island was struck by Hurricane Hugo (1989), there remains a 20-fold decrease in bat populations as compared to levels before Hugo. After the hurricane, compositions of the community shifted from smaller fungivorous species to one of more omnivorous and larger fungivorous species. With the addition of a new record for Sturnira thomasi, voucher specimens from Montserrat exist for ten species of Chiroptera: Noctilio lrporinus, Monophylus plethodon, Sturnira thomasi, Chiroderma improvisum, Artibeus jamaicensis, Ardops nichollsi, Brachyphylla cavernarum, Natallus stramineus, Tardarida brasiliensis and Molosus molossus. Lo: UWI, Science Library. ID: 1826 Au: Moreno, Carmen. Ti: Salud ambiental con posterioridad a desastres : cuaderno de referencia para los técnicos de saneamiento ambiental, código 2.10.2. Pub:s.n; 1996. 22. Ab: Documento en el que se define y clasifican los desastres, así como se exponen las características diferenciales de los mas frecuentes en la región. En su parte intermedia se tratan los conceptos de planificación y medidas de prevención para desastres, así como las fases por las que atraviesa la preparación para los desastres. Posteriormente se describen cada una de las actividades de saneamiento ambiental que deben ejecutar los técnicos de saneamiento después del impacto. Lo: Cuba, Latin American Centre for Disaster Medicine. ID: 1827 Au: Pan Anerican Health Organization. Ti: Looking beyond hospitals to other health lifelines. So: Disasters; (68):1+, Oct. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: St Lucia new web site under construction. So: Disasters; (68):5, Oct. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Blanchon, Paul; Jones, Brian; Kalbfleisch, William. Ti: Anatomy of a fringing reef around Grand Cayman: storm rubble, not coral framework. So: Journal of Sedimentary Research; 67(1):1-16, Jan. 1997. Ab: The authors describe the zonation, anatomy and architecture of a fringing reef complex around Grand Cayman in order to assess the relative importance of storm processes on reef development. By integrating data from aerial and sonar profiles, sediment analysis, cores, and underwater sections, it is shown that hurricanes control the anatomy of the fringing-reef complex and dictate where the reef develops on the shelf. In addition, consideration of how these hurricane processes interact with sea-level rise allows us to propose a process-response model of reef development that not only explains lateral architectural variations along the fringing-reef complex but also provides a mechanism by which fringing reefs can develop into barrier reefs and eventually into atolls. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1830 Au: Bender, Michael A. Ti: Effect of relative flow on the asymmetric structure in the interior of hurricanes. So: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 54(6):703-24, 15 Mar. 1997. Ab: Asymmetric structure of tropical cyclones simulated by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory high resolution triply nested movable-mesh hurricane model was analysed. Emphasis was placed on the quasi-steady component of the asymmetric structure in the region of the eyewall. It was found that the asymmetry was primarily caused by the relative wind, that is, the flow entering and leaving the storm region relative to the moving storm. A set of idealized numerical experiments was first performed both with a constant and a variable Coriolis parameter (f) and the addition of basic flows that were either constant or sheared with height. Analysis was then made for one case of Hurricane Gilbert (1988) to demonstrate that the quasi-steady asymmetric structure analyzed in the idealized studies could be identified in this real data case. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1831 Au: Li, Chun; Jones, Brian; Blanchon, Paul. Ti: Lagoon-shelf sediment exchange by storms-evidence from foraminiferal assemblages, East Coast of Grand Cayman, British West Indies. So: Journal of Sedimentary Research; 67(1):17-25, Jan. 1997. Ab: This study (1) identifies the foraminiferal species that can be used for tracing sediment movement, (2) considers the size distributions of those species across the shelf, and (3) develops a model that explains the movement of sediment on this shelf during severe storm conditions. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.. ID: 1832 Au: Rahmstorf, Stefan. Ti: Risk of sea-change in the Atlantic. So: Nature; 388(6645):825-26, 28 Aug.1997. Ab: Emissions of greenhouse gases could weaken or even half ocean overturning in the North Atlantic, radically altering the regional climate. It seems that the rate of greenhouse-gas increase may be as important as the final concentrations reached. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1833 Au: Ekwue, E. L; Stone, R. J; Smith, R. Ti: Statistical analysis of Caribbean rainfall data: formulating linear models relating dependable rainfall to mean monthly rainfall. So: West Indian Journal of Engineering; 19(2):49-58, Jan. 1997. Ab: Monthly aggregate rainfall for 25 stations in the English-speaking Caribbean region were analysed using the computer software, RAINBOW in order to obtain rainfall values with different levels of probability. Most of the monthly aggregate rainfall data for the stations were homogeneous and log-normally distributed. The method to be used to obtain the rainfall values of different probabilities using the given parameters of the log-normal distribution is described. Simple linear regression models were developed to relate dependable rainfall at 20, 50 and 80 percent probability levels to mean monthly aggregate rainfall for individual stations as well as for the entire English-speaking Caribbean region. The dependable rainfall of some other 10 Caribbean stations estimated by the derived models were close to the published values. The use of these models is expected to remove the tedium involved in obtaining such rainfall probability data particularly for locations with insufficient recorded data. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1834 Au: Montserrat Volcano Observatory Team. Ti: The ongoing eruption in Montserrat. So: Science; 276(5311):371-2, 18 Apr. 1997. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Caribbean Meteorological Institute. Ti: Monthly weather summary (part A 1997). So: St. James; Caribbean Meteorological Institute; 1997. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Caribbean Meteorological Institute. Ti: Monthly weather summary (part B 1997). So: St. James; Caribbean Meteorological Institute; 1997. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Ti: Natural hazards and hazard management in the greater Caribbean and Latin America. So: Kingston; University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology,Unit for Disaster Studies, 1997. 235 Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1838 Au: Chen, A. A; McTavish, J; Abraham K, Roy. Ti: A Caribbean data base for thee earth sciences. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Natural Hazards and Hazard Management in the Greater Caribbean and Latin America. Kingston, Unit for Disaster Studies, University of the West Indies, 1997. p.202-11 Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: A Caribbean data base developed by the Climate Modelling Group, Mona (CMGM) is described. The engine of the database is the Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS), which is an interactive desktop tool that is currently in use world wide for analysis and display of earth science data. GrADS was developed by the Center for Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies (COLA) with whom CMGM is associated. The data base presently contains precipitation, temperature and sea level pressure from Caribbean stations and, with expanded computing facilities, other earth science data can be added including sea level and ecology data on a gross scale. Data can be presented in graphical form or extracted in an ASCII file. A data base such as the one described, available on the Internet, is a powerful regional resource for researchers and other persons interested in climate, hazards and disasters. It can afford easy and quick access to updated data which can be used for graphical presentation, for statistical analysis and for inputs to research programmes. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Turk, Michael A. Ti: Analysis of an objective Dvorak Technique during the 1995 hurricane season. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Natural hazards and hazard management in the Greater Caribbean and Latin America. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1997. 38-42. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: The Dvorak technique is the internationally recognized means of estimating tropical cyclone intensity using satellite imagery. A drawback of the technique is that it can be highly subjective. This paper analyzes an improved objective satellite technique for use on strong tropical storms and hurricanes. The objective technique uses the warmest eye temperature and the coldest surrounding ring temperature to determine the final T number. The unusually active 1995 Actlantic hurricane season provided the basis for a preliminary analysis of the objective technique. An initial study based on this single season revealed that (1) a negative bias existed in the Satellite Analysis Branch's subjective Dvorak estimates compared to reconnaissance observed mean sea level pressure observations; (2) a negative bias also existed with the objective technique; and (3) a critical review of the current intensity-wind-pressure relationship is warranted. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Robinson, Edward; Laughton, Dionne V. Ti: Burlington and Jupiter landslides, Rio Grande Valley, Jamaica: comparison with Millibank Landslides as examples of processes producing natural dams. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Natural hazards and hazard management in the Greater Caribbean and Latin America. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1997. 56-61. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: Two large, presumably prehistoric landslides in the Rio Grande valley are those at Burlington, at the mouth of the Rio Grande, and at Jupiter, near Moore Town. Both these slides are considerably larger than the landslide that blocked the Rio Grande at Millbank in 1937, impounding a lake. The Burlington landslide has been described briefly in a previous publication. The Jupiter landslide is similar in form to, and has developed over the same geological units, as the Millbank slide. Although presumed to be prehistoric, its geomorphology suggests that it is of comparatively recent origin, and the nature of the debris indicate that more than one event is involved. Debris from one of the more recent events extended across the valley floor, with appreciable run-up on the opposite side of the valley from which the slide originated. Investigation of these landslide features is continuing. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Worrell Campbell, Jennifer. Ti: Caribbean disaster mitigation project: making in roads into the development process. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Natural hazards and hazard management in the Greater Caribbean and Latin America. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geology and Geography, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1997. 107-11. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1842 Au: Lander, James F. Ti: Caribbean tsunamis: an initial history. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Natural hazards and jhazard management in the Greater Caribbean and Latin America. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1997. 1-18. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: Reports of 50 tsunamis of varying certainty are listed for the Caribbean beginning with an event off the coast of Venezuela in 1530. Fifteen of these have reports of damage associated with them and six have reported fatalities. As a thoroughly research history for the region has not been done, these numbers are approximate and probably low. The author has just learnt of but not yet seen, a paper on Caribbean tsunamis by Myrtle Thorm and Compton Deane at the Civil Engineering Department, University of the West Indies, St, Agustine, Trinidad written in the late 1970's. Also given the increase in coastal development, a repeat of these events today would cause much higher damage and fatalities. Although the history of the Caribbean area is the longest in the Western Hemisphere, the tsunamis history has not been studies in detail. The varied colonial past and the number of political divisions made such a study difficult and needing local involvement. Tsunamis have affected the whole area from the northern coast of South America, Costa Rica and Panama, to the whole arc of the Antilles. It is subject to tsunamis of tectonic origin associated with the trench and structures cutting the arc. Notable is the 1867 tsunami originating in the Anegada trough between St. Thomas and St. Croix, Virgin Islands, which caused 14 to 16 fatalities and was observed throughout the Caribbean. The 1918 off the northwestern corner of Puerto Rico caused 40 fatalities and extensive damage. The Caribbean area is also subject to rare but destructive tele tsunamis from Atlantic sources. The 1755 tsunamis which affected Lisbon, North Africa and England put waves as high as 7 metres at Saba and 3.7 metres at Antigua and Dominica. Waves reached the second story of buildings in Martinique. The Caribbean may also be subject to tsunamis generated by volcanic activity as seen by the 1690 landslide on Nevis Peak and an explosion of a mud volcano near Trinidad in 1911. Kick-em Jenny, a submarine volcano discovered in 1939, may have generated small, local tsunamis in the 1939 or 1990 eruptions (Sigurdsson, 1996) and may in the future produces a larger wave. Landslides are another source of tsunamis. Each type of source produces tsunamis with different characteristics. The risk should be thoroughly evaluated by a multinational effort to improve the history and predict the effect by using models. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Smith, Douglas L. Ti: Comparison of seismic attenuation values for events in the Caribbean with those located in North America. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Natural hazards and hazard management in the Greater Caribbean and Latin America. Kingston, Unit for Disaster Studies, University of the West Indies, 1997. 43-6 Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: Continuing analyses of seismograms for earthquake event recorded by the University of Florida network yield attenuation coefficients related to the geographic origin of the event. Of 34 events subject to reanalyses, twenty-one originated in Central and South America. Identifiable Lg phases are selected from record of events from North America, but P wave phases were used for those events from the circum-Caribbean region. An attenuation coefficient of y = 0.11 per degree is derived from events which originated in North America. Efforts to independently calculate Q values of 172 to 688. While these y and Q values are comparable to assigned values for the eastern United States, significantly higher attenuation is recognized from records of events from the circum-Caribbean region. Analyses of events from Central and South America yield y = 0.15 per degree. These results suggests that attenuation values and resulting hazard assessment should be segregated according to events from specific seismotectonic provinces, and that some anisotropy may exist in the attenuation of seismic waves through the circum-Caribbean region. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Hooper, Donald M; Mattioli, Glen S; Kover, Thomas P. Ti: Computer-simulations models of pyroclastic flows and hazards at Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat: applications to hazard assessment. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Natural hazards and hazard management in the Greater Caribbean and Latin America. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography nad Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1997. 19-32. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: Soufriere Hills Volcano (Montserrat, British West Indies) consists of a series of andesitic lava domes. English's Crater, a horseshoe-shaped depression opening to the east north-east, contains the youngest dome prior to the onset of volcanic activity on 18 July 1995 and the creation of the 1995-6 dome complex. The computer code FLOW3D is being used to stimulate several types of volcanic flows that have been observed or may potentially occur at the Soufriere Hills. Because of their predominance at Soufriere Hills, an understanding of pyroclastic flows produced by the disintegration of lava domes is critical. In this study, we concentrate primarily upon pyroclastic flows and lahars, as well as examine an energy-cone model. The programme first constructs a digital terrain model based upon a 3D network of (x,y,z) triplets. The triangulated irregular network (TIN) of digitized topographic data serves as the basis for the numerical computations. Gravitational acceleration and flow retardation is interactively calculated for each flow element as it passes over the finite element net. The shear stress retarding the flows is divided into three parameters: basal friction, internal viscosity (or viscous drag), and internal acceleration (or dissipation). Estimated values and limits for these flow parameters are based upon the known distribution of products from Soufriere Hills and the observation of actual flows of various types at other volcanoes. Any desired number of flow paths can be traced to their terminations with the velocity displayed on a color scale. An animated eruption image is presented on a computer screen as a three dimensional model. These computer simulations can be extremely useful in assessing and mitigating the risk associated with several types of volcanic hazards. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Morrissey, Michael. Ti: Curriculum innovation for natural disaster reduction: the experience of the Commonwealth Caribbean. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Natural hazards and hazard management in the Greater Caribbean and Latin America. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies , 1997. 184-97. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1846 Au: Suite, Winston H. E. Ti: Disaster management training by case study method: its implication to the Caribbean Region. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Natural hazards and hazard management in the Greater Caribbean and Latin America. Kingston, Unit for Disaster Studies, University of the West Indies, 1997. 177-83. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1847 Au: Gibbs, Tony. Ti: Effects of Hurricane Luis (September 1995) on structures in Antigua. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Natural hazards and hazard management in the Greater Caribbean and Latin America. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies , 1997. 165-76. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1848 Au: Abraham K, Roy; Chen, A. A; McTavish, J. Ti: Generation of a database for the disaster management in the Caribbean using WWW. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Natural hazards and hazard management in the Greater Caribbean and Latin America. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies , 1997. 212-5. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1849 Au: Ahmad, Rafi. Ti: Hazard and environment geology of Kingston and St. Andrew, Jamaica: field guide. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Natural hazards and hazard management in the Greater Caribbean and Latin America. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1997. 216-27. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: The island of Jamaica lies within a 200 km wide, seismically active zone of Neogene left-lateral strike-slip deformation that defines the central section of the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates. The present-day topography on the island has resulted from intensive crustal movements during Quaternary. The bedrock and neotectonics control the landforms and geomorphic processes to a remarkable degree. Slope instability is notable throughout the island. A summary of the physiography, geology and land use is given in Table 1 which provides a basis for understanding the various geohazards and environmental problems on the island. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Rogers, Cassandra T. Ti: Landslide hazard data for water shed management and development planning, St Lucia, West Indies. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Natural hazards and hazard management in the Greater Caribbean and Latin America. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1997. 150-64. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1851 Au: Lalor, Dennis. Ti: Natural hazards and insurance industry: report and recommendations of the working group established by the Caricom Heads of Government, July 1994. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Natural hazards and hazard management in the Greater Caribbean and Latin America. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1997. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1852 Au: Chin, Myron W. Ti: Possible mitigation strategies for hurricanes and earthquakes in the Caribbean. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Natural Hazards and Hazard Management in the Greater Caribbean and Latin America. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1997. 88-95. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: The Caribbean is affected by geological, climatic and environmental hazards such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, tropical cyclones, floods, drought environmental pollution and deforestation. However, historically, the damage caused earthquakes has not been as great as that caused by hurricanes and floods. In this paper therefore, possible mitigation strategies for reducing losses from hurricanes and earthquakes in the Caribbean are discussed with particular reference to the Caribbean Uniform Building Code (CUBiC) provision for wind and earthquake loads. A brief review of these provisions is presented and it is emphasized that there is an urgent need to enforce compliance with the requirements of CUBiC and to encourage higher standards of construction quality throughout the Caribbean. Other factors affecting effective mitigation strategies are outlined and the economics and practicalities of mitigation are discussed against the background of the attitudes of the Caribbean peoples at risk and the nature of Caribbean political administrations. The paper concludes that successful mitigation strategies must involve the close collaboration between the local community and the government agencies and must contain a mixture of immediately visible improvements and of less visible but long-term sustainable benefits. In this regard the paper recommends the urgent completion of Part 5 of CUBiC which deals with the construction of Small Buildings. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Adams, Wayne D. Ti: Proposed revision to the national building code of Jamaica. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Natural hazards and hazard management in the Greater Caribbean and Latin America. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1997. 96-106. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1854 Au: Douligeris, Christos; Collins, John. Ti: Prototype oil spill information management system. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Natural hazards and hazard management in the Greater Caribbean and Latin America. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies , 1997. 78-84. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: The Oil Information Management System (OSIMS) is an integrated information management tool providing a graphical interface to a database of geographical and other spill related data. OSIMS combines the utility of Geographic Information system (GIS) with the intelligence of a Decision Support System (DSS), and provide worldwide access through the Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW). In this paper we present the main components of OSIMS with an emphasis on oil spill data and environmental data. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: McKinnon, B; Heath, Warren. Ti: The analysis of earthwork and slope deterioration from aerial photographs. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Natural hazards and hazard management in the Greater Caribbean and Latin America. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies , 1997. 47-55. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: Roads, railways and coastlines are all large scale linear features usually incorporating many earthworks. These earthworks are subject to deterioration and many fail causing serious problems. A significant number of these failures could be prevented if all earthworks were monitored frequently and early signs of deterioration noted so that improvements could be made. Inspections on foot, however, is very costly and time consuming and therefore are rarely undertaken on a frequent basis. A technique, known as ECAT, to monitor earthworks and provide information for their repair has been developed at the Transport Research Laboratory (TRL). The analysis procedure employed is designed to be used on linear features, when many earthworks have to be evaluated quickly and in expensively, and concise information about their location and cause of deterioration is required. The technique used to record earthworks and a description of the analysis procedure is provided with an example showing the results of the analysis. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Ahmad, Rafi; Clark, J; Hellin, John; Manning, Paul A. S; McDanold, Morag. Ti: The potential. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Natural hazards and hazard management in the Greater Caribbean and Latin America. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies , 1997. 112-23. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1857 Au: Abraham K, Roy; Chen, A. A. Ti: Using WWW as an education and teaching tool for disaster awareness. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Natural hazards and hazard management in the Greater Caribbean and Latin America. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies ,1997. 198-201. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1858 Au: Swanson, Grace; Stephens, George. Ti: Volcano detection and monitoring using satellite data. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Natural hazards and hazard management in the Greater Caribbean and Latin America. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies , 1997. 33-7. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: Volcanic ash plumes injected into the atmosphere pose dangers to aircraft flying through them. Geostationary and polar orbiting meteorological satellite data offer a means of detecting volcanic eruptions in order to issue timely warnings. NOAA and the U.S Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) have implemented the Volcano Hazard Plan. This is a cooperative, operational system to coordinate information on ongoing eruptions and issue warnings of the presence of airborne ash to aviation interests. The plan is activated whenever an eruption occurs which may endanger aircraft within continental U.S. Flight Information Regions (FIRs). NESDIS' Synoptic Analysis Branch (SAB) is responsible for the satellite support and overall coordination required for the plan. Currently under development at NESDIS is a procedure to provide more timely access to high resolution AVHRR imagery, using modern communication links and workstation technology. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Gorham, Richard J. Ti: Waterborne disease control in natural disasters. So: In: Ahmad, Rafi. ed. Natural hazards and hazard management in the Greater Caribbean and Latin America. Kingston, University of the West Indies, Department of Geography and Geology, Unit for Disaster Studies, 1997. 62-70. Co: 2nd Caribbean Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters; Kingston, 9-12 Oct. 1996. Ab: Natural disasters have profound deleterious effects on public and private water systems. These negative impacts also pose a threat to the public's health through the effects of hazardous materials released into the environment by the disaster or through the transmission of waterborne or water associated diseases. Natural disasters, especially floods, may cause the contamination of water supplies by sewage and the proliferation of mosquitoes, flies and rats. One of the major health consequences of disasters is the contamination of the water supply by pathogenic microbes. Prevention and control of waterborne diseases in the disaster area fall within the purview of the preventive medicine team. Protection of the health emergency responders is given highest priority. Provision of emergency supplies of portable water, restoration of water-treatment and sewage-treatment systems, food service inspection, testing of water supplies for coliforms, sanitation in emergency shelters and environmental sanitation in general, monitoring and suppression (if necessary and feasible) of pest and vector populations, epidemiological surveillance and disease control, collaboration with local health workers are all important activities of the preventive medicine team. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Jamaica. Natural Resources Conservation Authority. Ti: Palisadoes - Port Royal, protecting our natural and cultural heritage. Pub:Kingston; NRCA; 1997. 30. Lo: Jamaica, Natural Resources Conservation Authority.
Au: National Environmental Societies Trust. Ti: Strategic plan action 2001. Pub:Kingston; National Environmental Societies Trust; 1997. 14. Lo: Jamaica, Natural Resources Conservation Authority.
Au: Sharif University of Technology. Ti: Structural engineering, earthquake engineering. So: Tehran; Sharif University of Technology; 1997. Co: 4th International Conference of Civil Engineering; Tehran, 4-6, May 1997. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1863 Au: Carby, Barbara E. Ti: A scientific basis for earthquake contingency planning: an example from Jamaica. So: In: Sharif University of Technology. Structural engineering earthquake engineering. Tehran, Sharif University of Technology, 1997. 345-55. Co: 4th International Conference of Civil Engineering; Tehran, 4-6, May 1997. Ab: Many developing countries initiate national emergency management agencies in response to the impact of a particular disaster. Consequently, a major part of the responsibility of these agencies is the preparation for responding to disasters, which includes the development of contingency plans. Many contingency plans however, outline a standard series of actions to be taken regardless of the magnitude of the event. Examination of the earthquake response plan for Jamaica shows that it is not based on any scientific consideration of the earthquake hazard. For example, the plan does not consider variables such as the location of epicentre or the magnitude of the earthquake. The earthquake of January 13,1993 indicated that in addition to the long accepted off-shore source zone for Jamaican earthquakes, an on-shore source for large earthquakes is a possibility. Although large earthquakes generated on-shore can be expected to cause a much higher level of death, injuries, dislocation and damage, the plan has not been updated to take this into consideration. This paper reviews historical information, recent instrumental data, and geology, and proposes an approach to earthquake contingency planning based on analysis of these factors. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Chen, A. A; Roy, A; McTavish, J; Taylor, M; Marx, L. Ti: Using SST anomalies to predict flood and drought conditions for the Caribbean. Pub:Calverton; Centre for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies; 1997. 39. Ab: Rainfall patterns in the Caribbean are investigated with particular emphasis on periods of flood and drought. An empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of the rainfall in May-June-July (MJJ), one of the two rainy seasons, reveals a significant component having periodicity similar to that of El Nino. Statistical and graphical analyses confirm that the heaviest MJJ rainfall occurs in the year following an El Nino event. Numerical experiments, using the Centre for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies (COLA) general circulation model and observed sea surface temperature (SST) boundary conditions, confirm a connection between the Pacific and Caribbean SST anomalies and the MJJ precipitation. Statistical and EOF analyses also suggest a link between Climate Prediction Center NINO3 and NINO4 SST and the Caribbean SST anomaly. Results of an investigation of the Caribbean wind stress patterns could be a manifestation of an El Nino type signal, but other explanations are possible. The various results indicate that SST measurements might be employed as a predictor for Caribbean flood and drought conditions. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1865 Au: Jamaica. Office of Disaster Preparedness. Mitigation Planning and Research Department. Ti: Catalogue of major incidents and disasters for 1559 - 1996. Pub: Kingston; Office of Disaster Preparedness; 1997. 50. Lo: Jamaica, Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management.
Au: Jamaica. Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management.; Mitigation Planning & Research Division. Ti: Damage assessment report flooding: parish of St. Ann for the period November - December 1995 . Pub: Kingston; Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management; 1997. 11. Lo: Jamaica, Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management.
Au: Jamaica. Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management., Mitigation Planning & Research Division. Ti: Damage assessment report flooding: parish of St. James for the period November - December 1995. So: Kingston; Jamaica, Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management., 1997. 17. Lo: Jamaica, Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management.
Au: Jamaica. Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management.; Mitigation Planning & Research Division. Ti: Damage assessment report, flooding: parish of Trelawny for the November -December 1995. So: Kingston; Jamaica, Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management., 1997. 8. Lo: Jamaica, Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management.
Au: Jamaica. Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management., Mitigation Planning & Research Division. Ti: Damage assessment report: parish of Clarendon for the period May - October 1995. So: Kingston; Jamaica, Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management.; 1997. 32. Lo: Jamaica, Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management.
Au: Jamaica. Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management.; Mitigation Planning & Research Division. Ti: Vulnerability assessment and recommendations: Nightingale Grove St. Catherine. Pub: Kingston; Jamaica, Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management.; 1997. 37. Lo: Jamaica, Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management.
Au: McElroy, Jerome L; de Albuquerque, Klaus. Ti: Community and the NGO initiatives in coastal conservation: lessons from Antigua and Barbuda. So: Caribbean Geography; 8(1):18-31, Mar. 1997. Ab: Like other small Caribbean micro-states, Antigua-Barbuda has heavily promoted tourism to modernise its former colonial sugar economy. Three decades of free market growth, however, suggest the island's tourism path is non-sustainable. Unbridled development of large-scale infrastructure and foreign financed hotel-marina resorts along delicate coastlines has caused lost of wetlands, endemic species, and pre-Columbian settlement sites, and spawned illegal sand mining, beach erosion and near shore pollution. these coastal stresses have continued despite protective legislation, either ignored or unenforced, and the conservation effort of local citizens and non-government organizations. Four case studies of instances of irreversible environmental damage are reviewed. Results indicate a sharp public policy reversal is warranted to sustain coastal assets for future commercial (tourists) and recreational (resident) value. This shift toward a more sustainable path is needed for three reasons: (1) the current context of heavy external debt and limited resources available for restoring past damage, (2) the governments pervasive control of coastal resource use and its minimal success in diversification, and (3) the gradual maturation of Antigua towards becoming a high-density mass tourism destination where crowding, asset loss, and declining visitor satisfaction are more the rule than the exception. The direction for change involves comprehensive planning, environmental education, training, and monitoring in participatory decision-making. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1872 Au: de Graff, Jerome V. Ti: Evaluating the sustainable development of the Kingston watersheds in Jamaica, 1980-93. So: Caribbean Geography; 8(1):46-56, Mar.1997. Ab: An evaluation study is carried out of development activity undertaken in the watershed around Kingston in the period 1983-93. These watersheds are not only important for agriculture but for Kingston’s water supply. An attempt is made to include the effects of erosion control measures on the water supply in this evaluation. The actual implementation of two projects is compared with three hypothetical alternatives. Step-by-step the major effects of the alternative activities are analyzed: the cost, the effects on foreign exchange earnings, the effects on land use and soil erosion and the resulting effect on river discharge, reservoir storage and water supply to Kingston. Unfortunately not enough hard data were available to apply a quantitative evaluation method. Using a qualitative method called 'Regime Analysis' it was found that for farmers, agriculture and planning agencies, the activities actually executed, scored better than the three alternatives. However, for consumers and water supply organizations, the option with strong emphasis on erosion control scored higher. It is concluded that in watersheds with important functions for both the rural and urban population more attention should be paid to the monitoring of the various effects of the project activities and regular government programmes alike. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1873 Au: Robertson, Richard E. A; Lynch, Lloyd L; Latchman, Joan L. Ti: Volcano surveillance and hazard mitigation in the Eastern Caribbean. So: Caribbean Geography; 8(1):1-16, Mar.1997. Ab: This paper begins with the general introduction to the volcanic geology of the Eastern Caribbean and then outline the main elements involved in volcanic hazard assessment. It traces the historical development and current surveillance of the Eastern Caribbean volcanoes, examines the nature of the volcanic hazards and volcanic crisis in the region and focuses briefly on eruptions in the twentieth century. Finally, the question of eruption forecasting and eruptive probability is discussed. The authors contend that volcano monitoring should form a part of an overall strategy designed to better cope with the hazards of volcanic activity in the region. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1874 Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: Caribbean and Latin American countries discuss chemical accidents. So: Disasters; (69):5, Apr. 1997. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Ti: Internet and disaster and epidemic management: all passengers aboard! So: Disasters; (69):1+, Apr. 1997. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1876 Ti: PAHO/IDNDR disaster documentation center expanding. So: Disasters; (69):2, Apr. 1997. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1877 Au: Carby, Barbara E. Ti: West Indies: university host disaster course. So: Disasters; (69):4, Apr. 1997. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Jamaica, Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management, Mitigation Planning & Research Division. Ti: Damage assessment report: parish of Portland for the period September 1995 - February 1996. So: Kingston; Jamaica, Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management.; Apr. 1997. 50. Lo: Jamaica, Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management.
Au: Jamaica, Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management., Mitigation Planning & Research Division. Ti: Damage assessment report: parish of St. Thomas for the period September - October 1997. So: Kingston; Jamaica, Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management.; Apr. 1997. 13. Lo: Jamaica, Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management.
Ti: Discover what's new from CRID. So: Disasters; (70):4, Jul. 1997. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1881 Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: Dominican Republic: news from the national mitigation committee. So: Disasters; (70):2, Jul. 1997. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Valdes, Helena Molin. Ti: IDNDR announces theme of next world day. So: Disasters; (70):5, Jul. 1997. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: New disaster office in the Dominican Republic. So: Disasters; (70):4, Jul. 1997. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Acosta, Edgardo . Ti: Recent disasters in the region: Montserrat, Mexico, Venezuela. So: Disasters; (70):3, Jul.1997. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Spiller, David A; Losos, Jonathan B; Schoener, Thomas W. Ti: Impact of a catastrophic hurricane on island populations. So: Science; 281(5377):695-7, 31 Jul. 1998. Ab: Lizard and spider populations were censured immediately before and after Hurricane Lili on islands differentially affected by the storm surge. The results support three general propositions. First, the larger organisms, lizards, are more resistant to the immediate impact of moderate disturbance, whereas the more prolific spiders recover faster. Second, extinction risk is related to population size when disturbance is moderate but not when it is catastrophic. Third, after catastrophic disturbance, the recovery rate among different types of organisms is related to dispersal ability. The absence of the poorer dispersers, lizards, from many suitable islands is probably the result of long-lasting effects of catastrophes. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1886 Au: Young, Simon R. Ti: Monitoring on Montserrat: the course of an eruption. So: Astronomy & Geophysics; 39(2):2.18-2.21, Apr. 1998. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Madramootoo, C. A; Dodds, G. G; Norville Peter. Ti: Sustainable hillside farming systems for the Eastern Caribbean. So: West Indian Journal of Engineering; 21(1):1-9, Jul. 1998. Ab: Soil erosion on tropical hillside lands is an increasing problem. Traditional subsistence farming practices of shifting cultivation, especially without soil and water conservation measures are unsustainable. Agronomic and physical measures to reduce soil erosion and render hillside agriculture sustainable are outlined. A case study in Saint Lucia showed that terraced, strip-cropped and contour-drained hillside plots had low rates of soil loss, with the terraced plot showing the least soil loss. However, the terraced plot showed the lowest overall crop yield due to soil disturbance during construction and the smaller land areas available for planting. An economic analysis of construction and maintenance costs indicates that expensive bench terraces are beyond the means of most small farmers, and that government support or incentives are needed for implementation of these techniques. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1888 Au: International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction. Ti: The large hydrometeorological disasters. So: Stop Disasters; 34(2):5-11, 1998. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Gaudru, Henry. Ti: West Indies dangerous volcanoes: the Soufriere Hills in Montserrat. So: Stop Disasters; 34(2):17-8, 1998. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Feralta Martín, Alba María. Ti: Ciclo hidrológico y el medio ambiente. Pub: Ciudad de La Habana; s.n; 1998. 15. Co: Congreso Interamericano del Medio Ambiente, 5; Ciudad de La Habana, 17-20 Nov. 1998. Lo: Cuba, Latin Amercian Centre for Disaster Medicine. ID: 1891 Au: Jamaica. Jamaica Bureau of Standards. Ti: Jamaican standard specification for standard hollow concrete blocks. So: Kingston; Jamaica Bureau of Standards; 1998. 17. Lo: Jamaica, National Library of Jamaica.
Au: Trombley, Robert B. Ti: An improved statistical, long-range, volcano eruption forecasting programme, "eruption". So: In: Donovan, Stephen K. ed; Mitchell, Simon F. ed. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Caribbean Geological Conference (Abstracts). Proceedings of the Fifteenth Caribbean Geological Conference. Kingston, University of the West Indies (Mona). Department of Geography and Geology, 1998. 95. Co: 15th Caribbean Geological Conference; Kingston, 29, Jun. – 2, Jul. 1998. Ab: Forecasting the time, place, and character of a volcanic eruption is one of the major goals of volcanology. It is also one of the most challenging goals to achieve. The current goal is forecasting long-range volcanic eruptions, and the precept of this, is to provide the best possible long-range forecasts based on the geologic history of the volcanoes under study, as well as the day-to-day vital signs of the volcanoes in terms of surface deformation, micro-earthquakes, and gas emissions. "Eruption" performs analysis on current available volcano eruption data from both historical and current available eruption and measurement data. It produces three forecasts, a statistically projected next eruption year, the next forecasted beginning eruption year with a greater than 50 percent probability of eruption occurrence and finally, the next forecasted beginning eruption year with a greater than 95 percent probability of eruption occurrence. This software engineering package has been under development since 1989. Since the incorporation of new and improved algorithms in late 1996, the overall results of the ability to forecast by "Eruption" has yielded a significantly higher and more reliable accuracy rate. Thus, this paper re-examines the entire forecasting endeavour. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Sen, Gautam; Maurrasse, Florentin; Gold, Mitchell. Ti: Double whammy? evidence from volcanogenic and meteorite breccia layers in Haiti. So: In: Donovan, Stephen K. ed; Mitchell, Simon F. ed. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Caribbean Geological Conference. Kingston, University of the West Indies (Mona). Department of Geography and Geology 1998. 94. Co: 15th Caribbean Geological Conference; Kingston, 29, Jun. – 2, Jul. 1998. Ab: As we reported earlier (Maurrasse & Sen, 1991), Science, 252:1690-1693), a tektite layer (-55 cm thick, henceforth referred to as Layer T) containing shocked quartz grains marks the K/T boundary in Beloc area of Haiti. Here we report a newly discovered, 90 cm thick clastic layer (henceforth referred to as Layer V) from Platoon Piton, near Beloc. Spatial correlation indicates that Layer V lies about 7 m below Layer T. The fossiliferous marls, containing foraminifera and nannofossils, that occur above and below Layer V indicate the A. mayaroensis zone. Petrographically, Layer V is composed of angular volcanic rock fragments (andesitic) and isolated euhedral amphibole phenocrysts that are typical of andisitic lavas. In the field, distinct cross-stratification and lenses occur throughout this layer, indicating transportation by fluids. We interpret this layer as being a volcanaogenic breccia that has been reworked, probably in the deep marine environment. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Wiggins Grandison, Margaret D. Ti: Observations on Jamaican seismicity: 1988-1996. So: In: Donovan, Stephen K. ed; Mitchell, Simon F. ed. Proceedings of the 15th Caribbean Geological Conference (Abstracts). Kingston, University of the West Indies (Mona). Department of Geography and Geology ,1998. 95. Co: 15th Caribbean Geological Conference; Kingston, 29, Jun. – 2, Jul. 1998. Ab: In late 1987, the Earthquake Unit at Mona came into being at agency responsible for operating the Jamaica Seismograph Network (JSN). The Central Recording Systems were changed from analogue FM tape to PC based acquisition and processing of data. The last six years, 1990-1996, have proven to be the most consistent years of operation of the JSN. As the JSN passed into yet another era of change and modernization, accomplished in 1997, it became necessary to summarize the data captured during the period of operation of the Soufriere system in Jamaica. An examination of local seismicity was undertaken for the nine years from 1988 to 1996. The studied area lies between latitudes 17.5o and 19.0o N and longitudes 75.5o and 79.0o W. It includes the island of Jamaica and roughly 50 km offshore from the coastline. For this work, earthquakes falling within these limits are referred to as 'local'. The author conducted the following analyses: the completeness of the catalogue, relocation of well recorded events, focal mechanisms, of teleseismically recorded felt events, epicentral distributions and focal depth profiles. These enabled conclusions to be made about the future of Jamaican seismicity and the relationship to local faults. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Robertson, Richard E. A; Jackson, Trevor A; Scott, Peter W. Ti: Petrology of volcanic rocks in Southern St. Vincent, West Indies. So: In: Donovan, Stephen K. ed; Mitchell, Simon F. ed. Proceedings of the 15th Caribbean Geological Conference (Abstracts). Kingston, University of the West Indies (Mona). Department of Geography and Geology , 1998. 91. Co: 15th Caribbean Geological Conference; Kingston, 29, Jun – 2, Jul. 1998. Ab: St. Vincent is composed of a series of north-south-trending stratovolcanic centres (Mt. St. Andrew, Grand Bonhomme, Unnamed Peak, Richmond-Mt. Brisbane Centre and Soufriere Volcano), which show a northward migration with age. The centres are composed of a succession of lava flows and pyroclastic deposits. A large portion of the island is mantled by well-bedded, pyroclastic fall deposits, produced by eruptions of the Soufriere volcano during the late Pleistocene. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Knight, J. C; Scott, J. P; Grierson, L. H. Ti: The Devil's Woodyard Mud Vulcano of Trinidad: chemistry and mineralogy. So: In: Donovan, Stephen K. ed; Mitchell, Simon F. ed. Proceedings of the 15th Caribbean Geological Conference (Abstracts). Kingston, University of the West Indies (Mona). Department of Geography and Geology , 1998. 84. Co: 15th Caribbean Geological Conference; Kingston, 29, Jun. – 2, Jul. 1998. Ab: Analytically, little is documented about the ejecta of mud volcanoes of Trinidad. Consequently, the chemistry and mineralogy of the mud effused at the Devil's Woodyard, Trinidad's largest mud volcano prior to the Piparo eruption in early 1997, have been investigated. In addition, X-ray diffractometry (XRD) has been used to characterize the exotics (fragments of rocks, small boulders, pebbles, etc.) ejected along with the mud. In terms of oxides content, analytical chemical methods revealed that the mud contains some 54 percent Si02, 18 percent AI 2 03 and 6 percent Fe2 O3 as the major oxides. Similarly, while the free alumina content was found to be 3.9 percent, the soluble sulphate, soluble phosphate and organic matter content amounted to 0.60, 0.15 and 2.0 percent respectively. Mineralogically, XRD and differential thermal analysis (DTA) showed the grey, fine-particle size, high plasticity mud to be essentially a kaolinitic clay incorporating some quartz, mica, potash feldspar and calcite. Finally, XRD shows that the major exotics ejected may be grouped as quartz species, calcite species, siderite (Fe CO3), conglomeratic mudstones and lignitic organics. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Jackson, Trevor A; Scott, Peter W. Ti: The paleogene volcanic rocks of Cuba and Jamaica: similarities and differences. So: In: Donovan, Stephen K. ed; Mitchell, Simon F. ed. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Caribbean Geological Conference (Abstracts). Kingston, University of the West Indies (Mona). Department of Geography and Geology 1998. 83. Co: 15th Caribbean Geological Conference; Kingston, 29, Jun.- 2, Jul. 1998. Ab: Paleogene volcanic rocks are exposed in eastern Cuba in the Sierra Maestra Mountain Range, and in eastern Jamaica in the Wagwater Belt of the Port Royal Mountain Range. In Cuba, the volcanic rocks are contained within the El Cobre Group and comprise basalts, basaltic andesites, andesites and dacites, some of which have been hydrothermally altered. In Jamaica, the volcanic rocks form part of the Wagwater Group and are distinctly bimodal in composition with basalts and dacites being the dominant rock types. Metasomatism is also evident in these rocks which have altered to spilites and quartz keratophyres. The volcanic rocks of El Cobre show tholeiitic and calcalkaline characteristics typical of an island arc assemblage. In the Wagwater Group only the dacites are calcalkaline, whereas the basalts are described as tholeitic rift-related basalts (RRB). The absence of RRB in the Paleogene island arc of Cuba implies that the evolution of the arc-back-arc system in Cuba was different to that of Jamaica. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Caribbean Disaster and Emergency Response Agency Ti: OECS hospital disaster preparedness project. So: Caribbean Disaster News; 2: 15, Jan – Jun. 1993 Lo: Jamaica, Manchester Parish Library.
Au: Environmental Resources Management (ERM). Ti: Waste disposal strategy for St. Lucia: final strategy report. Pub: Castries; St. Lucia Solid Waste Management Authority (St. Lucia Solid Waste Management.); 1998. Lo: St, Lucia, St. Lucia Solid Waste Management.
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: Caribbean mass casualty management training continues. So: Disasters; (71):5, Jan. 1998. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: Crisis management on the internet: a snapshot of progress in the region. So: Disasters; (71):1, 7, Jan. 1998. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: MCDU focuses on Latin America and the Caribbean. So: Disasters; (71):3, Jan. 1998. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: Up coming meeting of Caribbean disaster coordinators. So: Disasters; (71):5, Jan. 1998. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: Caribbean MCM instructors' training to be held in Barbados. So: Disasters; (72):4, Apr. 1998. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: El Nino: a snapshot of the region. So: Disasters; (72):5, Apr. 1998. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: Health university and disaster management. So: Disasters; (72):1, 7, Apr. 1998. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: Tradewinds '98. So: Disasters; (72):4, Apr. 1998. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: Airport stimulation exercises underway in the Caribbean. So: Disasters; (73):5, Jul. 1998. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: Less paper and more bytes? let the reader decide!. So: Disasters; (73):1, 7, Jul. 1998. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: Red Cross launches Caribbean website. So: Disasters; (73):5, Jul. 1998. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: A closer look at Hurricanes Georges and Mitch. So: Disasters; (74):1, Oct. 1998. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: Hospital safety: a collective responsibility. So: Disasters; (74):1, 7, Oct. 1998. Ab: Preventing disaster-related damages in hospitals and other infrastructure is not only the responsibility of technical health agencies such as PAHO/WHO. The dimensions of the problems are so great that they also require the focused attention and collaboration of international leading agencies. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library. ID: 1913 Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: Hurricane season '98: a double blow from George and Mitch. So: Disasters; (74):5, Oct. 1998. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Pan American Health Organization. Ti: SUMA aerves disaster victims in the Caribbean and in Mexico. So: Disasters; (74):4, Oct. 1998. Pr: PAHO/WHO. Supply Management Project. Ab: SUMA, the humanitarian relief supply system, was mobilized in two emergencies in the Region to assist in classifying and sorting post-disaster aid and increase the efficiency with which supplies are received and distributed to the affected populations. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Rosa Pina, Arbelio de la; Paéz Pardo, Alicia; Delgado Toranzo, María Felix. Ti: Enfrentamiento de los desastres naturales y biológicos por el servicio veternario. Pub: Ciego de Avila; s.n; 1998. 16. Co: Forum Provincial de Ciencia y Técnica, 12; Ciego de Avila, 27 Oct. 1998. Ab: Con el objetivo de conocer las causas de mortalidad que en las condiciones nuestras pueden ser afectados por dos tipos de desastres, el natural y el de origen biológico realizamos este trabajo. Los desastres naturales provocados por inundaciones, huracanes, terremotos, sequías y erupciones volcánicas, ocasionan severas perturbaciones del medio ambiente, que excede la capacidad de respuesta de una zona o región determinada. En cambio los desastres de origen humano abarcan las relaciones políticas, sociales y culturales entre los países establecidos por el propio hombre incluso el sabotaje y la guerra, las ocasionan lamentablemente serios daños. Se demostró mediante el método de la matríz tridimensional, se logra obtener de una forma rápida y eficaz la forma de actuar ante un proceso de cualquier tipo y la solución del mismo en un período corto de tiempo. Lo: Cuba, Latin American Centre for Disaster Medicine.
Au: Rosa Pina, Arbelio de la; Paéz Pardo, Alicia; Delgado Toranzo, María Felix. Ti: Enfrentamiento de los desastres naturales y biológicos por el servicio veternario. Pub: Ciego de Avila; s.n; 1998. 16. Co: Forum Provincial de Ciencia y Técnica, 12; Ciego de Avila, 27 Oct. 1998. Ab: Con el objetivo de conocer las causas de mortalidad que en las condiciones nuestras pueden ser afectados por dos tipos de desastres, el natural y el de origen biológico realizamos este trabajo. Los desastres naturales provocados por inundaciones, huracanes, terremotos, sequías y erupciones volc nicas, ocasionan severas perturbaciones del medio ambiente, que excede la capacidad de respuesta de una zona o región determinada. En cambio los desastres de origen humano abarcan las relaciones pol¡ticas, sociales y culturales entre los pa¡ses establecidos por el propio hombre incluso el sabotaje y la guerra, las ocasionan lamentablemente serios daños. Se demostró mediante el m‚todo de la matríz tridimensional, se logra obtener de una forma r pida y eficaz la forma de actuar ante un proceso de cualquier tipo y la solución del mismo en un período corto de tiempo. Lo: Cuba, Latin American Centre for Disaster Medicine.
Au: Barbados. Caribbean Disaster and Emergency Response Agency. Ti: CDM for the Caribbean Region. So: Caribbean Disaster News; (12):12, Dec 1998. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Barbados. Caribbean Disaster and Emergency Response Agency. Ti: DFID/UK supports EOC training. So: Caribbean Disaster News; (12):3-4, Dec.1998. Lo: Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Barbados. Caribbean Disaster and Emergency Response Agency. Ti: Enhancing disaster preparedness for schools, broadcast services and communities. So: Caribbean Disaster News; (12):4, Dec.1998. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Barbados. Caribbean Disaster and Emergency Response Agency. Ti: FAO building capacity in the agricultural sectors of the Eastern Caribbean. So: Caribbean Disaster News; (12):11, Dec 1998. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Barbados. Caribbean Disaster and Emergency Response Agency. Ti: Montserrat volcanic emergency update. So: Caribbean Disaster News; (12):6-8, Dec.1998. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Barbados. Caribbean Disaster and Emergency Response Agency. Ti: Mud volcanoes in the Caribbean. So: Caribbean Disaster News; (12):5, Dec.1998. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Barbados. Caribbean Disaster and Emergency Response Agency Ti: New relief supply management software. So: Caribbean Disaster News; (12):3, Dec.1998. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Ahmad, Rafi. Ti: Landslide-related fractures and coseismic fractures: observations from Jamaica. So: In: Donovan, Stephen K. ed; Mitchell, Simon F. ed. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Caribbean Geological Conference (Abstracts). Kingston, University of the West Indies (Mona). Department of Geography and Geology , 1998. 72. Co: 15th Caribbean Geological Conference; Kingston, 29, Jun. – 2, Jul..1998. Ab: The M 5-4 (duration magnitude) Jamaica earthquake of 13th January, 1993, triggered landslides within a 300 km2 area of eastern Jamaica. Most of these were shallow slope failures confined to the weathered bedrock and soils. The other type of surface deformation features mapped were fissures and fractures which were apparently unrelated to slope failures. Landslides and fractures have also been reported for the earthquakes of 1692 and 1907. However, it is not always possible to discriminate between the fractures related to landslides and tectonic displacements, especially earthquake fault ruptures. The objective of this paper is to document and describe the field evidence that may be used in the discrimination of tectonic and landslide-related fractures using Jamaica data. Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Barbados. Caribbean Disaster and Emergency Response Agency. Ti: A regional approach to disaster management So: International strategy for disaster reduction; (15): 1999. 28, Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Jamaica. Caribbean Disaster Information Network Ti: The Caribbean Disaster Information Network (CARDIN) So: International strategy for disaster reduction; (15): 1999. 33, Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Costa Rica. Regional Disaster Information Centre for Latin American and the Caribbean Ti: Regional Disaster Information Centre for Latin American and the Caribbean ( CRID) So: International strategy for disaster reduction; (15): 1999. 32, Lo: UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Barbados. Caribbean Disaster and Emergency Response Agency Ti: Disaster awareness for schools : a resource guide for Caribbean teachers So: Barbados; CDERA : 2000. 28. Lo: Barbados, Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency, UWI, Mona, Science Library.
Au: Carby, Barbara Ti: Developing a disaster prevention strategy in Jamaica So: In: Natural disaster management: a presentation to commemorate the International Decade for natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR), Jon Ingleton ed., UK: Tudor Rose Holdings Ltd, 1999 174- 5. Lo: Trinidad and Tobago, National Emergency Management Agency.
Pub:Trinidad and Tobago; Office of the Prime Minister. 1966. 27. Lo: Trinidad and Tobago, National Emergency Management Agency.
Au: Carby, Barbara Ti: Role of science in the evolution of disaster management. So: In: Cetto, A. M. ed. Science for the tenty-first century, a new commitment. Proceedings of the world conference on science. UNESCO, 2000.390-3 Lo: Jamaica, Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management; UWI, Mona, Science Library
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