Gangs Aff/Neg
Gangs are inherently racist
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- AT: Prison Overcrowding
- AT: Federalism Non-Unique- Federal government is already working to fight against gang crime
- Non- Unique- Federal government already involved in local law enforcement—this federal involvement has lowered crime rates
- AT: States C/P Permutation- States and Federal Agencies Work together
- The nature of crimes, intelligence and legal set ups demand collaboration
- Federal prosecution is a necessary component – the counterplan can’t use—counterplan ensures prosecutions won’t go as smoothly delaying or even preventing solvency
- AT: Prevention Only C/P
Gangs are inherently racistMSNBC, Racism’s role in LA gang case rekindles debate. May 22, 2009. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30894896/ns/us_news-crime_and_courts/ accessed July 9, 2009 Federal prosecutors called their sweeping indictment of the Varrio Hawaiian Gardens gang the biggest takedown of its kind in U.S. history. That was sure to grab attention, but details buried in the court documents were bound to touch a raw nerve: One of the Latino gang's primary motivations was hatred of black residents. It's the third time in recent years federal prosecutors have investigated a gang and found racism in its DNA, reopening a thorny debate that has publicly divided the region's top cops. In dueling newspaper opinion pieces last year, Los Angeles County Sheriff Lee Baca maintained that race fueled gang violence while Los Angeles Police Chief William Bratton said skin color was seldom a factor. "If you do a survey within the African-American community ... you are in constant fear that your young male offspring is going to be killed because of the color of his skin," Baca said in an interview after his piece appeared in the Los Angeles Times. In an area both proud and sensitive about its diversity, racial tension has been at the heart of some of its ugliest chapters: from the zoot suit riot beatings of Latinos by white sailors in the 1940s to the deadly Watts riots in 1965 to the riots that erupted in 1992 after four police officers were acquitted in the videotaped beating of Rodney King. So-called brown-on-black or black-on-brown violence has been a long-standing concern in neighborhoods where black residents are being supplanted by Latinos. Acknowledging it, however, has political implications and officials often downplay the tension. "Saying gangs make targeted racial hits can add a great deal of fear of communities," said Joe Hicks, vice president of Community Advocates Inc. and former executive director of the city's Human Relations Commission. "We are not on the edge of some kind of racial Armageddon here. It's just part of the picture, but it's a particularly frightening part of it." AT: Prison OvercrowdingPrisons population increasing nowAlcohol Monitoring Systems, Alabama prison stats, 2009, (“Bursting at the Seams”, http://www.jailovercrowding.com/index/the-problem accessed online 07-07-09) The United States imprisons significantly more people than any other nation in the world. In fact, the Pew Center on the States reported in 2008 that an astounding one in every 100 adults in the U.S. now lives behind bars! Because we’ve been trying to “incarcerate our way” out of crime for so long, federal and state prisons and county jails are experiencing near-crisis levels of overcrowding. At the same time, operating budgets have been severely cut, as has funding to build new facilities. And over the next two years, researchers predict the situation will get even worse. Based on current projections, by 2011 the U.S. prison population will increase by 13% – which is triple the growth of the entire population as a whole – to more than 1.7 million. Supporting that increase in incarcerated people will cost American taxpayers and local/state budgets an estimated $27.5 billion. At that time, another 4 million people will also be on probation or parole. AT: FederalismNon-Unique- Federal government is already working to fight against gang crimeMalcolm L. Russell-Einhorn, J.D., is associate director of the Center for Institutional Reform and the Informal Sector at the University of Maryland. Fighting Urban Crime: The Evolution of Federal-Local Collaboration, US Department of Justice. December 2003 http://www.ncjrs.gov/txtfiles1/nij/197040.txt accessed June 6, 2009 Until the 1980s, long-term operational collaboration[1] between local law enforcement and Federal authorities was quite rare. Federal law enforcement was seldom brought in to tackle urban crime. Today, the situation is very different. Hundreds of Federal-local collaborations are addressing drug-, gang-, and violence-related crime in U.S. cities. Non- Unique- Federal government already involved in local law enforcement—this federal involvement has lowered crime ratesMalcolm Russell-Einhorn ; Shawn Ward ; AND Amy Seeherman. Federal-Local Law Enforcement Collaboration in Investigating and Prosecuting Urban Crime, 1982–1999: Drugs, Weapons, and Gangs, Abt Associates Inc. May 2000 http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/201782.pdf accessed June 6, 2009 In the past several decades, the Federal government has assumed a significant role in local law enforcement. The emergence of this role coincided with an increase in drug trafficking, violent crime, and gang related activity in American cities during the 1980s and early 1990s. While many crime rates have dropped in the second half of this decade, Federal involvement in local crime has persisted and, in many cases, intensified. This Federal role has been complex and sometimes controversial, straddling many areas that have traditionally been the province of state and local law government. While the Federal government’s leadership in providing information, training, and financial assistance to state and local law enforcement authorities has been acknowledged since the late 1960s, in the last two decades three new phenomena in Federal-local law
Permutation- Do Both Plan and CounterplanFederal government is needed to have success—this proves only the permutation or case alone is preferable to solve the 1ac impactsMalcolm L. Russell-Einhorn, J.D., is associate director of the Center for Institutional Reform and the Informal Sector at the University of Maryland. Fighting Urban Crime: The Evolution of Federal-Local Collaboration, US Department of Justice. December 2003 http://www.ncjrs.gov/txtfiles1/nij/197040.txt accessed June 6, 2009 The impact of collaboration on urban communities is hard to ascertain because of how difficult it is to link changes in crime to specific law enforcement activities.[14] Anecdotally, however, researchers found that collaborations have had considerable success, particularly against gangs. Collaborative work led to the disruption or breakup of several long-entrenched gangs in the three cities studied. Reductions in violent crime have been attributed partly to aggressive firearms prosecutions by task forces. In many prosecutions, violent recidivists and gang members were convicted of one or more gun crimes and given substantial sentences. Study interviewees also noted how the use of Federal firearms charges in prosecuting particularly dangerous individuals and gangs encouraged the criminal community to keep guns off the street.[15] Operationally, interjurisdictional collaboration appears to have promoted better problem solving and intelligence sharing, as well as improved officer safety. It has also permitted specialization against particular targets (such as gangs, airport drug interdiction, or drug-related homicides) and increased funding to pay for informants, evidence, and overtime, which facilitates long-term investigations and around-the-clock surveillance.[16] More formally organized collaborations seem to work best. Too much informality and insufficient clarity of mission can create uncertainty, weaken commitment, and impair operations.[17] Evidence also suggests that successful Federal-local law enforcement collaborations usually have o High-level agency commitment and sustained funding. o Clear ultimate legal authority in one agency and use of interagency MOUs and written paperwork protocols to promote clarity of roles and responsibilities. o Joint Federal-local leadership on executive or control boards and at the operating level. o Where possible, co-location of Federal and local law enforcement personnel to promote loyalty and teamwork. The nature of crimes, intelligence and legal set ups demand collaborationMalcolm L. Russell-Einhorn, J.D., is associate director of the Center for Institutional Reform and the Informal Sector at the University of Maryland. Fighting Urban Crime: The Evolution of Federal-Local Collaboration, US Department of Justice. December 2003 http://www.ncjrs.gov/txtfiles1/nij/197040.txt accessed June 6, 2009 Although some incentives to collaborate may diminish (such as a local need for sophisticated equipment), others will remain. For example, the trend toward examining crime problems multidimensionally and preventively--a feature of community-oriented policing--relies heavily on collaboration to access local intelligence. At the same time, the existence of longer sentences for many Federal crimes will continue to make collaboration attractive for many local jurisdictions. Most federally led collaborations involve long-term investigations of criminal organizations. These organizations are less hierarchical and more diversified and technologically savvy than in the past, which can blur easy distinctions between high-level criminal activity and street crime. Federal-local collaboration against such criminal networks is more advantageous than ever. Federal prosecution is a necessary component – the counterplan can’t use—counterplan ensures prosecutions won’t go as smoothly delaying or even preventing solvencyMalcolm L. Russell-Einhorn, J.D., is associate director of the Center for Institutional Reform and the Informal Sector at the University of Maryland. Fighting Urban Crime: The Evolution of Federal-Local Collaboration, US Department of Justice. December 2003 http://www.ncjrs.gov/txtfiles1/nij/197040.txt accessed June 6, 2009 Prosecution under Federal criminal statutes offers several powerful advantages: Federal Grand Jury. This body can be called at any time, can be kept in action for as long as 3 years, can hear hearsay evidence, and is armed with national subpoena power. State grand juries have a shorter duration, "no hearsay" rules, and limited subpoena power. Immunity. Limited immunity for a grand jury witness conferred by Federal prosecutors does not impede later prosecution of the witness for perjury, obstruction of justice, or contempt. Most States only have blanket transactional immunity, which provides less flexibility and leverage against potential witnesses. Search Warrants. Federal standards for obtaining a search warrant are generally lower than those of most States. Preventive Detention. The Federal bail statute provides for preventive detention in a range of circumstances. State laws do not have such provisions. Electronic Surveillance. Most States require a higher burden of proof for wiretaps than the Federal Government. Witness Protection. In contrast to the well-developed Federal Witness Protection Program, most States do not have such a program. Accomplice Testimony. Federal rules permit conviction on the basis of an accomplice's uncorroborated testimony. State rules generally do not. Discovery. Federal rules provide that a statement by a government witness need not be made available to the defense until the witness has testified at trial. Also, the defense has no entitlement to a witness list before trial or to interview government witnesses prior to trial. Most State rules provide otherwise., AT: States C/P (1AR Permutation Evidence)Federal and local law enforcement can work togetherMalcolm Russell-Einhorn ; Shawn Ward ; AND Amy Seeherman. Federal-Local Law Enforcement Collaboration in Investigating and Prosecuting Urban Crime, 1982–1999: Drugs, Weapons, and Gangs, Abt Associates Inc. May 2000 http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/201782.pdf accessed June 6, 2009 In fact, some evidence suggests that Federal and local law enforcement authorities have significantly diffused these potential tensions by relying on a number of practical mechanisms and organizational steps. Interviews with law enforcement personnel in three U.S. cities suggest that the potential problems noted above have been mitigated by the following: Relative restraint in the actual exercise of Federal jurisdiction (due in large measure to frequent communication between Federal and local prosecutors about jurisdictional determinations and judicious allocation of limited Federal resources by U.S. Attorneys). An expanded commitment by Federal authorities, through negotiated memoranda of understanding (MOUs) and special operational procedures, to ensure various degrees of shared leadership, decision-making, and information-sharing within Federally-led task forces and other collaborations, thereby ensuring significant local input into task force governance and a degree of accountability (albeit indirect) to local governments. Increased Federal efforts to facilitate consensus-based coordination of collaborative as well as non-collaborative law enforcement activities carried out by Federal, state, and local law enforcement authorities in American cities. AT: Prevention Only C/PMultiple reasons counterplan can’t solve the gang must be dismantled-Peer PressureEd Grabianowski, freelance writer from Buffalo, N.Y. He previously worked as a newspaper reporter and attended school at SUNY Plattsburgh and Kansas State University. How Street Gangs Work, howstuffworks. 26 September 2006 http://people.howstuffworks.com/street-gang.htm# accessed July 8th, 2009 Peer pressure Gang members tend to be young. This is partly because gangs intentionally recruit teenagers, but it's also because young people are very susceptible to peer pressure. If they live in a gang-dominated area, or go to a school with a strong gang presence, they might find that many of their friends are joining gangs. It can be difficult for a teen to understand the harm that joining a gang can bring if he's worried about losing all of his friends. Many teenagers do resist the temptation of gang membership, but for others it is easier to follow the crowd. Peer pressure is a driving force behind gang membership in affluent areas. Directory: debate debate -> 100 Village Primary School Music Classrooms debate -> Garth Andrew Myers debate -> 1ac woodward sm debate '11 / Savani 1ac plan debate -> Alfred charles snider debate -> Hhs debate 10-11 Japan 1ac- baylor rr debate -> Observation 1: The Stage is Set debate -> Debate What beleaguers air safety in India? Economic Times, 10th June, 2010 debate -> The affirmative has presented an interesting story, but one that is far too optimistic. We provide a counter narrative of the effects of space colonization. In Phillip K Download 0.65 Mb. Share with your friends:
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