influence the electoral process itself and others attitudes toward it. Abstaining can express dissatisfaction with the electoral process and can be away of advocating reform (cf. Brennan and Lomasky 2000: 83-84, Goldman 1999: 215). It can bean act of protest. Such acts are not causally impotent. They have an influence on policy all their own. They may not achieve the desired result, but in that respect they are similar to voting. And the desired result – a more legitimate and fairer electoral process – is extremely valuable. Part of the hope is that abetter process would present citizens with more worthwhile choices. The fact that many do see voting as a valuable opportunity can make abstention an especially