Gonzaga Debate Institute 2011 Gemini Landsats Neg
AT: Surveillance – Non-Inherent – MASINT
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- AT: Surveillance – Non-Inherent – Military Satellites
AT: Surveillance – Non-Inherent – MASINTMASINT solves surveillance Best & Elsea 8 (Richard & Jennifer, Specialist in National defense & Legislative Attorney, CRS Report for Congress, 3/21, http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL34421_20080321.pdf, accessed 7-4-11, CH) Satellites are also capable of supporting measurement and signature analysis (MASINT), which is an important, but little known, intelligence discipline, involving information derived from the analysis of radar, laser, infrared, and other emanations. MASINT could be useful for domestic applications in some circumstances; in particular, it might provide evidence of the existence and location of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) materials or WMDs themselves prepared or smuggled in by hostile individuals or groups. The capabilities that satellite-derived information might add to homeland security and law enforcement efforts are inevitably classified but could be investigated and assessed by congressional committees. AT: Surveillance – Non-Inherent – Military Satellites DSP solves—military detection, disaster detection, earth observation Pack et al 00 (Dee, DSP researcher, Carl J. Rice, Barbara J. Tressel, Carolyn J. Lee-Wagner, and Edgar M. Oshika, Aerospace, Winter, http://www.aero.org/publications/crosslink/winter2000/01.html, accessed 7-5-11, CH) Every 10 seconds nearly the entire Earth's surface is scanned by Defense Support Program (DSP) infrared surveillance satellites looking for the telltale signs of hostile missile launches. The Aerospace Corporation has been investigating the feasibility of using this existing capability to detect natural disasters and other related environmental phenomena. For the past 6 years, Aerospace researchers have pursued a systematic program to explore the possibilities of using DSP satellites to detect and study fires and volcanic activity. Case studies have included wildfires such as Southern California's Topanga-Malibu fire of 1993, biomass burning in the Southern African savannas, volcanic eruptions and the spread of ash clouds from Mount St. Helens in Washington and Columbia's Nevado El Ruiz, and recent activity at the volcano Popocatapétl in Mexico. These results are being used to assist in the development of the Hazard Support System, a new disaster detection and mitigation program recently established by the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The DSP Satellite System First launched in 1970, DSP satellites are the space-based component of the nation's missile early-warning system. These geosynchronous satellites observe Earth, using a spinning array of infrared detectors that are sensitive to emissions from hot point sources at or near Earth's surface. Military surveillance solves heg Shearer 98 (SR, US Intelligence Officer, International Security, 11/28, http://www.cephas-library.com/nwo_the_revolution_in_military_affairs.html, accessed 7-7-11, CH) The revolution in military affairs now in progress is no less far-reaching in its consequences for the United States (the one and only possessor of this technology), and the world at large. The technological bases of the ongoing revolution are (1) the dramatic improvements in the accuracy and range of weaponry (i.e., the development of "smart weapons"), (2) the acuity of reconnaissance and surveillance (i.e., spy satellites and other reconnaissance aircraft), (3) the ease of deception (i.e., stealth technology), (4) the ease of suppressing enemy defenses (again, "stealth technology and the development of "cruise missiles), and (5) the effectiveness of command and control (which the "computer revolution" has unleashed). This technology, when implemented effectively - and, again, only one nation possesses the means and "know how" of doing this - has the effect of reducing to impotence the military establishments of the other nations of the earth; hence the somber warning of Scripture against the proud possessor of this technology: "... who is like unto the beast? who is able to make war with him?" (Rev. 13:4) RMA TECHNOLOGY PROMISES TO EASE RESTRAINTS ON THE USE OF MILITARY POWER AND CONTRIBUTE TO AMERICAN WORLD-HEGEMONY This technology promises to both ease the restraints against the use of force by the United States while at the same time increasing substantially American world-hegemony. We have only to look at the effects of this technology in the Gulf War to appreciate its capabilities. Although the information revolution in warfare was only in its initial stages in 1991 (since then, it has advanced immeasurably) this war provided ample evidence of its efficacy. The most impressive weapon in action during the Gulf conflict was the F-117A fighter-bomber. The F-117As flew only 2 percent of U.S. sorties in the Gulf War, but accounted for 40 percent of the damage done to strategic targets. Overall, more than 80 percent of the bombs dropped by F-117As hit their target, and none of the aircraft was shot down. And it wasn't just the F117As, but all the aircraft which utilized "smart bombs." As one U.S. Air Force officer remarked, the question was no longer even which building to target, but which room in the building - or in some instances, which part of the room. AT: Surveillance – Non-Inherent – Military SatellitesLandsats not key—military satellites maintain US dominance Posen 3(Barry, Prof Political Sciences MIT, International Security, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/international_security/v028/28.1posen.html, Issue 28.1, accessed 7-7-11, CH) Though the United States is not yet committed to actual combat in or from space, it spends vast amounts on reconnaissance, navigation, and communications satellites. 25 These satellites provide a standing infrastructure to conduct military operations around the globe. According to Gen. Michael Ryan, the chief of staff of the U.S. Air Force, the United States had 100 military satellites and 150 commercial satellites in space in 2001, nearly half of all the active satellites in space. 26 According to Air Force Lt. Gen. T. Michael Moseley, air component commander in the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in March 2003, more than 50 satellites supported land, sea, and air operations in every aspect of the campaign. 27 Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld plans to emphasize the military exploitation of space, and has set the military the mission of "space [End Page 12] control." 28 For fiscal years 2002-07, the Pentagon plans to spend $165 billion on space-related activities. 29 Other states can and do use space for military and civilian purposes. Though there is concern that some commercial satellites have military utility for reconnaissance and communications, many belong to U.S. companies or U.S. allies, and full exploitation of their capabilities by U.S. enemies can be severely disrupted. 30 The NAVSTAR/GPS (global positioning system) constellation of satellites, designed and operated by the U.S. military but now widely utilized for civilian purposes, permits highly precise navigation and weapons guidance anywhere in the world. Full exploitation of GPS by other military and civilian users is permitted electronically by the United States, but this permission is also electronically revocable. 31 It will not be easy for others to produce a comparable system, though the European Union intends to try. GPS cost $4.2 billion (in 1979 prices) to bring to completion, significantly more money than was originally projected. 32 Military satellites high now Ratnam 10 (Gopal, staff, Bloomberg, 8/23, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-08-23/boeing-sees-2-billion-in-u-s-military-satellite-orders-under-new-accord.html, accessed 7-7-11, CH) Boeing Co. the second-largest U.S. satellite maker, said it expects at least $2 billion of orders for military communications satellites stemming from a Defense Department contract announced last week. The U.S. Air Force said Aug. 19 that it awarded a $182 million contract to Boeing to buy parts for a Wideband Global Satcom satellite used for military communications. That may lead to orders for as many as six new satellites, Ken Torok, a vice president at Chicago-based Boeing’s Space and Intelligence Systems unit, said in a telephone interview. Those would add to a 2007 contract for six of the Wideband satellites that are used by the U.S. Air Force, Army and Navy for tactical military communications and allow soldiers on the battlefield to access the Internet. The company has delivered three, and the Air Force is looking to order up to six more to replace older systems, Torok said. “One Wideband has 10 times the capacity” of the Pentagon’s earlier Defense Satellite Communications satellites, Torok said. “The difference is like going from dial-up to broadband for your Internet.” DoD satellites monitor military activities—meets all military requirements Martin 7 (Donald, Senior Engineering Specialist, Aerospace, 11/23, http://www.aero.org/publications/crosslink/winter2002/01.html, accessed 7-7-11, CH) As the U.S. space program grew in the 1960s, the Department of Defense (DOD) began developing satellite communication systems that would address the special requirements of military operations. In addition to protection against jamming, these needs included the flexibility to rapidly extend service to new regions of the globe and to reallocate system capacity as needed. The goal of these systems has been to provide communications between, and to supply information to, military units in situations where terrestrial means of communication are impossible, unreliable, or unavailable. This goal was partly realized with the earliest DOD communication satellites, and as satellite and communications technology has improved, the goal has been realized to a much greater extent. Early DOD satellite communication experiments led to initial operational systems, which evolved to a complete military satellite communications (milsatcom) architecture encompassing DOD's unique requirements. Within this milsatcom architecture, different systems were developed for three broad populations of users: wideband, tactical, and protected. 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