World Bank (2006) Gender Equality as Smart Economics: A World Bank Group Gender Action Plan (2007–10), Washington, DC: World Bank World Bank

1 ‘Gender’ refers to the range of ‘socially constructed’ roles, behaviours, attributes, aptitudes and relative power associated with being female or male in a given society at a particular point in time (Esplen 2009b: 2). ‘Socially-constructed’ means that these are not ‘givens’ or ‘natural’ but are constructed or produced by society. And as such are able to be modified or changed.

2 Civil society refers to those engaging in collective action around shared interests, purposes and values. Civil society commonly embraces a diversity of spaces, actors and institutional forms, varying in their degree of formality, autonomy and power. Civil society usually comprises organisations such as registered charities, development non-governmental organisations, community groups, women's organisations, faith-based organisations, professional associations, trades unions, self-help groups, social movements, business associations, coalitions and advocacy groups (from the London School of Economics Centre for Civil Society website: http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/CCS/introduction.htm).

3 The household is the basic unit of analysis in many social, economic and government models. The term refers to all individuals who live in the same dwelling. Government and policy discussions often treat the terms household and family as synonymous (source: wikipedia). Feminists call for analysis of power relations within the household, particularly between women and men.

4 The term community refers to a group of people living in the same area, who may have shared interests as well as a shared right to public goods such as water and health facilities. In practice, communities are often fragmented and people may not view themselves as being part of them.

5 Stakeholders are those interested in the outcomes of decisions – they should be involved in shaping processes and decisions that affect them. This means they share mutual responsibility for ensuring that the decisions are effective and for finding solutions if they are not.

6

7

8 Here ‘local’ covers all government which is located outside the national level, including regional, municipal and local authorities.

9 See for example UNESCAP ‘What is good governance?’: http://www.unescap.org/pdd/prs/ProjectActivities/Ongoing/gg/governance.asp

10 See, for example, Danida, 2008; UNDP Democratic governance webpage, http://www.undp.org/governance/gender.htm; Morna (2004) World Bank Gender and governance briefing paper: a proposed world bank action plan, http://www.gdrc.org/gender/governance/wb.pdf.

11 For example, the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) is playing a strong role in facilitating public sector reform in Laos. Notably, SDC is working closely with the Lao government to build capacity on gender and ensure it is mainstreamed throughout its work (OECD 2008).

12 ‘What is democracy?’, GSDRC website: http://www.gsdrc.org/go/topic-guides/political-systems/democracy

13 Also see UNDP 2002: 55; and UN Democracy Fund website: http://www.un.org/democracyfund/index.htm

14 Neo-liberalism refers to a political movement that promotes economic liberalisation – for example, promoting the reduction of trade barriers, such as import tariffs, as a means to promote international trade and cooperation – as a means of promoting economic growth and securing political liberty (based on reference in Wiktionary, http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neoliberalism).

15 See CIDA governance website: http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/CIDAWEB/acdicida.nsf/En/JUD-121135230-Q5V

16 Government is the body within any organisation that has the authority to make and the power to enforce laws, regulations, or rules. Typically, the government refers a civil government – local, provincial, or national – but commercial, academic, religious, or other formal organisations are also administered by governing bodies (Source: Wikipedia).

17 A state is a political association with effective sovereignty over a geographic area and representing a population. These may be nation states, sub-national states or multinational states. A state usually includes the set of institutions that claim the authority to make the rules that govern the people of the society in that territory, though its status as a state often depends in part on being recognised by a number of other states as having internal and external sovereignty over it (Source: Wikipedia).

18 It should be noted that these gains are not evenly distributed. For cultural and other reasons, women’s representation in some countries is high, while in others – including Guatemala and Honduras – it is much lower.

19 Proportional Representation (PR) is an electoral system that aims to ensure that the outcome of the election reflects the proportion of support gained by each competing group. It is different from the majoritarian principle, where the party gaining the largest number of seats or votes wins an election (Source: Politics.co.uk: http://www.politics.co.uk/briefings-guides/issue-briefs/domestic-policy/elections/proportional-representation/proportional-representation-$366642.htm).

20 Gabriela campaigners circulated a text back campaign for families of migrant workers. Party supporters living in the Philippines were encouraged to send a text about Gabriela to five or ten people outside the country, who were asked to text another five.

21 IMF Fact sheet on PRSPs: http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/prsp.htm

22 Summary at details of DC available at : http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/ukpoverty/changeinthinking.html

23 The Group of Eight (G8, and formerly the G6 or Group of Six) is an international forum for the governments of eight nations: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the UK, and the USA; in addition, the EU is represented within the G8, but cannot host or chair.

24 See Hafner-Burton and Pollack, 2002, for a critical assessment of gender mainstreaming in the World Bank.

25 Personal communication from Dorcas Coker-Appiah, Ghana, member of CEDAW committee

26 Macro-economics is concerned with the behaviour of the whole economy in a particular country or region.

27 The WTO–UN relations are governed by the ‘Arrangements for Effective Cooperation with other Intergovernmental Organizations-Relations Between the WTO and the United Nations’ (see WTO website 2009).

28 Trade liberalisation, or free trade, refers to the reduction of trade barriers, such as import tariffs, as a means to promote international trade and cooperation. Critics of free trade argue that poor countries are at a disadvantage in these trade agreements because of their low production capacity compared to industrial giants such as the USA and EU, whose surpluses are often ‘dumped’ in poor countries.

29 ILO codes of conduct include a convention to ensure women are granted adequate maternity leave; conventions governing the number of hours worked, hygiene of the workplace, and the minimum age of employees; and conventions that make paid holiday leave a condition of employment. See http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/convdisp1.htm.

30 See the IGTN website: http://web.igtn.org/home/.

31 http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/Pages/default.aspx

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