Final Report March 2000
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Ch 15. ConclusionThis study investigated urban transportation problems and future tasks in the cities of the APEC region with selected typical case studies. Because of the limited amount of data and information for many of the cities in the APEC member economies, however, the analysis and evaluation have necessary limitations. The research covered the major areas in urban transportation, including infrastructure development, growth in car ownership, traffic congestion problems, public transportation, traffic accidents, air pollution, the development of new transport technology, and transport administration systems, beginning with an introductory overview of urban development and transportation in the APEC region. The study also discussed the potential for international cooperation on urban transportation issues. Summary Economic growth and urbanization have created a host of urban transportation problems in the cities of the APEC region, yet the severity of the problems varies considerably from city to city. Moreover, there is a big gap between the developed and developing countries, not only in terms of their awareness of the problems but also in the effectiveness of their policies for dealing with them. Though the development of transport infrastructure is a major concern in many developing countries, many large-scale projects have not progressed smoothly, mainly due to financing problems. As solutions to the problems have been sought, the existing public transport systems have deteriorated further, resulting in distortions in urban transportation systems such as excessive growth of car ownership, and growth in the number of low-quality paratransit modes such as motorcycles, which have resulted in high rates of traffic accidents and air pollution. Since the early 1990s, we have witnessed a fundamental paradigm shift in urban transportation planning from the conventional demand-led approach to an integrated package approach. Under the new paradigm, transportation policies are based more on the “predict and prevent” approach than on the “predict and provide” approach of the past. It is widely agreed that urban transport problems cannot be solved through traditional methods that fail to link land-use and transport policy and that result in expanded transport space and growth in car ownership. Establishing a transit-oriented city with a reliable and efficient public transport system can be the key to solving urban transport problems. To enhance traffic safety, each country must set its goals and strategies to reduce traffic accidents and fatalities. Such goals and strategies should strive to, for instance, enhance education and public awareness regarding traffic safety, supplement related laws, expand safety facilities, or improve traffic controls. Travel demand management (TDM), the art of influencing traveler’s behavior for the purpose of reducing and redistributing travel demand in space and time, and traffic operation control are relatively new approaches to mitigating traffic congestion for more efficient highway use. Such approaches may be more relevant for the cities in developing countries, since they cost far less than infrastructure development. Air pollution is the most common form of environmental damage caused by transportation. Because air pollution problems are not just local, but part of a larger global problem, all countries, both developing and developed, should exert greater effort to reduce air pollution. The level of transportation technology development varies greatly between countries. Though most developing countries cannot afford to develop advanced technologies, it is they that need new transport technology the most. Conclusion Since the backgrounds and severity of the urban transportation problems in the APEC region are varied and diverse, there is no package of general policy prescriptions that can be applied to all cities. In developed countries such as Canada or the United States, the current aim of existing transportation policy appears to be to reduce excessive dependence on autos and to enhance the role of public transit. Such policies will contribute greatly to improving air quality, but their successful implementation presupposes a powerful public transport system that offers an acceptable level of service to not only those who lack access to private transport, but also to those who have the option of driving their own cars. There is also a need for TDM measures. Reasonable, comprehensive and consistent TDM measures can be an effective means of achieving a sustainable transportation system. In developing countries, the most critical problem in urban transportation is that the public transport system cannot meet travel demand. This results in a distorted urban transport system characterized by the excessive use of low-quality paratransit modes as well as a high rate of automobile ownership. Such cities can take two routes for future urban transportation. One option would be to establish a reliable public transport system, particularly urban railways. The other route would be to allow current problems to get worse by not making the proper level of investment in transport facilities. The latter will lead to poorer public transport systems and greater dependence on the low-quality paratransit modes by the majority of travelers, and on automobiles by a small minority of high-income travelers. In such a situation, congestion levels, accident rates and air quality would deteriorate even more. The ultimate goal of both developed and developing countries is to produce a more humane transport environment by reducing traffic congestion as well as accident and air pollution levels. It is clear that rail systems not only benefit urban development enormously, but contribute significantly in reducing congestion and other environmental hazards. However, it is very expensive for cities to install new subway or elevated railway systems. Thus, fixed right-of-way (ROW) should be preserved in urban areas, even if the railway cannot be financed at the present time. The ROW may in the end be used for heavy rail, LRT, or even advanced bus systems, thus greatly reducing the cost of providing infrastructure later on. Preserving ROW for urban railways is the best way for cities to solve transportation problems in the future. It is critical that each member economy and their cities share their experiences, explore themselves, learn lessons from others, and seek desirable solutions based on reliable information from an urban transportation database. Through increased interaction, member economies will be able to find better solutions and avoid wasting time with trial-and error methods. Several recommendations follow: First, as a practical and useful activity, it would be desirable to promote the establishment and dissemination of the urban transportation database through the consent and cooperation of all member economies. In order to identify what the problems are, what policies and measures are possible, and what should be done, a database should be made available to all member economies. The data for urban transportation on the cities of the APEC region should then be collected from each of the member economies, processed in an advanced electronic format, then disseminated through the Internet. One of the member economies should coordinate the cooperation process. Second, the Urban Transport Forum (UTF), which was initially proposed by the then-Korean Minister of Construction and Transportation at the APEC Transportation Ministerial Meeting at Washington D.C., in 1995, should be resumed in such a way as to reflect the interests of member economies. Continuous sharing of different experiences and information from many different member economies and cities at the UTF will be a useful way of enhancing each member economy’s capacity to develop and implement sound policies. At this stage, activities that are feasible and practical should be carried out first, under the existing framework of the APEC. Each of us should explore our own systems with open-mindedness, and work to gain insight from others. We need to learn more, to not only educate ourselves, but also to be better able to advise policy makers and users of transport. 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Hardware [2] new -> [1] B. Hardware [1] new -> Last year four of the best Afrikaans Christian singers joined forces to tour Down Under with the production ‘Manne wat Glo’ new -> The Project Gutenberg ebook of The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended new -> Management and Marketing Download 1.53 Mb. Share with your friends:
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