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hif18031 Soldier Rev BDocument Outline - Design, Analysis, and Testing of Laterally Loaded Deep Foundations that Support Transportation Facilities
- FOREWORD
- Notice
- Quality Assurance Statement
- Technical Report Documentation Page
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- 1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
- 1.1 PURPOSE
- 1.2 BACKGROUND AND HISTORY OF ANALYSIS OF LATERALLY LOADED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
- 1.3 LITERATURE REVIEW
- 1.4 ORGANIZATION OF MANUAL
- 2 LATERAL LOAD APPLICATIONS AND SELECTION OF DEEP FOUNDATION TYPE FOR TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS
- 2.1 LATERAL LOAD APPLICATIONS FOR TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS
- 2.1.1 Typical Lateral Load Applications for Vertical Deep Foundations
- 2.1.2 Batter Piles for Lateral Load Applications
- 2.2 TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS ADDRESSED IN THIS MANUAL
- 2.3 SELECTION OF DEEP FOUNDATION TYPES FOR RESISTANCE OF LATERAL LOADS
- 2.3.1 Subsurface Conditions and Geomaterial Properties
- 2.3.2 Properties of Deep Foundation Elements
- 2.3.3 Constructability Considerations
- General Constructability
- Subsurface Conditions
- Installation
- Effects on Nearby Structures or Public Perception
- 2.3.4 Cost Effectiveness
- 2.3.5 Redundancy of the Foundation System
- 2.4 EXCLUSIONS
- 3 GEOTECHNICAL SITE CHARACTERIZATION FOR DESIGN OF LATERALLY LOADED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
- 3.1 INTRODUCTION
- 3.2 GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN PARAMETERS
- 3.2.1 Soil Geotechnical Design Parameters
- 3.2.2 Rock Geotechnical Design Parameters
- 3.3 SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION
- 3.3.1 Subsurface Exploration Program Requirements
- 3.3.2 Subsurface Exploration Techniques
- 3.3.3 Considerations for Subsurface Explorations when Lateral Loads are Significant
- 3.3.4 Laboratory Testing
- 3.3.5 Groundwater Conditions
- 4 LRFD DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND LIMIT STATES FOR LATERALLY LOADED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
- 4.1 INTRODUCTION
- 4.2 LOAD COMBINATIONS AND LOAD FACTORS
- 4.3 STRENGTH LIMIT STATE FOR LATERALLY LOADED FOUNDATIONS
- 4.4 SERVICE LIMIT STATE FOR LATERAL DISPLACEMENTS
- 4.5 EXTREME EVENT LIMIT STATE
- 4.6 CONSIDERATIONS FOR LIMIT EQUILIBRIUM APPLICATIONS
- 5 DESIGN PROCESS AND TEAM ROLES FOR ANALYSIS OF LATERALLY LOADED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
- 5.1 DESIGN PROCESS
- Block 1 – Establish Project Type, Performance Requirements, and Constraints
- Block a – Design-Build: Develop Project Performance Requirements
- Block 2 – Define Preliminary Project Geotechnical Conditions
- Block 3 - Develop Estimates of Applied Loads
- Block 4 - Plan and Execute a Subsurface Investigation and Testing Program
- Block 5 - Characterize Subsurface Conditions
- Block 6 - Selection of Deep Foundation Type
- Block 7 - Determine Initial Foundation Layout and Head Fixity Conditions
- Block 8 – Estimate Pile Size and Depth and Determine Subsurface Conditions for Lateral Loading Analysis
- Block 9 – Perform Analyses for Laterally Loaded Single Pile
- Block 9.1 – Analyze Geotechnical Strength Limit State
- Block 9.2 – Analyze Structural Strength Limit State
- Block 9.3 – Analyze Service Limit State
- Block 9.4 – Analyze Extreme Event Limit State
- Block 10 – Perform Axial Design
- Block 11 – Perform Group Analysis of Laterally Loaded Deep Foundations
- Block 12 – Perform Final Structural Design of Foundation Elements and Connections to Caps
- Block 13 – Perform Constructability Review
- Block 14 - Develop Construction Documents
- Block 15 – Develop Construction Cost Estimate
- Block 16 – Design Considerations and Changes in Construction
- Block 17 – Post-Construction Reporting
- Additional Considerations regarding Design-Build Projects
- 5.2 DESIGN TEAM ROLES
- 5.2.1 Geotechnical Responsibilities in Lateral Loading Analysis
- 5.2.2 Structural Responsibilities in Lateral Loading Analysis
- 5.2.3 Other Team Members
- 5.3 NEED FOR COMMUNICATION AND COORDINATION
- 6 ANALYSIS FOR LATERALLY LOADED SINGLE DEEP FOUNDATION ELEMENTS
- 6.1 INTRODUCTION
- 6.2 GEOTECHNICAL STRENGTH LIMIT STATE OF LATERALLY LOADED PILES
- 6.3 P-Y METHOD
- 6.3.1 Characteristics of P-y curves
- 6.3.2 Factors Affecting P-y Curves
- 6.3.3 Limitations
- 6.3.4 Recommendations Regarding P-y Method
- 6.4 STRAIN WEDGE MODEL
- 6.4.1 Recommendations Regarding Strain Wedge Model Method
- 6.5 BROMS METHOD
- 6.5.1 Broms Method for Cohesive Soils
- 6.5.2 Broms Method for Cohesionless Soils
- 6.5.3 Recommendations Regarding Broms Method
- 6.6 OTHER ANALYSIS METHODS FOR LATERALLY LOADED DEEP FOUNDATIONS
- 6.7 OTHER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
- 6.7.1 Selection of Deep Foundation Type and Size
- 6.7.2 Point of Fixity or Equivalent Depth of Fixity
- 6.7.2.1 Fixity for Structural Analysis
- 6.7.2.2 Fixity for Equivalent Cantilever Length for Buckling
- 6.7.2.3 Recommendations Regarding Fixity
- 6.7.3 Free Head vs. Fixed Head (Effect of Pile Cap)
- 6.7.4 When to Consider Anchors or Braces for Lateral Support of Deep Foundations
- 6.7.5 Scour
- 6.7.6 Sloping Ground Surface
- 6.7.7 Deep Foundations Socketed in Rock
- 6.7.8 Loading Considerations
- 6.7.8.1 Axial Loads
- 6.7.8.2 Cyclical Loads
- 6.7.8.3 Considerations for Transient Loads, Temporary Loads, and Permanent Loads
- 6.7.9 Frost/Desiccation Depth, Loss of Contact, Etc.
- 6.7.10 Other Design Considerations
- 6.7.10.1 Variations in Subsurface Conditions
- 6.7.10.2 Anchors and Bracing against Deep Foundations
- 6.7.10.3 Increasing Lateral Resistance around Deep Foundations
- 7 LATERAL ANALYSIS OF GROUPS OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS
- 7.1 INTRODUCTION
- 7.2 GROUP EFFECTS IN LATERAL LOADING
- 7.2.1 Group Efficiency
- 7.2.2 Load Distribution in a Group and the p-Multiplier Concept
- 7.2.2.1 Development of p-Multipliers
- 7.2.2.2 Recommendations for P-multipliers
- 7.2.2.3 Considerations for Group Effects for Other Methods of Analysis
- 7.3 LATERAL RESISTANCE CONTRIBUTION OF THE CAP
- 7.4 ANALYSIS OF GROUPS OF DEEP FOUNDATION ELEMENTS
- 7.4.1 Analysis of Deep Foundation Groups using Individual Pile Analysis
- 7.4.2 Combined Lateral and Axial Loads from Frame Action
- 7.4.3 Finite Element Programs
- 7.4.4 Commentary on the Use of Computer Programs for Group Analysis
- 7.5 USE OF BATTER PILES
- 7.5.1 Concerns Regarding the Use of Batter Piles
- 7.5.2 Loads in Batter Piles
- 7.5.3 P-y Analysis of Batter Piles
- 7.6 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS FOR GROUPS OF DEEP FOUNDATION ELEMENTS
- 8 DESIGN FOR EXTREME EVENTS
- 8.1 INTRODUCTION
- 8.2 EXTREME EVENT SCOUR (CHECK FLOOD)
- 8.3 SEISMIC
- 8.3.1 Equivalent Static Seismic Force
- 8.3.2 Liquefaction
- 8.3.3 Time-History Analysis
- 8.4 DESIGN FOR ICE AND COLLISIONS
- 8.4.1 Ice Loads
- 8.4.2 Vehicular Collision Loads
- 8.4.3 Vessel Collision Loads
- 8.5 COMBINATIONS OF EXTREME EVENTS
- 9 DESIGN FOR EARTH RETENTION STRUCTURES
- 9.1 OVERVIEW
- 9.2 EARTH PRESSURES
- 9.3 DETERMINATION OF EMBEDMENT DEPTH
- 9.4 EVALUATION OF DEFORMATION
- 10 DESIGN FOR SLOPE STABILIZATION
- 10.1 OVERVIEW
- 10.2 EXISTING SLOPE STABILITY
- 10.2.1 Data Gathering
- 10.2.2 Geotechnical Resistance Factors for Slope Stability
- 10.3 DRILLED SHAFT ANALYSIS
- 10.3.1 Background
- 10.3.2 LRFD Analysis for Slope Stabilization
- 10.3.3 Liang and Zeng (2002) Method
- 10.3.4 Geotechnical Resistance of Drilled Shafts
- 10.3.4.1 Service Limit State
- 10.3.4.2 Strength Limit State
- 10.3.5 Drilled Shaft Reinforcement Design
- 10.3.6 Computer Applications
- 10.4 MICROPILE SLOPE STABILIZATION
- 11 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE
- 11.1 OVERVIEW
- 11.2 STRUCTURAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS - GENERAL
- 11.2.1 Effective Length and Buckling
- 11.3 PROCEDURES FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE SECTIONS
- 11.3.1 Material Properties - General
- 11.3.2 Concrete
- 11.3.3 Reinforcing Steel
- 11.3.4 Casings
- 11.3.5 Minimum and Maximum Amount of Longitudinal Steel Reinforcement
- 11.3.6 Minimum Amount of Transverse Steel Reinforcement
- 11.3.7 Concrete Cover and Cage Centering Devices
- 11.3.8 Cases with Axial and Bending Moment (Linear Behavior)
- 11.3.9 Axial Compression and Biaxial Bending for Non-Circular Members
- 11.3.10 Cases with Axial and Bending Moment (Non-Linear Behavior)
- 11.3.11 Pre-Stressed Concrete
- 11.4 PROCEDURES FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTIONS
- 11.4.1 Material Properties - General
- 11.4.2 Material Properties – Structural Steel
- 11.4.3 Axial Compression
- 11.4.4 Flexure
- 11.4.5 Step-by-Step Procedure for Nominal Flexural Resistance for Linear Behavior
- 11.4.5.1 Steel H-Section
- 11.4.5.2 Steel Pipe Piles
- 11.4.6 Combined Flexure and Axial Compression
- 11.4.7 Cases with Axial and Bending Moment (Non-Linear Behavior)
- 11.4.8 Steel Pipe Section
- 11.5 PROCEDURES FOR STRUCTURAL COMPOSITE SECTIONS
- 11.5.1 Structural Resistance
- 11.5.1.1 Axial Compression
- 11.5.2 Step-by-Step Procedure for Nominal Flexural Resistance”
- 12 LATERAL LOAD TESTS
- 12.1 CONSIDERATION FOR PLANNING LATERAL LOAD TESTS
- 12.1.1 Lateral Load Tests for Design
- 12.1.2 Lateral Load Tests in Construction to Verify the Design
- 12.1.3 Considerations regarding Subsurface Characterization for Lateral Load Test Program
- 12.1.4 Considerations for Test Pile Location
- 12.1.5 Considerations for the Design of the Test Pile/Shaft
- 12.1.6 Considerations for Test Pile Installation Methods
- 12.1.7 Coordination with Axial Load Tests
- 12.2 LATERAL LOAD TEST METHODS
- 12.2.1 Static Lateral Load Tests
- 12.2.2 Rapid Load Test
- 12.2.3 Bidirectional Lateral Load Test
- 12.3 INSTRUMENTATION
- 12.3.1 External instrumentation
- 12.3.2 Internal instrumentation
- 12.4 DATA ANALYSIS
- 12.4.1 Deflections from Strain Gauge Data
- 12.4.2 Bending Moment Profiles
- 12.4.3 Net Resistance (p) Using Piecewise Polynomial Curve Fitting
- 12.5 LATERAL LOAD TEST REPORTS
- 12.6 PUBLICATION OF LATERAL LOAD TESTS RESULTS
- 12.7 LIMITATIONS OF LATERAL LOAD TESTS
- 12.8 ALTERNATIVES TO LATERAL LOAD TESTS
- 13 CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS
- 13.1 CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND INSPECTION
- 13.2 CONSTRUCTABILITY REVIEW
- 13.3 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS AND CHANGES IN CONSTRUCTION
- 13.4 DRIVEN PILE, DRILLED SHAFT, AND BACKFILL CONSIDERATIONS
- 13.4.1 Pile/Shaft Position and Alignment
- 13.4.2 Driven Pile Installations
- 13.4.2.1 Equipment Selection
- 13.4.2.2 Sequence of Driving
- 13.4.2.3 Driving Refusal
- 13.4.2.4 Splicing
- 13.4.2.5 Jetting and Pre-boring
- 13.4.3 Drilled Shafts
- 13.4.3.1 Pre-Drilling and Surface Casing
- 13.4.3.2 Structural Integrity
- 13.4.3.3 Rock Sockets
- 13.4.4 Backfill and Grading
- 14 REFERENCES
- APPENDIX A EXAMPLE P-Y CURVES AND PARAMETERS FOR VARIOUS SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS BASED ON AVAILABLE PUBLISHED SOURCES
- A.1 P-Y CURVE FOR SOFT CLAY WITH FREE WATER (MATLOCK 1970)
- Static Loading
- Cyclic Loading
- A.2 P-Y CURVE FOR STIFF CLAY WITH FREE WATER (REESE ET AL. 1975)
- Static Loading
- Cyclic Loading
- A.3 P-Y CURVE FOR STIFF CLAY WITH NO FREE WATER (REESE AND WELCH 1975)
- Static Loading
- Cyclic Loading
- A.4 P-Y CURVE FOR SANDS (REESE ET AL. 1974)
- A.5 P-Y CURVES FOR WEAK ROCK (REESE 1997)
- First segment:
- Second segment:
- Third segment:
- A.6 P-Y CURVES FOR LIQUEFIED SANDS (ROLLINS ET AL. 2005)
- A.7 SLOPING GROUND
- A.7.1 Ultimate Soil Resistance
- APPENDIX B EXAMPLE PROBLEMS AND/OR CASE HISTORIES
- B.1 SINGLE PILE LATERAL ANALYSIS FOR THE DESIGN OF AN INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (ITS) POLE
- Step 1: Determine Idealized Soil Profile and Geotechnical Design Parameters
- Step 2: Obtain Preliminary Structural Design
- Step 3: Determine Factored Loads
- Step 4: Obtain Bending Moment, Shear, and Lateral Deformation Profiles
- Step 5: Assess Pile Structural Integrity
- Step 6: Final Design
- B.2 PILE GROUP LATERAL ANALYSIS FOR DESIGN OF ABRIDGE PIER
- Step 1: Determine Idealized Soil Profile and Geotechnical Design Parameters
- Step 2: Obtain Preliminary Structural Design
- Step 3: Determine p-multipliers
- Step 4: Determine Factored Loads
- Step 4: Obtain Bending Moment, Shear, and Lateral Deformation Profiles
- Step 5: Assess Pile Structural Integrity
- Step 6: Final Design
- APPENDIX C EXAMPLE LOAD TEST RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION AND DETERMINATION OF P-Y CURVES
- C.1 SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS ATTEST SITE
- C.2 LATERAL LOAD TEST SET-UP
- C.3 LATERAL LOAD TEST RESULTS
- APPENDIX D GUIDE SPECIFICATION FOR LATERAL LOAD TESTS
- 1.0 DESCRIPTION
- 1.1 Related Specifications
- 1.1.1 Specification Sections:
- 1.1.2 Reference Standards:
- 1.2 Submittals
- 1.2.1 Qualifications
- 1.2.2 Lateral Load Testing Plan
- 1.2.3 Test Pile Construction Inspection Records
- 1.2.4 Lateral Load Testing Report
- 1.3 Pre-construction meeting
- 2.0 MATERIALS
- 3.0 EXECUTION.
- APPENDIX E LITERATURE REVIEW
- GEC No. 9: Design and Analysis of Laterally Loaded Deep Foundations Literature Review
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. SCOPE OF RESEARCH
- 3. BACKGROUND
- 4. STATE DOT RESEARCH METHOD
- 5. SUMMARY OF STATE DOT RESEARCH
- 5.1 DESIGN METHODOLOGIES
- 5.2 OTHER DESIGN TOPICS
- 5.2.1 Fixity Depth
- 5.2.2 Critical Depth
- 5.2.3 Group Multipliers
- 5.2.4 Head Fixity
- 5.2.5 Deflection Limits
- 5.2.6 Seismic
- 5.2.7 Design Procedure
- 5.2.8 Engineer Responsibilities
- 5.2.9 Resistance Factor
- 6. OTHER US-BASED SOURCES
- 6.1 BROMS (A, B)
- 6.2 DAVISSON AND ROBINSON (1965)
- 6.3 REESE (1984, 1985)
- 6.4 COMP MANUAL (1993)
- 6.5 AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE (API) (2000)
- 6.6 FHWA NHI-10-016: DRILLED SHAFTS CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES AND LRFD DESIGN METHODS (2010)
- 6.7 FHWA-NHI-11-032: LRFD SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF TRANSPORTATION GEOTECHNICAL FEATURES AND STRUCTURAL FOUNDATIONS (2011)
- 6.8 LPILE TECHNICAL MANUAL (2012)
- 6.9 AASHTO LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS (2014)
- 7. INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH METHOD
- 8. SUMMARY OF INTERNATIONAL PRACTICE
- 8.1 EUROCODE AND UNITED KINGDOM
- 8.2 AUSTRALIA
- 8.3 HONG KONG
- 8.4 CHINA
- 8.5 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE (IBC) (2012)
- 8.6 ALP VERSION 19.1 (USER MANUAL)
- 9. SOFTWARE
- 10. CASE HISTORY SUMMARY
- 10.1 DATABASE SUMMARIES
- 10.2 DOT LATERAL LOAD TEST STUDIES
- Missouri
- North Carolina
- Ohio
- Colorado
- Joint program by Utah, Arizona, California, New York, and Washington:
- Other Testing Programs or Case Histories
- 11. GAPS IN THE STATE OF THE PRACTICE
- 11.1 STRAIN WEDGE MODEL
- 11.2 SLOPE REINFORCEMENT OR STABILIZATION
- 11.3 ROCK SOCKET DESIGN
- 11.4 INTERMEDIATE GEOMATERIALS (IGM)
- 11.5 SEISMIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
- 11.6 BATTER PILES
- 12. PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF METHOD FOR GEC 9
- 12.1 PRELIMINARY DESIGN
- 12.2 FINAL DESIGN
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