First conditional If+Present Simple, Present Continuos
parts of the West was by pony express. The mail bags
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| parts of the West was by pony express. The mail bags
were put on a horse. Then the horse and its rider rushed many miles to where another horse and rider were waiting. Step by step, the mail was carried from one part of the country to another. Would this be a good way to send mail today? Why or why not? Study the following newspaper article. THE TELEGRAPH Benjamin Franklin, an American who is famous for his interesting and useful inventions, published his ideas about electricity in 1752. Scientists in many countries became interested in this wonderful form of energy. They wanted to find the answer to a very important question: Could electricity be used to develop a fast, efficient system of long-distance communication? Experiments proved that electricity could travel instantly over a very long piece of wire. But a note that was written on a piece of paper couldn't be put into a wire! How could electricity be used to send a message? A Danish scientist discovered that electricity could move a needle from left to right, and that the needle could be pointed at letters on a piece of paper. Then a German government worker made up a code system that could be used with an electric needle. In 1837, two English scientists sent a message by electric telegraph  from Camden Town to Euston, a distance of more than 1.6 kilometers.
In the United States, Samuel Morse, a portrait painter, was experimenting" with an electric telegraph, too. At first, he connected a pencii to an electric wire. When the electricity came through the wire, the pencil made wavy lines. Then Morse invented a code that used dots and dashes for the letters of the alphabet. The pencil wrote the dots and dashes on a narrow piece of paper. Finally, he discovered that telegraph messages did not have to be written, they could be sent in sound. At one end of the telegraph wire, the sender pressed a key. At the other end of the wire, another key went down and made a clicking sound. The telegraph operator used a short touch for a dot and a longer one for a dash. When the receiver heard the clicking sounds, he could figure out the message. On May 24, 1844, the first Jong-distance message was sent by telegraph — irom Washington, D.C., to Baltimore, Maryland — 64 kilometers! Telegraph companies were formed in many cities By 1861, telegraph wires stretched across the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific. In Europe, too, Samuel Morse's system became popular. But telegraph wires couldn't be hung over an ocean. Messages to and from Europe had to be sent by ship — a journey of two or three weeks. A new method was needed. The Atlantic Telegraph Company, which was organized in 1856 by Cyrus Field and other businessmen, wanted to try to lay a cable on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean. England and the United States contributed money for this experiment. Many attempts were made by ships from both countries. The 4000-kilometer cable broke three times. Each time, more money had to be raised, and a new cable had to be made. Finally, on July 27, 1866, the first transatlantic message was sent from Newfoundland to Ireland. Later, cables were laid to Central and South America. After 1900, transpacific cables were laid to Asia and Australia. At last, news and business information could be sent instantly to almost every country in the world. {from "Moscow News") 21. What kind of story do the following words suggest to you? Letter, post office, mailbox, stamp, package, envelope, address, mail-carrier, write, special delivery. 22. Study this telegram form. In the U.S. you cannot send telegrams from the post office. You go to a telegraph office, such as Western Union. This is a form you could fill out if you wanted to send a telegram. See if you can understand it. 23. Render in English. ПОЗДРАВИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ОТКРЫТКИ На Рождество или в канун Нового года многие из нас посылают огромное количество поздравительных открыток разного художественного достоинства, на которых порой просто не хватает времени написать хоть мало-мальски оригинальные тексты. Некоторые люди чаще всего ограничиваются поздравительной фразой уже имеющейся на открытке, или же к имени адресата добавляют достаточно трафаретные пожелания (если они не были заранее напечатаны на ней). Многие из нас уже привыкли к тому, что поздравительные открытки приходят к нам один раз в год — на Рождество и Новый год, а зарубежные послания находят своих адресатов и вовсе спустя несколько месяцев. Для учреждений и фирм рождественские или новогодние поздравительные открытки являются хорошим способом саморекламы и сохранения деловых контактов. Однако для поддержания личных связей этого явно недостаточно. У каждого человека есть еще день рождения, кроме того, в году немало и других дат, одинаково знаменательных и приятных для многих из нас. Почему бы не послать своим родным или друзьям поздравление, скажем, на масленицу, на пасху, на именины? Думаю, это было бы для них приятной неожиданностью. На любых карточках необходимо хоть несколько слов написать непременно от руки. Даже на открытках, отправляемых от имени фирм или учреждения, должен стоять автограф их руководителя. 24. Translate into English. Примечательно, что англичане с их щепетильным отношением к частной жизни друг друга вообще считают телефон наименее подобающим каналом общения. Телефонный звонок может неудачно прервать беседу, чаепитие, телевизионную передачу. К тому же требует безотлагательной реакции, не остается возможности продумать и взвесить ответ. Почту же получатель может вскрыть когда ему удобно и ответить на каждое письмо с учетом содержания других. Именно письменно, а не по телефону принято, например, договариваться о деловой встрече. Депутат парламента, директор банка, адвокат, врач и даже портной предпочитают письменную форму обращения, так как она помогает им более гибко планировать свое время. Было бы, однако, неверно считать, что склонность предпочитать письменное обращение устному, то есть почту телефону, умножает в Англии бюрократическую волокиту. Хотелось бы подчеркнуть другое: англичане умело используют почту для того, чтобы избавить человека от хождения по конторам. Если, к примеру, нужно зарегистрировать автомашину, англичанин посылает в соответствующее ведомство письменный запрос, что требуется для этого сделать, прилагая конверт с маркой и собственным адресам. В ответ он получает по почте бланки для заполнения, а также инструкцию, какие документы должны быть к ним приложены (например, товарный чек, водительские права, свидетельство о страховке). Все это заказным письмом снова посылается в бюро регистрации, а через несколько дней документ по почте приходит обратно вместе с выписанным на его основе удостоверением. (В. Овчинников. "Сакура и дуб"). 25. Be ready to talk on the following topics. 1. Explain to an Englishman visiting our country: how to send a letter in Russia; how to get a post restante letter; how to send a telegram; how to send a post restante letter; e) how we send or cash a money-order; f) how we make arrangements with the local post office to have our mail forwarded. Why you don't like (or like) to write letters. What information (news) is usually sent by post. Picture postcards in our country, Why grandmother asked me to insure a parcel for her. The best way to save money. 27. Compose your own dialogues for the following situations. Discuss with a friend what to send and how to send a parcel as a wedding present to your elder sister. Discuss with your friend how to write your first letter tc an English pen-friend. Discuss with your friend what books to choose and how to send them by post to your little niece. Discuss with your mother where and when to pay tele phone rental, electricity and gas bills, etc. Discuss with your friend the hobby of collecting postage stamps, postcards, coins, etc. 28. This letter was written to the editor of a magazine. Write a reply as if you were the editor. Forest Drive Bath, NY 14810 January 23, 1982 Editor Highlights for Children Honesdale, PA 18431 Dear Editor I have two friends, but they do not like each other. What can I do?
Dear Bjarni I have great news! My Uncle Leif just returned from a long trip. He found a new land across the ocean,where tall trees grow. He calls it Vinland. He promised to take me there when I'm older. Write soon. Your friend Olaf Ericson Choose a famous historical character and pretend that you are related to him or her. Write a letter to a friend telling about something your famous relative has just done. 30.The first United States postage stamp was issued on July 1,1847. In 1893 the Post Office issued the first commemorative stamps. Commemorative stamps honor anniversaries of important people and events. They may also celebrate the natural beauty of the nation or pay tribute to inventor, or hero. Design your own commemorative stamp. Select either a person or an event that you think should be honoured. Draw a picture that is appropriate for the stamp- Then write a paragraph explaining why the stamp commemorates that person or event. 31. Sending messages in greeting cards is a popular custom in almost every country in the world. Nowhere, however, are as many greeting cards exchanged as in the United States. Design a greeting card for a classmate, friend, or relative. You may choose to honour an upcoming occasion, write a note of friendship, or help cheer up someone. Write a personal message in your greeting card. TEXT | A NEW LIFE This story is based on the events in Northern Ireland which have a long and dramatic history. Before you start reading it you should have an idea of the background of the events which occur in the story. Read the text "The Background to the Troubles" and find out if there have been any recent developments which have helped to bring peace to Ireland. The Background to the Troubles. The English first invaded Ireland over 800 years ago. But the troubles really started when the English ruler Oliver Cromwell conquered the whole of Ireland. Cromwell was very anti-Catholic and took all political power away from the Irish. Protestant English and Scottish settlers were given land in Ireland, especially in the North. When the Catholic King James II was forced to leave England, he went to Ireland. The new English King William of Orange, followed him there and defeated him at the Battle of the Boyne. Even today the Protestant "Orangemen" in Northern Ireland celebrate this. On Easter Monday 1916, a rising was put down in Dublin by the British Army. Over 500 people lost their lives. The Irish Republican Army (IRA) was born as a result. On January 1972 British soldiers shot 13 people during a civil rights march. Two months later the British suspended the Northern Ireland Parliament. * * *
Suddenly, without warning, the door was kicked in. Out of the darkness of the night soldiers stormed into the quiet house. Upstairs in his bedroom Michael lay terrified in bed, unable to move or call for his parents. Outside on the street he could hear the heavy noise of diesel engines and the shouts of neighbours. He knew what this all meant, and now it had happened to them. The door of his bedroom flew open and a soldier pulled him out of his bed. "Hurry up and get dressed," the soldier said. Michael climbed quickly into his trousers and pulled a pullover over his pyjamas. Soldiers were in every room. They were opening cupboards, pulling things off shelves and putting them into large boxes which they carried out to their vehicles. His mother, he noticed, was alone. She was frightened and not sure that what was happening was real. She saw Michael and held him to her. Together they were led out of the house and into an army vehicle. More neighbours were . now in the street. Their voices" were loud and angry over the sound of the engines. "What's happening?" Michael asked. "I don't know," his mother said. "I just don't know." They were taken to an apartment somewhere in the city, just Michael and his mother. They didn't know where they were, and nobody explained why they were there. Then suddenly a man came in and introduced himself as Mr Nolan. He took Michael's mother into the kitchen, where they talked quietly. Michael once heard his mother's voice, "Oh, no! It's not true," she was saying. He supposed something had happened to his father. But before the man left he came to Michael, smiled warmly at him and said, "Don't worry, Michael. Your father is fine. We had to do it this way to protect him and you." "What's happened?" Michael asked. "I'll explain everything soon," said the man in his warm, friendly voice. Mr Nolan came back to the apartment again and again. Once, when Michael's mother thought he couldn't hear, she said, "You tell him. I can't." So Mr Nolan sat down on the sofa next to Michael, and they talked for a while about his friends, his school, his hobbies. Michael felt that he liked the man, although he was sure he was from the police or the army. The Mr Nolan became serious. "Michael, we're taking yo and your parents out of Ireland. We're taking" you awa from here to a new life — and a new identity." Michael didn't realize what that meant until he looke. at the passport which Mr Nolan was holding out to him Mr Nolan began to talk quickly,so that Michael had n< time to protest. "You're going first to England to mee your father and then, after a few days, to Canada. Yoi will keep your Christian name, but your family name has-changed. It is now Dunlop. We organized the raid thai night so that we could get you and your furniture out quickly." Michael looked into the open passport,which now had his photograph, but a different name. "It's necessary," said Mr Nolan. "We have to take you where nobody will find you. I'm sorry it has happened this way Your father will explain everything to you. He is a brave man, You can be proud of him." After that short meeting Michael sat day after day in a small room with groups-of two or three men. In the end he really believed he was the person they had invented for him. "What's your name?" they asked 'Where are you from? Where were you born? Which school did you go to? Who was your best friend at school?" Until one day, tired and fed up, he said, "My best friend was Sean O'Brien." And one of the men shouted angrily, "Your best friend's name was Paul Johnson. Remember that. Listen, Michael, there are guys out there looking for you. You make one mistake and they'll .find you. Do you know what that means?" Michael nodded. Then the man smiled and took the boy's hand. "You're doing fine. Shall we try again3" Mr Nolan flew to England with them. "Do you think of your friends a lot?" he asked Michael. The boy nodded. "Don't write to them," said Mr Nolan. _"And don't ever try to phone them. Promise me?" Michael had to fight back the tears. Even his friends had been taken from him. His father was waiting in a car at the airport. As soon as Michael climbed in he held him tightly, and the tears ran down Michael's face. Mr Nolan was right. It was difficult. His parents argued a lot with each other. But then the evening before they left for Canada, Michael's father took him for a walk and they sat together in a park. "What happened?" asked Michael, still waiting for the key to the mystery. His father looked down at the ground. "I helped the police. I gave them the names of the top IRA men in Belfast. I couldn't be with you because I had to identify the men." Michael froze. It wasn't possible. His own father! "You grassed!" he screamed. His father held his arm so that he couldn't run away. He talked quickly. "Those people are murderers. They'll kill women and children if it's necessary. Michael, I know them. When you grow up where we live, it's too easy to become part of it all. But it's very difficult to get out. Can you understand that? And I wanted to get out. Michael, those people put a bomb in a church. This isn't about heroes and a love for Ireland, it's about murder." But Michael wasn't listening. He turned away. His father was a grass, an informer, the worst kind of person alive. He could never return to Ireland, never see his friends again. "Michael!" Michael was running across the park now. His father followed him, but soon stopped. Michael ran on until suddenly he found himself in front of a telephone box. He had to speak to somebody. The phone rang in a small house in Belfast. Michael recognized Sean's father's voice. "Hallo, Mr O'Brien." "Michael!" said the voice warmly. "It's good to hear from you. How are you? We were all worried about you. Sean keeps saying he hopes you'll phone or write. I hope you're well." Michael smiled. It wasn't as bad as everybody had said. Sean was still his friend. "I'm fine, thanks, Mr O'Brien." "Listen, Michael, Sean isn't here just now, but I know he'd love to talk to you. Can he phone you back? Where are you?" And Michael almost told him when he remembered what the soldier had shouted at him. "Just one mistake and they'll find you." He stopped and looked at the phone in his hand. He could hear Sean's father on the other end. "Are you still there? Michael!" He put the phone down and ran back to his father. Vocabulary vehicle n — means of transport identity n — individuality raid n — rush, attack grass v (inf) — inform the police Sean O'Brien Exercises 1. Answer the following questions. 1 What happened in Michael's house one night? What did the soldiers do in the house? How did Michael and his mother feel then? Where were they taken after the storm? Who was Mr Nolan and what did he tell Michael about his father? Why didn't Michael's mother want to tell him that they were leaving the country? Did Mr Nolan tell Michael the truth about his father? How did he explain to the boy that he had to have a new life and a new identity? Where was the family going to leave? How was Michael trained to get used to his new identity? What was Michael's reaction when his father told him the truth about himselP How did he explain to his son the reason of his behaviour? What did Michael think about his father? Was he proud of him? Why did Michael want to talk to somebody? Why did he put down the phone and run back to his father? 2. Find in the text English equivalents for: не в состоянии двигаться, дизельный мотор, представиться, паспорт, протестовать, день за днем, надоесть, едва сдерживать слезы, ключ к загадке, похолодеть, доносить, убийство, оказаться 3. Explain the following statements from the text. 1. He knew what this all meant and now it had happened to them.
"Oh, no! It's not true," she was saying "You tell him. I can't" Michael felt that he liked the man, although he was sure he was from the police or the army. "We are taking him away from here to a new life — and a new identity." 6 "You make one mistake and they'll find you." 7. Mr Nolan was right. It was difficult. 8. Michael froze. It wasn't possible. His own father! 9 He had to speak to somebody. 4. In what situation does a person feel terrified, doubt that what's happening is real, feel fed up, have to fight back the tears, shout angrily, pull a pullover over the pyjamas, have to change his identity 5. Finish the following sentences. If the soldiers hadn't stormed into the house ... . Michael's family would have been murdered by ... if... . If Michael's mother had known the truth ... . It was impossible for Michael to believe that ... . If Michael had made only one mistake ,.. . Michael's father stopped following him because ... . If Sean O'Brien had been at home when Michaei phoned him ... . Michael couldn't respect his father any longer though ... . 6. Change the word in brackets to form a present participle or a past participle. There are many well-(mean) people who believe that it is impossible to stop the conflict between the deeply-(divide) religious groups in Northern Ireland. However, there have always been peace-(love) people who have tried to bring together Catholic and Protestants. These much-(need) peace groups were often organized by women. And if you look around, you will see some (encourage) signs in Northern Ireland. One woman with (fascinate) ideas about how the conflict could be stopped is Sister Veronica O'Brien. She was a teacher in the Catholic Falls Road area of Belfast. After she had taught there for 15 years, she started a carefully-(plan) project in north Belfast, the city's most religiously-(mix) area. First she told (interest) teachers about her project. Then she had to "sell" her ideas to pupils. There have already been some (promise) results: She has talked with (mix) groups of Catholic and Protestant pupils about the Troubles. In this way she hopes they will learn to understand each other. 7. Change the following sentences into indirect statements using the words in brackets. Soldier: "Hurry up and get dressed!" (order) Michael: "What's happening"?" (wonder) Mr Nolan: "He is a brave man. You can be proud of him." (reassure) The man: "You make one mistake and they'll find you." (warn) Michael's father: "I helped the police. I gave them the names of the top IRA men in Belfast." (confess) Michael's mother: "Oh, no! It's not true!" (exclaim) 7. * The man: "Your best friend's name was Paul Johnson." (insist)
Mr Nolan: "Michael, we are taking you and your parents out of Ireland." (inform) Mr Nolan: "Don't write to them. And don't even try to phone them." (forbid) 8. Who said these words and in what connection? 1. "I don't know. I just don't know." 2, "I'll explain everything soon." 3 "You will keep your Christian name but your family name has changed." "Which school did you go to?" "Don't write to them!" 6 "And I wanted to get out." 7. "We were all worried about you." 9. Describe the feelings of the characters of the story in different situations using the following adjectives: miserable, upset, indignant, humiliated, misunderstood, bewildered, terrified, frustrated, betrayed 10. What do you think? Who organized the raid and why? Was Michael's father right to become an informer? Why was Michael so upset about his father's behaviour? Will Michael ever get used to the new life? Why? THE WORLD OVERSEAS OF BRITAIN RELATIONS The aims of British foreign policy are to promote the interests of the United Kingdom abroad and to contribute to a strong international community. The UK is one of the 15 member states of the European Union, and a founding member of NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization). It also has a centra! position in the Commonwealth and in the United Security Council. In 1999 the UK played an important role in NATO's military action in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to stop Serbian repression and displacement of the ethnic establishment of a safe environment in which Albanian Kosovar refugees return to their homes. Active membership of the United Nations (UN),the European Union (EU), the Commonwealth, NATO and other major international organizations remains central to the British Government's foreign policy objectives. The UK is a founder member of the UN and one of the five permanent members of the Security Council. It supports the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, including the maintenance of international peace and security, the development of friendly relations among nations, the achievement of international co-operation on economic, social, cultural and humanitarian issues and the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. The UK supports early enlargement of the Security Council to make its membership more representative of the world today. The UK is a member of the EU, which comprises the European Community (EC — covering a variety of policy areas including economic, environmental and social issues) and intergovernmental co-operation on foreign and security policy and on justice and home affairs. The EU has 15 member nations — Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, the Irish Republic, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the UK. There are 54 members of the Commonwealth, including the UK. It is a voluntary association of independent states, nearly all of which were once British territories, and includes almost one in three people in the world. The Queen is the head of the Commonwealth and is head of state in the UK and 15 other member countries. Membership of NATO is central to UK defence policy. NATO's functions are to: provide security and stability in the Euro-Atlantic area, deter and defend against any threat to a NATO member state; contribute to crisis management and conflict pre vention; and promote consultation between member states on issues of common concern. Each of the 19 member states has a permanent representative at NATO headquarters in Brussels. The main decision-taking body is the North Atlantic Council. It meets at least twice a year at the level of permanent representatives. Defence ministers also meet at least twice a year. The UK is part of then Group of Eight (G8) leading industrial countries. The other members are Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia and the United States. The G8 is an informal group with no secretariat. Its Presidency rotates each year among the members, the key meeting being an annual summit of heads of government. The G8 agenda now includes a wide range of foreign affairs and international issues such as terrorism, nuclear safety, the environment, UN reform and development assistance. Heads of state or government agree a communique issued at the end of summits which commits each country to co-ordinate individual action towards common goals. The UK participates in the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), which is a pan-European organization comprising 54 states. Ail states participate on an equal basis,and decisions are taken by consensus. The OSCE is based in Vienna, where the UK has a permanent delegation. The main areas of the work are: early warning and prevention of potential conflicts; observing elections and providing advice on hu man rights, democracy and law; and promoting security through arms control and mil itary confidence-building. The UK is a founding member of the Council of Europe, which is open to any European state accepting parliamentary democracy and the protection of fundamental human rights and the rule of law. There are 41 full member states. One of the Council's main achievements is its adoption of the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950. The UK also belongs to many other international bodies. UNIT 6 LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS
Develop the ideas. In pairs make up dialogues You are feeling bad. You are turning to your local GP for advice. You are lost in a big unknown city. You are turning to a passer-by for advice. Your friend has lost his/her personal belongings at the airport. You are going to give him/her advice. Your friend is going to jump to the river from the bridge. You are advising him not to do it. VERBS AS COMPLIMENTS Some verbs can take another verb as the compliment instead of a noun. Sometimes the verb functioning as the compliment must be in the infinitive or the gerund form. Remember
• The verbs that are always followed by the infinitive if the compliment is a verb: to agree, to attempt, to claim, to decide, to demand, to desire, to fail, to forget, to hesi- tate, to hope, to intend, to learn, to offer, to plan, to prepare, to pretend, to refuse, to seem, to strive, to tend, to try, to want, to wish. I learned to read when I was five. • The verbs that are always followed by the gerund; to admit, to appreciate, to avoid, can't help, to consider, to delay, to deny, to enjoy, to escape, to fancy, to involve, to miss, to postpone, to practice, to recall, to regret, to report, to resent, to resist, to risk, to suggest, to tolerate I enjoyed being with you all summer. • The verbs that can be followed by either the infini tive so the gerund with no change in meaning are: to begin, to continue, to hate, to like, to love, to prefer, to start. He likes to eat ice-cream every day. He Hkes eating ice-cream every day. If a verb + preposition, adjective + preposition, noun + preposition, or preposition alone is followed directly by a verb, the verb will always be in the gerund form. Remember • Verbs + prepositions: to accuse of, to apologize for, to approve of, to be accustomed to, to blame for, to carry on, to complain of/about, to confess to, to congratulate on, to decide against, to dream of, to excuse for, to feel like, to give up, to go on, to insist on, to keep on, to look forward to object to, to participate in, to prevent from, to put off, to refrain from, to stop from, to succeed in, to suspect of, to think of/about. I'm looking forward to visiting your place. • The following adjectives + prepositions are also fol lowed by a gerund: accustomed to, afraid of, capable of, fond of, intent on, interested in, successful in, tired of I'm tired of working on the farm. * The following adjectives are always followed by the infinitive: anxious, boring, dangerous, difficult, hard, ea ger, easy, good, pleased, prepared, ready, strange. It is easy to learn English grammar. Exersises 1. Choose the correct form. He is interested in (to enter/entering) a university. They decided (to leave/leaving) early 3 She refused (to accept/accepting) the present. He is looking forward to (to become/ becoming) the MP. I am eager (to visit/visiting) France. You would be better off (to buy/buying) a cottage. Richard is expecting us (to go/going) to the class tomorrow. Helen was anxious (to tell/telling) her husband about her new dress. 2. Fill in the blanks. The children promised (leave) ... the playground at 7 Did you remember (turn off) ... the iron? He asked me (wait, not)... for him. 4 Don't forget (tell) .. Jane about him. He suggested (visit) ... his place after the game. I avoided (tell) ... him the truth She claims (be) ... the sister of Leo DiCaprio. Mum forbids me (play).. in Mike's yard. Translate into English. Она решила купить сыну игрушку. Он начал заниматься после обеда. Она ненавидит ходить на работу. Он бросил курить после посещения врача. Генри подумывает провести август на Канарских островах. Мария увлекается танцами. Нет причин уходить отсюда рано. Опасно вести машину по такой дороге. ТО BRING ♦ to bring about — to cause Science has brought about many changes in our Hues. ♦ to bring around — to persuade into a change of opinion We must bring him around to our point of view. ♦ to bring back — to cause to return You must bring the library books back next week. ♦ to bring forward — to introduce, suggest The director brought forward a new plan for the company ♦ to bring off — to succeed in doing something very difficult Together they brought off a daring diamond robbery. ♦ to bring on — to make something bad or unpleas ant happen. Going out in the rain brought a bad cold on you. ♦ to bring through — to save The doctor brought mother through a serious illness. TELEPHONE \. A Study these directions ♦ to bring up — to educate; raise (a child) / was brought up to respect the law. Exersises 1. Fill in the blanks. 2. The sudden cold weather his fever again. 3. On your way home from your aunt's will you some coffee?
4. A plan was forward to allow workers to share in the profits.
He Jeft her to three young children on his own. Jim's plan seemed hopeless, but he ... it... . Many changes will have to be in British industry. The people's courage ... them ... all the hardships, I'll try to ... Lucy ... to sally's point of view. I. Match the parts of the sentences. Whatever has brought this ... who brought the British on?.... through the war. I don't want your ... but Anne was able to advice, bring it off successfully. It was a very difficult job will you be able to bring me back? Give me a day or two ... I'm bringing them up the and... hard way so that they won't be helpless in later years.
crime.
It was Churchill, above all ... Charles Fox brought about the fall of the government. If I go with you in your ... I'll see it I can bring car, ... her around. 
B. Read In phone booths in the U.S. there are usually directions like these for using the telephone. All phone numbers have seven digits, though letters and numbers are sometimes used in combination. There may be phone books — or directories — under the telephones. There are two main kinds of long distance calls: dial-direct and operator-assisted. You can direct dial calls in most parts of the U.S. Look in the white pages directory for long distance rates or for more information on making long distance calls. Or you can call the operator for help. If you need a phone number that's not in your phone book, call Directory Assistance. To make a long distance call, you'll need to know the three-digit area code. Dial 1 plus the area code plus the number, and an operator or a computer voice will tell you how much money to deposit. On operator-assisted calls, the operator will ask you to deposit more money before your time is up. On dial-direct calls, you'll be cut off at the end of the time you paid to unless you put more money in the slot. C. Answer the questions 1 How much does a local call cost? Is that two dimes and a nickel? 2. Will this phone take Canadian coins? 3 You deposit a quarter and then decide not to make a call. Can you gel your money back? How? What number do you dial in an emergency? To get infor mation? Can you dial a long distance call from this phone? If you want to make a station-to-station call to area code 206, what do you do? Do you have to pay to talk to the operator? To call the police or a doctor? 2. Lean the following text TELEPHONE The most convenient means of communication is tele phone. If you want to ring somebody up you must pick up a receiver, dial the number and wait for an answer. If the line is engaged, you'll hear frequent buzzing. If it ^ free, you will hear long buzzing. If you use a public phone, you must have a coin t( drop it into the slot before picking up a receiver. If tht line is engaged, you must make another call in 3 or 4 minutes. If you want to communicate with another town you must make a long-distance call. 3. Ask a friend what is the proper thing to do when you are calling on business; you get a wrong-number call; you dial the wrong number; you are calling through extension; you srarted the telephone conversation and want to finish it. 4. Study the following: GETTING ALONG IN THE USA: USING THE TELEPHONE a) The phone has just rung in the Jacksons' house and Kenny has gone to answer it. Put the dialogue in the right order. I'm still here at school. I've decided to stay and work on my history project with Carol. Wait a minute... Hey, Mom. It's Debbie. Hello? Thanks, Mom. See you later. Have you had anything to eat yet? Sure. No, but I'll go to the Pizza Place later. Can you pick me up there at 8 o'clock? OK, dear. Bye. Debbie, dear. Where are you? Hi, Kenny. Can I talk to Mom, please? b) Debbie is at home and the phone has just rung. Debbie: Hello? Debbie Jackson speaking. Rita: Good morning. Can I speak to Mr Jackson, please? This is Rita Alviar from Blackwells'. Debbie: I'm sorry. He's not home. Can I take a message? Rita: Yes, please. Tell him his new tractor has arrived. If he wants to call me, I'll be in my office till 5.30. Debbie: OK. What was your name, please? Rita: Rita Alviar. Debbie: Can you spell that, please? Rita: Sure. A-1-v-i-a-r. Debbie: Thanks. Bye. Rita: Bye. Collect as many "telephone" words and expressions as you can. Work with a partner and practise phone calls. You can reserve a hotel room, rent a car or book a flight, for example Did you know ... ? * The USA is divided into a number of different area codes New York City, for example, is area code 212. Kansas is area code 913. * If you want to make a long distance phone call, you wiV need a lot of coins. So it is better to go to a bank first * A lot of companies and hotels have "toll-free-numbers" That means you needn't pay when you call them, These numbers begin with 1-800. 5. Learn the following text. Phone books have white, blue and yellow pages. The white pages list people with phones by last time. The blue pages contain numbers of city services as public schools. Business and professional services are listed in a special classified directory — the Yellow Pages The area covered by one area code may be small or large. For example. New York City has one area code, but so does the whole state of Oregon. There is an area code map of the U.S. and Canada in the front of white pages. Pay phones have numbers in the U.S. This means you can arrange to call a friend at a phone booth. Or if you are making a long distance call and run out of money, give the number on your phone to the person you're talking to. Then hang up the receiver and they can call you back. If you make a long distance call and get a wrong . number, call the operator and explain what happened. This means that you can make the call again to the right number without having to pay more money, or you can have the phone company mail you a credit coupon that has the same value as a phone call. Some companies advertise a service called WATS. You can dial a special number without a long distance charge. These are called "toll-free numbers" and the area code for all of them is 800. WATS means Wide Area Telephone Service The U.S. Postal Service has competitors. Courier services or transmit messages; parcels and freight are delivered by a number of companies. Check the Yellow Pages for details. 6. Remember the following. TELEPHONE ETIQUETTE The techniques of telephoning is very much the same in all countries. Only remember your good telephone manners: 1 When talking on the telephone — speak clearly. Do not shout and take your cigarette out of your mouth 2. Make sure that your conversation with a busy person is as brief as possible. 3. When calling a friend who does not recognize your voice - • don't play: "Guess who?" Announce yourself promptly. When you get a wrong number don't ask: "What number is this?" It is a good manner to ask: "Is this two-three-four- fiye-six?" If not apologize. If a wrong number call comes through, don't lose your temper. Simply say: "Sorry, wrong number", and hangup. Don't bang the receiver. Always identify yourself when making a call, especially if you are calling on business, e.g. "This is Mr. Volkov of the Russian Trade Mission. Could I speak to Mr. Jones...?" If you have a visitor do not carry a long chat where your visitor tries hard to avoid listening to your conversation. The best thing to do is to say you are busy at the moment and ... "May I call you back in a little while?" But don't forget to do so. When inviting friends to a party do not ask: "What are you doing Saturday night?" or "Will you be busy on Saturday night?" The correct way is to say: "We'd like to have you over for dinner on Saturday." Finally, remember: if you make the call, you should termi nate it yourself. Do not "Drag it out". 7. Practise the following dialogues. I. A.: Directory Enquiries. Which town, please? В.: Oxford, A.: What name, please? В.: Oxford University Press. Wilton Street A.: That's Oxford 56767. B,: Thank you. Can you tell me the code for Oxford? A. 0865. B. Thanks. Goodbye. II. C: MacDonald and Company ... Can I help you? D. I'd like to speak to Mr. Walker, please. C: Mr. Walker? Which department is he in? D. Accounts. C: Hold on ... trying to connect you ... all right ... you're through. III. F:. Number, please? G.: Oh, I'd like to make a transferred charge call. F.: Where to? G.: Stratford. F.: What number? G.: 17414. F.: What's your name, please? G.: Joan Fitzgerald. F,\ Can you spell that? G. F-i-t-z-g-e-r-a-1-d. F.\ .. and where are you calling from? G.: 01-992.6636 F.: Right. Hold the line, please. 8. Complete the following dialogue. Hello! May I speak to Jane, please? This is Mary speaking. So sorry. When will she come back? Thank you. In this case I'll call in a couple of hours again. No, no message, thank you. I'd rather speak to her personally. Thank you very much. Good-bye. 9. Make your own dialogue using the following ex pressions. Hello. Is this ...? I'd like to speak with ... , Who is calling? This is ... speaking, How are you? How about a date in ...? I'd like to, but... 10. Explain in English the meaning of the following words and word combination and sentences. A trunk-call, a local call, a telephone subscriber, a public telephone, a private telephone, an internal telephone, a telephone directory (book). He hung up on me. After two rings the telephone went dead. She waited for her party to answer. She has left word she will come back in an hour. Cancel the call, please. I'll make it some other time. Go ahead. You are wanted on the phone. Then Trunks phoned to say that there was no reply from the given number. Petrov is making a trunk call. 11. What do you do (or say) if the person wanted on the phone is out; someone rings you up by mistake; you can't hear the person's name on the phone; you want to book a long-distance call; you want to have a technician in; you hear the telephone ringing when you are staying at your friends; you hear a frequent high-pitched buzzing; you hear someone answering your telephone call at the other end of the line; you hear the operator saying "Switchboard". 12. When do you say or hear Hold the line. You are through. Could I leave a message for him. Can you get me 544-6607, operator? Could he ring back as soon as he returns? You are wanted on the phone. Extension 351. I've been cut off. You've got the wrong number. I wanted to telephone you but I hadn't got a coin. Engaged. Will you hold on? Go ahead, please. Who is that speaking? Who shall I say is calling? Speaking. 13. Complete the following sentences. Give several vari ants if possible. Hello, are you there? He is ... Have another try. I'm sure ... Here's the telephone book, you may... I didn't hang up. We ... If the line is clear, they'll... If they don't put me through to Tula in half an hour, I'll... Something is wrong with the line. I've ... It you hear frequent high-pitched buzzing, it means that... 14. Make up statements. You phone your friend. An unknown voice answers "Hel lo". You say ... You are staying at a hotel. You want to be put through to a city number. You say... An unknown voice on the phone says you have dialed the wrong number. You say ... The secretary of Mr. White whom you want to speak to 'over the telephone says he is in conference. You say ... 5 You want to book a trunk call to Moscow. But you are in an English town and nobody at the telephone Exchange seems to know Russian. You say ... Your telephone rings. You pick up the receiver and hear an unknown voice. The speaker goes on speaking and you still don't know who she is. You say ... You tell the desk clerk that the telephone in your room is out of order. You explain to him what is wrong with it. Among other things you say ... 15. Read the story and try to imagine what the wife told her husband about the call. He had been awakened that morning by the ringing telephone, and lay sleepily in bed listening to Rachel's voice talking to someone. "But darling!" her voice had cried over the telephone. "What are you doing here? Come at once. Mind? Of course not! We'!! love it! In two hours? Good!" 16. Turn the following story into a dialogue. A TELEPHONE TALK Harry said that he was going to visit his mother the next day, but Paula replied that she had planned to spend the day shopping. Harry suggested that they should travel together to town and spend morning as each had intended.. Paula added that she had heard of a splendid place where whey could have lunch. Harry wasn't sure where the restaurant was and thought it would be too expensive anyway. Paula told him not to worry as she would draw him a map and she had been assured that one could eat there at a very reasonable price. He asked where he might meet Paula and when she did not answer he wondered if she had heard his question. She said she had heard him ail right but was just thinking. When there was stiil no an swer Harry said he would have to go but he would mee Paula at the bus station. Paula agreed but pointed out tha! anyway men were supposed to make decisions. 17. Render in English. Это дом мистера Болла? Попросите его к телефону. Я хотела бы поговорить с Джоном Кингом. Он дома? Попросите, пожалуйста, мистера Лоуренса к телефону. Как мне сказать, кто его спрашивает? Это его двоюродная сестра из Эдинбурга. Могу я заказать междугородный разговор отсюда из гостиницы? Соедините меня, пожалуйста, с городом. Мне нужен номер 2573146. Где здесь ближайший телефон-автомат? Я никак не могу набрать номер. Все время короткие гудки. Наверное, он не в порядке. Запишите номера моего домашнего и рабочего телефона. Не кладите трубку, я его сейчас позову. Секретарь мне сказала, что кто-то звонил. Это не ты, Эдвард? 11 Мистера Уилсона сейчас нет. Что ему передать? — Скажите ему, чтобы он мне позвонил, когда придет. 18. Do you consider telephone a blessing or a curse and a time-waster? Prove your point of view. 19. Be ready to talk on one of the following topics. Explain how to make a telephone call from a telephone box. Explain how an Englishman uses a public telephone. Explain how to ring someone up using a private telephone. State the advantages and disadvantages of having a tele phone at home. Explain how you book a long distance call. Say how you dialed the wrong number and started to talk with the wrong person. 20. Compose dialogues of your own for the following situations. Your telephone rings and a voice tells you it's your former school-mate but he doesn't give his name, you start guess ing. You're discussing with your friend what to do about your telephone which has gone dead. You're ordering a trunk call to Vladivostok. Discuss with your friend how to get information about the telephone numbers. You're sending telegram by phone. 21. Develop the situations. Recall the day when the telephone turned out to be of great help to you. Say what services you get by phone. THE WEAPON The room was quiet in the dimness of early evening. Dr James Graham, key scientist of a very important project, sat in his favorite chair, thinking. It was so still that he could hear the turning of pages in the next room as his son leafed through a picture book. Often Graham did his best work, his most creative thinking, under these circumstances, sitting alone in an unlighted room in his own apartment after the day's regular work. But tonight his mind would not work constructively. Mostly he thought about his mentally arrested son — his only son — in the next room. The thoughts were loving thoughts, not the bitter anguish he had felt years ago when he had first learned of the boy's condition. The boy was happy; wasn't that the main thing? And to how many men is given a child who will always be a child, who will not grow up to leave him? Certainly that was a rationalization, but what is wrong with rationalization when — The doorbell rang. Graham rose and turned on lights in the almost-dark room before he went through the hallway to the door. He was not annoyed; tonight, at this moment, almost any interruption to his thoughts was welcome. He opened the door. A stranger stood there; he said, "Dr Graham? My name is Niemand; I'd like to talk to you. May I come in a moment?" Graham looked at him. He was a small man, nondescript, obviously harmless — possibly a reporter or an insurance agent. But it didn't matter what he was. Graham found himself saying, "Of course. Come in, Mr Niemand." A few minutes of conversation, he justified himself by thinking, might divert his thoughs and clear his mind. "Sit down," he said, in the living room. "Care for a drink?" Niemand said, "No, thank you." He sat in the chair; Graham sat on the sofa. The small man interlocked his fingers; he leaned forward. He said, "Dr Graham, you are the man whose scientific work is more likely than that of any other man to end the human race's chance for survival." A crackpot," Graham thought. Too late now he realized that he should have asked the man's business before admitting him. It would be an embarrassing interview — he disliked being rude, yet only rudeness was effective. "Dr Graham, the weapon on which you are working —-" The visitor stopped, and turned his head as the door that led to a bedroom opened and a boy of fifteen came in. The boy didn't notice Niemand; he ran to Graham. "Daddy, will you read to me now?" The boy of fifteen laughed the sweet laughter of a child of four. Graham put an arm around the boy. He looked at his visitor, wondering whether he had known about the boy From the lack of surprise on Niemand's face, Graham felt sure he had known. "Harry"— Graham's voice was warm with affection— "Daddy's busy. Just for a little while. Go back to your room; I'll come and read to you soon." "Chicken Little? You'll read me Chicken Little?" "If you wish. Now run along. Wait. Harry, this is Mr Niemand." The boy smiled bashfully at the visitor. Niemand said, "Hi, Harry," and smiled back at him, fiolding out his hand. Graham, watching, was sure now that Niemand had known: the smile and the gesture were for the boy's mental age, not his physical one. The boy took Niemand's hand. For a moment it seemed that he was going to climb into Niemand's lap, and Graham pulled him back gently. He said, "Go to your room now, Harry." The boy skipped back into his bedroom,not closing the door. Niemand's eyes met Graham's and he said, "I like him," with obvious sincerity. He added, I hope that what you're going to read to him will always be true." Graham didn't understand. Niemand said, "Chicken Little, I mean. It's a fine story— but may Chicken Little always be wrong about the sky falling down." Graham suddenly had liked Niemand when Niemand had shown liking for the boy. Now he remembered that he must close the interview quickly. He rose, in dismissal." He said, "I fear you're wasting your time and mine, Mr Niemand. I know all the arguments, everything you can say I've heard a thousand times. Possibly there is truth in what you believe, but it does not concern me. lam a scientist, and only a scientist. Yes, it is public knowledge that I am working on a weapon, a rather ultimate one. But, for me personally, that is only a byproduct of the fact that I am advancing science. I have thought it through, and I have found that that is my only concern." "But, Dr Graham, is humanity ready for an ultimate weapon?" Graham frowned. "I have told you my point of view, Mr Niemand." Niemand rose slowly from the chair. He said, "Very well, if you do not choose to discuss it, I'll say no more." He passed a hand across his forehead. "I'll leave, Dr Graham. I wonder, though ... may I change my mind about the drink you offered me?" Graham's irritation faded. He said, "Certainly. Will whisky and water do?" "Admirably." Graham excused himself and went into the kitchen. He got the decanter of whisky, another of water, ice cubes, glasses. When he returned to the living room, Niemand was just leaving the boy's bedroom. He heard Niemand's "Good night, Harry," and Harry's happy '"Night, Mr Niemand." Graham made drinks. A little later, Niemand de-iclined a second one and started to leave. Niemand said, '"I took the liberty of bringing a small gift to your son, doctor. I gave it to him while you were getting the drinks for us. I hope you'll forgive me." "Of course. Thank you. Good night." Graham closed the door; he walked through the living room into Harry's room. He said, "All right, Harry. Now I'll read to —" There was sudden sweat on his forehead, but he forced his face and his voice to be calm as he stepped to the side of the bed. "May I see that. Harry?" When he had it safely, his hands shook as he examined it. He thought, only a madman would give a loaded revolver" to an idiot. Frederic Brown Vocabulary dim a — indistinct, faint, not bright mentally-arrested — feeble-minded anguish n — great mental pain nondescript a — lacking distinctive characteristics justify v — prove right, true or innocent divert v — turn aside lean v [li:n] — bend, incline crackpot n (inf) — madman embarrass v — perplex, confuse bashful a — shy, modest ultimate — last, most significant advance v — bring forward decline v — refuse Exercises 1. Answer the following questions. What was Dr Graham James doing when a stranger sud denly came to his place? Why couldn't he work constructively that evening? Who was he thinking about? How had his attitude to his child's sickness change with years? What was Dr Graham's first impression of Niemand? What do you think he was ? Why did Dr Graham think that Niemand was a madman? Who interrupted their conversation? In what way did the scientist talk to his child? How did Dr Graham understand that Niemand knew about the boy? How did the boy behave? In what connection did Niemand mention "Chicken Lit tle"? Why did Dr Graham want to close the interview as soon as possible? Why did Niemand suddenly change his mind about the drink? What gift did Niemand give Harry while Dr Graham was in the kitchen? What did the scientist think when he saw a loaded revolver in his son's hands? 2. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following. Ведущий ученый, листать книгу, в данных обстоятельствах, состояние, рационализация, раздражать, страховой агент, сцепить пальцы, шанс на выживание, оружие, жест, колени, побочный продукт, человечество, хмуриться, кубики льда, взять на себя смелость, пот, заряженный револьвер 3. Express differently the following words and expres sions using the vocabulary of the story, and use each in a sentence of your own. Great mental pain, faint, not bright, turn aside, madman, confusing, shy, bring forward, present, disappear slowly, most significant, human race, show dislike, let in, love, interest, dare, front part of the head 4. Use the word in brackets to form a new word that fits in the space in each sentence. 1. At this moment almost any ... to his thoughts was welcome, (interrupt) The snake looks dreadful but it's absolutely ... . (harm) After a sudden break in conversation there was ... in the living-room, (embarrass) The story was so funny that the audience burst into ... . (laugh) The boy wouldn't start speaking as he couldn't overcome his ... . (bashful) Niemand spoke with such obvious ... that Graham felt that he was going to believe him. (sincere) When Niemand asked for a drink Graham's ... faded, (irri tate) Everybody was surprised at his unexpected ... from his post, (dismiss) Dr Graham didn't want to listen to any of Niemand's ... (argue) Karen couldn't go out with Peter because she had to study for her ... (examine) In that situation only ... was effective, (rude) 5. Think of five sentences with the expression to be likely to. Make use of the pattern. His weapon is likely to end the human race's chance [or survival. 6. Think of five sentences using would in the same meaning as in the sentence. But tonight his mind would not work constructively. 7. Explain the following statements from the text. Often Graham did his best work, his most creative thinking under these circumstances. Certainly that was a rationalization. It would be an embarrassing interview. "It's a fine story— but may "Chicken Little" always be wrong about the sky falling down. "But, for me personally, this is only a by-product of the fact that I am advancing science. 8. In what situation does a person get annoyed, smile at someone with affection, frown, sweat suddenly, feel bitter anguish? 9. Finish the following sentences. Dr Graham wished he .... ч If Dr Graham had asked the man's business before letting him in ... If Dr Graham hadn't pulled the boy back gently Harry ... . If Niemand hadn't asked Dr Graham for a drink ... . 5. If Niemand hadn't shown likeness for the boy ... . 6 Dr Graham wished Niemand .... 7. If Dr Graham hadn't entered Harry's bedroom ... . 10. Talking about the text. Who are the characters of this story? Describe each of them in just a few sentences. Why did Niemand come to visit Dr Graham? What in the text shows you that Niemand had a carefully planned strat egy? What effect do you think Nieman's visit will have on Dr Graham? 3 In what way can the last sentence be related to Dr Graham's work as a scientist? In what way can ecological problems be related to the work of scientists in general? 11. Do you agree with Dr Graham's words: "Only a madman would give a loaded revolver to an idiot" Write what you think about it. RELIGION Everyone in the UK has the right to religious freedom. Religious organizations and groups may conduct their rites and ceremonies, promote their beliefs within the limits of the law, own property and run schools. There is no religious bar to the holding of public office. Christianity is the predominant religious tradition in the UK in terms of the size of its followers, but there are also large Muslim, Hindu, Jewish and Sikh communities, and smaller communities of Budhists, Jains and Zoroas-trians. Although members within each community share many beliefs and practices, there may be significant differences of tradition, organization, language and ethnicity. There has been a significant development of other forms of religious expression, with the growth of a range of independent churches and other groups often referred to as "cults" or "sects" which have now become known collectively as "new religious movements". Another recent trend has been the rise in "New Age" spirituality, drawn from a variety of spiritual traditions and practices and characterized by a concern for ecology and personal development. The UK also has a large proportion of people who may actively involve themselves in religious life only at times of crisis or significant events such as birth, marriage and death. Organizations such as the British Humanist Association and the National Secular Society offer non-religious alternatives. There are two churches legally recognized as official churches of the State, or established churches, in the UK: in England the Anglican Church of England, and in Scotland the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. The Church of England became the established church during the Reformation in the 16l century. Conflicts be- tween Church and State culminated in the Act of Supremacy in 1534 which declared Henry VIII to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England. The title was altered to "Supreme Governor" by Elizabeth I. The monarch is the "Supreme Governor" of the Church of England and must always be a member of the Church, and promise to uphold it. The Church can regulate its own worship. Church of England archbishops, bishops and deans of cathedrals are appointed by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister, although the Crown Appointment Commission, which includes lay and clergy representatives, plays a key role in the selection of archbishops and diocesan bishops. All clergy swear allegiance to the Crown. The two archbishops (of Canterbury and York), the bishops of London, Durham and Winchester and 21 other senior bishops sit in the House of Lords. The Government does not approve any change in the transitional House of Lords in the representation of the Church within the House. The Church of England is part of a worldwide communion of Anglican churches. These are similar in organization and worship to the Church of England and originated from it. There are four distinct Anglican Churches in the British Isles: the Church of England, the Church in Wales, the Episcopal Church in Scotland, and the Church of Ireland. Each is governed separately by its own institutions. The Church of Scotland became the national church following the Scottish Reformation in the late 16l century and legislation enacted by the Scottish Parliament. The Church of Scotland has a Presbyterian form of government. The term "Free Churches" is often used to describe those Protestant churches in the UK, which, unlike the Church of England and the Church of Scotland, are not established churches. Free Churches have existed in various forms since the Reformation, developing their own traditions over the years. Their members have also been known as nonconformists. All the major Free Churches — Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, United Reformed and Salvation Army— have ministers of both sexes. The Methodist Church, the largest of the Free Churches, originated in the 18th century. The Baptist first achieved an organized form in Britain in the 17th century. The third largest of the Free Churches is the United Reformed Church. It was formed in 1972. The Salvation Army was founded in the East End of London in 1865 by William Booth (1829-1912). Within the UK it is second only to the government as a provider of social services. It is the largest provider of hostel accommodation, offering 4,000 beds every night. Other services include work with alcoholics, prison chaplaincy and a family tracing service. Churches Together in Britain and Ireland is the main co-ordinating body for the Christian churches in the UK. The Council co-ordinates the work of its 32 member churches and associations of churches, in the areas of social responsibility, international affairs, church life, world mission, racial justice and inter-faith relations. Among other faith communities in the UK one can mention the Buddhist Community, the Hindu Community, the Jewish Community, the Muslim Community, the Sikh Community and other faiths. A number of new religious movements, established since the Second World War and often with overseas origins, are active in the UK. APPENDIX 1 SELF-PROTECTION 1 One Thursday afternoon Mrs Clark, dressed for going out, took her handbag with her money and her key in it, pulled the door behind her to lock it and went to the "Over 60s Club". She always went there on Thursdays, It was a nice meeting for an old woman who lived alone. 5 At six o'clock she came home, let herself in and at once smelt cigarette smoke. Cigarette smoke in her house? How? Had somebody got in? She checked the | back door and 4he windows. Everything was locked, as usual There was no sign for forced engtry. Had anything been taken? She went from room to
of course, but rather glad that nothing had been thrown down. Over a cup of tea she wondered whether someone might have a key to her front Door — "a master key", perhaps. So she stayed at home the following Thursday. Nothing happened. Was anyone watching her movements? On the Thursday after 15 that she went out at her usual time, dressed as usual, but she didn't go to the club. Instead she took a short cut home again, letting herself in through her garden and the back door. She settled down to wait. It was just after four o'clock when the front door bell rang. Mrs Clark was making a cup of tea at the time The bell rang again, And then she heard her 20 letter-box being pushed open. With the kettle of boiling water in her hand, she moved q uietly towards the front door. A long piece of wire appeared through the letter-box, and then a hand. The wire turned and moved towards the door handle. Mrs Clark raised the kettle and poured the water over the hand. There was a terrible scream of pain outside and the skin turned into 25 the colour of tomato. The wire [ell to the floor, the burnt hand was pulled back, and Mrs Cllark heard the sound of running feet. That evening she reported the matter to the police. They were not too pleased, but they came and took away the wire. 'It was only self-protection', she Told the officer. 'An old woman must try to look after herself.' With 30 the help of a doctor the police found the man and returned Mrs Clark's things. She has become a heroine at the "Over 60s Club". Part A
I. Comprehension 1. Mrs Clark used to meet old people once a week meet an old woman who lived alone visit her friend in an old people's home go to her dressmaker's once a week leave her home sometimes on Thursdays 2. On returning home Mrs Clark tried to get rid of the cigarette smoke felt like smoking a cigarette noticed that she had forgotten to empty the ashtray noticed nasty smog in her home noticed that something was wrong 3. Mrs Clark was puzzled because somebody had closed the kitchen door neither the doors nor the windows were damaged the front door had been unlocked she couldn't manage to open the window somebody had broken in through the back door 4. After a close look around Mrs Clark saw that everything was all right found a few things smashed on the Floor saw that a lot of things had been thrown around realized that a few valuable things had gone noticed that her cheques had been taken 5. In order to find out about the burglary Mrs Clark interviewed all the neighbours wanted to observe her home from the garden decided to play a trick on the burglar left the back door open on Thursdays behaved as usual 6. When the old lady was busy in the kitchen the alarm-clock started to ring the postman rang the front door bell a letter was put in the letter-box the front door was quietly pushed open there was a noise coming from the front door 7. To Mrs Clark's surprise somebody tried to open the front door through the letter-box she got a letter with a long piece of wire a long wire appeared on the floor the post-office installed new letter-boxes someone rattled at her front door 8. The burglar cried out terribly because he had pulled back his hand too violently Mrs Clark looked so frightened He was hit by Mrs Clark's kettle He had been badly burnt Mrs Clark pulled the wire out of his hand 9. Later Mrs Clark told the police they should look after her in future what had happened to her that they never came when needed a burglar had looked after her to come and guard her during the night 10. The burglar was caught with the help of Mrs Clark when he returned to Mrs Clark's house because he needed medical help when he tried to sell heroin when the police found out he was a doctor II. Language 11. "lock" (line 3) means block push have a look at leave quickly close 12. "checked" (line 6) comes closest in meaning to watched examined proved d)shook e) looked for 13. "missing" (tine 9) does not mean gone not to be found not in its place in its place not there any more 14. "sure" (line 10) can be replaced by certain safe confident doubtful happy 15. "stayed at home" (line 13) does not mean didn't go out spent the day at home left home remained at home was at home 16. "moved" as in line 21 cannot be used in the meaning of go change place hurry tiptoe creep 17. "appeared" as in line 21 means seemed fell was thrown came nearer came into sight 18. "raised" (line 23) comes closest in meaning to a) lifted b)dropped c) held d)rose e) emptied 19. "pleased" (jjne 28) is the opposite of happy satisfied angry d)content e) delighted 20. "returned" as in line 30 cannot be replaced by gave back brought back sent back handed over came back ч Part В I 1. Adjective or adverb. After Mrs Clark had informed the police she met one member of the "Over 60s Club" and told her what had happened: friendly : "Hello,: she said . terrible :"I got a shock when I came home after our last meeting." c) secret :"Somebody had entered my house and stolen some things." d) usual/quick :"this afternoon I left my house as but returned . e) curious :"I was to know if the thief would come again." f) good :"And indeed a few minutes later I could hear the sound of running feet quite but I couldn't see anyone." 2. Fill in the proper tenses. a) Another Thursday evening after Mrs Clark (dress) for going out she took the bus to her "Over 60s Club". Ten minutes later the bus (stop) . While the bus (wait) at the traffic lights Mrs Clark (notice) a young man with a bandaged hand. He reminded her of that Thursday, d) "Since that day I (not be) so excited," she thought. e) "I (not think) that nasty burglar (break) into houses again." 3. Reported Speech. Some days later she got a telephone call from her brother James. This what she said: "You won't believe me what has happened to me. A burglar broke into my house. But old ladies like me are clever enough to help themselves. I haven't had such a terrible day for a long time. Be careful in your house." Write down what James told his wife about the telephone call. Begin like this: My sister said that a) b) c) : d) _ e) - 4. If-clauses; fill in the proper verb forms. Some days after the man had been found Mrs Clark talking to her neighbour. Complete the sentences. a) "If somebody like this (happen) again, 1 would act in the same way. b) The man (run away) if I had opened the door after the first or second ring of the bell. c) I thought: "If I tell the police, they (help) me." d) The man (not be caught) by the police, if he had not seen the doctor. e) If you don't want anybody to steai your things, you (must lock) your house carefully." II 1. Fill in the gaps. Some days after the burglar had been arrested there was an article in the DAILY CHRONICLE. Put in the missing words: OLD LADY (1) HERSELF Mrs C, 75, from Lexington Park Drive was involved in a spectacular case of (2) — last Monday. When coming home from her (3) meeting at the "Over 60s Club" Mrs С Found doors and windows (4) but some valuable things (5) , — "I knew I had to do something myself", she told our reporter, " you can't tell the police a story like this, they'd think, old ladies are (6) " So Mrs С Did not go out the next Thursday and waited for the (7) . Right she was. Exactly at 4 o'clock a white hand (8) through her letter-box trying to
still can be." At the doctor's The thief entered Dr Miller's consulting room. Of course, he didn't tell him the truth about his injured hand. What did he tell the doctor? Use the following notes: — wife not at home — cup of tea — kettle with boiling water —, slipped — hot water - burnt hand Don't write more than 6 sentences. Start like this: This morning my wife HI 1. Defective dialogue. At court the judge is questioning the thief about the burglary. Complete the following dialogue, please. Read the text before you start. Judge = J.; thief = Th. X: Well, I see, case 9. Tell us your name, age, and your address, please. a) Th. : J. : All right. What does your family live on? What's your job? b)Th. : J. : That should be enough to make quite a good living, I think c)Th. : J. : It's me who asks the questions! How long have you been stealing and where? d) Th. : J. : But to break into an old lady's house! What an idea! e)Th. : J. : Really, yes, that would have been too risky indeed. Bad luck, that old ladies aren't quite so helpless nowadays. 0 Th.: J. : Of course, not. But we are not talking about her faults now. You broke into houses and stole things .... You see, crime doesn't pay, does it?
IV A letter to the editor After the burglar had been caught there was an article in the local paper under the heading SELF - PROTECTION - OLD LADY BECOMES HEROINE Many readers wrote letters to the editor to point out their opinions. What is yours? — Write a letter to the editor, please. Write about three sentences per item. Write about the reason for your letter the problem of increasing crime what people can do to protect themselves d)what the police can do e) what you would have done if your house/flat had been broken into Don't forget to write your address. APPENDIX 2 SCHOOL VIOLENCE 1 Classroom violence in England has been a great problem for some time now. Pupils stay away For months on end: they are rude to the teachers and even commit violent acts. During the past months in Britain, school scandals have become front page 5 news. Teachers at Holland Park School in London, one of Britain's best-known comprehensive schools,have been equipped with police-type two-way radios to help fight violence and vandalism. The radios are all connected to the headmaster's office. The vandals are not always pupils. Often they are 10 outsiders who swarm into the school, smash windows, break doors and interrupt lessons. It's difficult talking to trouble-makers. They are usually people who rang around and find it fun to cause disturbance. They are bored, don't know what to do with their time and 15 — under the influence of drink— come into school so as to be centre of attention. On the radio staff can contact each other, call for help when trouble starts, and the head-master can follow the incident on the master radio. David Hargreaves, a teacher at Manchester university, has 20 come up with several theories. He believes that one of the causes of confusion is the difference between teachers. One teacher is very open and friendly and encourages his pupils to be familiar with him. Another teacher is very authoritarian and punishes the pupil for the same behaviour which the 25 pupil has shown before. Parents have already given up a lot of their traditional power to the young and they think schools should report their own collapsing authority. At the parents' meeting a helpless mother complained about her 15-year-old son and put the blame on the teachers at his school. She demanded 30 that teachers should discipline pupils more strictly. But this , could not succeed. What used to be a crisis only in the home is now a crisis in the classroom, too. David Hargreaves also firmly believes that "small is beautiful". He sees no future for the large school in its present form. Directory: forums -> uploaded forums -> Bbt”: Broadband Tool “bsw” forums -> Cv personal details: Name: Yehonatan Devorkin id number forums -> Patrick De Smedt Chairman, Microsoft Europe, Middle East and Africa forums -> App Dragon Listing Page of 1Tap Cleaner Free 54) uploaded -> A. crs. Availability; will display flights with seats available. An arunk (qv) or surface segment of a trip. American plan (qv). Code for a class of service, usually superior a la carte uploaded -> Ubs dictionary of Banking uploaded -> Maassen, Friedrich Bernard Christian Professor of law (1823-1900) Download 1.92 Mb. Share with your friends:
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