Final Report March 2000



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United Nations, Evaluation Report on the Transport and Communications Decade for Asia and the Pacific, New York, 1997

United Nations, Guide Book on Energy Environment Planning in Developing Countries, Synthesis Report on Energy-Environment Studies in Asia Part-I, 1995

United Nations, Report on Identification of Major Problems on Urban Transport in the ESCAP Region, 1990, 1995

United Nations, Review of Developments in Transport, Communications and Tourism in the ESCAP Region, 1995

VDOT, TRAFFIX, HOV lanes, 1999

Walsh, Michael P., “Worldwide Developments in Motor Vehicle Pollution Control-1987 Overview”, SAE Papers 871072, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1987

Warpani, Suwardjoko and Abubakar, Iskandar, Urban Transport Management in Indonesia, The first APEC Urban Transport Forum, Seoul, Korea, 1996

Watkins, L.H., “Air Pollution from Road Vehicles”, TRRL, 1991

Watson, A., R. Bates and D. Kennedy Ed., Air Pollution, the Automobile and Public Health,

National Academy Press, Washington D.C., 1988

Watson, A.W., Air Pollution, the Automobile and Public Health, National Academic Press, 1988

Wendell Cox Consultancy and Statistics Canada, Canada Journey to Work Transport Mode, 1996

Wendell Cox Consultancy, Urban Transport Trends: Australia, April 1996

Wendell Cox, Jean Love, Nick Newton, “Competition in Public Transport: International State of the Art”, Paper Presented to the 5th International Conference on Competition and Ownership in Passenger Transport, May. 1997

World Bank, Korea Transport Sector: Resource Mobilization Challenges and Opportunities, 1995

Xu Jinxiang, Intelligent Transport System of Urban Mass Transit, the 4th International Transport Symposium, Korean Society of Transportation and Shanghai Railway, September 1998



Zarembka, P.(Ed)., Frontiers in Econometrics, Academic Press, New York, 1974


1 UNESCAP, Development of Urban Transport: The Case for Balanced Transport Development in Asian Cities, 1995

2 The following comments were made in ECMT report(1995). In all the non-European cities, that is, Japan, Australia, Canada and USA, the cities have been growing and population and employment are forecast to increase further. European cities show a mixed pattern. Most of the Scandinavian cities and cities in Poland, Turkey and Ireland are still experiencing population growth whereas in most of other European countries, population is reasonably stable. For more details, see ECMT(1995), p.173.

3 Bruce Duncan, “A New Vision for Urban Transportation: A Canadian Overview,” A report prepared for The 1st APEC Urban Transport Forum, Nov 20-22, 1996

4 Hideaki Mukaiyama et al., Urban Transport Problems in Japan, prepared for The 1st APEC Urban Transport Forum, Nov 20-22, 1996, Seoul

5 Suwardjoko Warpani, Urban Transport Management in Indonesia, A report prepared for the 1st UTF, Nov 1996

6 Omar Haji Sirat, Brunei’s Urban Transportation, A report prepared for the 1st UTF Nov 1996

7 Manuel P. Clasara, Urban Transport Situation in Metropolitan Manila, A report prepared for the 1st UTF, Nov 1996

8 Dong Li, China’s Urban Transportation, A report prepared for the 1st UTF, Nov 1996

9 World Bank, Korea Transport Sector: Resource Mobilization Challenges and Opportunities, 1995

10 Soon-Man Hong, Urban Transportation Issues and Improvement Efforts in Korea, A report prepared for the 1st UTF, Nov 1996


11 Bruce Duncan, op. cit.

12 Kevin Heanue, Urban Transportation in the United States, A report prepared for the 1st UTF, Nov 1996

13 Kevin Heanue, ibid.


14 Omar Haji Sirat, Op. Cit

15 Li , Dong (1996), Op. Cit.

16 J. Kenworthy, Automobile Dependence in Bangkok: An International Comparison with Implications for Planning Policies, World Transport Policy and Practice, Vol. 1, No 3, pp.31-41, 1995


17 Peter Midgley, Urban Transport in Asia: An Operational Agendas for the 1990s, World Bank, 1994, p.14

18 Peter Midgley (1994) p.15

19 Pacific Consultants International, Suuri-Keikaku Co., The Study on Urban Environmental Improvement Program in Bangkok

Metropolitan Area, Vol.2:Master Plan, 1996, p.3-16


20 For more details of 3 projects, refer to Sarin Skulratana, Urban Transport Development in Thailand, A Report prepared for the 1st APEC Urban Transport Forum, 1996.

21 Manuel P. Clasara, “Urban Transport Situation in Metropolitan Manila,” A Report for the 1st APEC Urban Transport Forum, 1996

22 Alan Armstrong-Wright, Public Transport in Third World Cities, London, 1993, p.2

23 Japan International Cooperation Agency, Seminar on Medium to Long-term Improvement/Management Plan of Road and Road Transport in Bangkok, January 1990

24 Japan International Cooperation Agency, Seminar on Medium to Long-term Improvement/Management Plan of Road and Road Transport in Bangkok, January 1990

25UNESCAP, Road Safety in Asia and the Pacific, 1996


26 UNESCAP, UNDP, Gov’t of France, Guide Book on Energy Environment Planning in Developing Countries, 1995, p.10


27 M. Walsh, Urban Transport and the Environment in the Asia-Pacific Region, 1991 Quoted from P. Midgley (1994) p.18


28 UNESCAP, Development of Urban Transport: The Case for Balanced Transport Development in Asian Cities, 1995, p.9

29 The World Bank, World Development Indicators, 1998, 1999

30 Refer to UNESCAP(1997), Road Transport and the Environment: Areas of Concern for the Asian and Pacific Region, pp.165-168

31 Transport Branch of Hong Kong Government (1996), A Build, Operate and Transfer Franchise For a New, Strategic Road Link, A Report Prepared for the APEC Roundtable on “Best Practices” in Infrastructure Development, APEC Economic Committee, Seattle, USA, July 1996

2) This section is excerpted from Dr. Lin, Chien-Yuan. “Harmonizing Urban Land Use, Environment and Transportation System : A Review of Chinese Taipei Experience”, A Report for the 2nd APEC Urban Transport Forum, Taipei, Chinese Taipei, Sep 1997


32 Some of this section was quoted from APTA(American Public Transit Association) internet web site http://www.apta.com/


33 This section was quoted partly from Transport Planning Newsletter in the website of Auckland City, http://www.akcity.govt.nz/


34 For more details, refer to an internet website http://www.publicpurpose.com/dmseapor.htm


35 R. Bradshow and P. Jones, TDM Trends in Europe, IATSS Research Vol. 22, No.1, 1998




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