Final Report March 2000
Re-arrangement of Administrative Districts
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- 13.2.2 Agreement between Regional Self-Governing Authorities
- 13.2.3 Establishment of Independent Organization
- 13.3 Case Study 1: MPO(Metropolitan Planning Organization) in USA
13.2.1. Re-arrangement of Administrative DistrictsIt is a method of handling metropolitan operations through either dissolving several established self-governing bodies, or creating a unified administrative body which holds metropolitan jurisdiction by repositioning conventional self-governing groups. There are three re-arrangement; integration, merging, and separation. Integration, or enrollment, is a method in which a metropolis with the status of a legal entity absorbs its peripheral areas which were not previously within its jurisdiction. Accordingly, the conventional central city retains its status, while the peripheral regions without legal urban status become a part of the central city. This method has been frequently used all over the world to implement harmonious administration with its peripheral areas in the course of city expansion. Merging is the establishment of a new self-governing body from several urban self-governing bodies. That is, several independent central and peripheral cities lose their existing legal statuses and become a new legal entity. In this case, it is general that the administrative organizations, buildings, staffs and facilities belonging to the self-governing body with larger population and more power serves as a foundation of newly formed city government. From the legal viewpoint, a regional self-governing body which becomes an objective of integration is dissolved and absorbed into or integrated with newly unified city government. Merging methods were introduced in 1950s and became a popular method of reorganization for regional governments to optimize the size of small city groups and enhance administrative efficiency. Separation is a way to create a new self-governing body by taking certain administrative areas out of the existing one, usually ending up with larger size than that of the conventional district. City-county separation in the United States, for example, where a certain city expands and then is separated from the county, followed by the creation of new self-governing bodies to perform the function of both city and county at the same time, is a case in point. 13.2.2 Agreement between Regional Self-Governing Authorities This method implies solving the problems of metropolis between more than two governments through the installment of committee with their originality intact. There are three types; agreement/pact, transfer of the administration services, construction of a special committee. Agreement/pact method means mutual agreements between more than two self-governing bodies to provide a unified service and the contents of the agreement focuses not on a certain urban facility but on a specific service. It is usual that a small city incapable of achieving a certain service asks for needed service and makes an agreements. This is called a contract plan.
Unlike the methods explained above, the establishment of an independent metropolitan organization is to wrestle with the metropolitan problems through the creation of a separate legal entity to handle the issued metropolitan tasks. The association system, which is represented by the municipality of metropolitan Toronto and Montreal in Canada, and the special metropolitan districts are good examples. The municipality of metropolitan areas is the method in which more than two self-governing bodies establish a new metropolitan self-governing organization to deal with the metropolitan tasks , while they retain the status of separate legal entities. The Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto is made up of Toronto and twelve self-governing bodies. In 1953 the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto was launched based on the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto Act to gather the financial resources required to meet the increasing administrative demand in such areas as sewage, waste, education, medication, and transport. In the association system, a rule is set and a legal entity is created based on the voluntary agreement between self-governing bodies to jointly solve metropolitan problems. This system can be divided into two types; an association for multiple administrative tasks and an association for a single administrative task. Japan and Korea have the cases. Despite being a kind of the cooperation system, the association of regional self-governing bodies is distinguished from a merger between self-governing bodies or the composition of a co-operational body in that the authority of the association is determined based on the rules of the association, and mainly financed by the share of expenses among the involved. A special metropolitan district represents a method in which more than two self-governing bodies set metropolitan districts surpassing the scope of the existing jurisdiction and establish a legal organization to deal with metropolitan problems by joint efforts. There are two types of metropolitan districts, the metropolitan district for a single task, which is more general, and the one for multiple tasks. The major tasks handled by metropolitan districts are harbor, sewage, mass transportation, park, public housing, tap water, environment, etc. 13.3 Case Study 1: MPO(Metropolitan Planning Organization) in USA In this section, the MPO system of the United States is reviewed as an example of metropolitan transport administration system. 13.3.1 Metropolitan Planning Organization(MPO) of the United States A Metropolitan Planning Organization of the United States is the metropolitan planning authority participated in by more than two regional self-governing bodies to overcome the problems resulting from the independent planning process by a single self-governing body. So-called 3C principles are emphasized in the course of metropolitan planning; cooperation, continuing, and comprehensive. Under the 3C principles, the US government makes it compulsory to establish the MPO and, according to that precondition, supports it with federal subsidy. It is worthwhile to pay attention to the contents of the MPO program. They are not confined to the transport services, but include environment-friendly elements such as the pollution prevention and physical elements like bridge, bicycle path, and the maintenance of sidewalks, all of which are related to the life quality of residents as well. Directory: new new -> Nonprofit grant application new -> Bulletin 4 Monday July 8, 2002 Backgammon new -> [0] B. Hardware [2] new -> [1] B. Hardware [1] new -> Last year four of the best Afrikaans Christian singers joined forces to tour Down Under with the production ‘Manne wat Glo’ new -> The Project Gutenberg ebook of The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended new -> Management and Marketing Download 1.53 Mb. Share with your friends:
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