AT: Brain Circulation – No India
Proximity and historical ties between the US and the UK allow for British scientists to travel home more often than Indian scientists
Harvey, University of Sydney - Faculty of Economics and Business - School of Business, 8
(William S., “BRAIN CIRCULATION? British and Indian scientists in Boston, Massachusetts, USA”, Asian Population Studies, Vol. 4, No. 3, p. 299, CW)
British and Indian scientists varied significantly in the frequency that they travelled to their home countries for business purposes. The average British respondent and the average Indian respondent had travelled to the UK and India six times and once, respectively in the last three years. However, the dispersion of results was high. Table 3 shows that 31 per cent of British respondents and 81 per cent of Indian respondents travelled to their home countries zero times in the past three years for business purposes. In comparison, 13 per cent of British respondents and one per cent of Indian respondents had travelled to their home countries at least 15 times in the last three years. These differences are important because 50 per cent more British than Indian scientists are travelling to their home country for business purposes. This suggests that British scientists are given more opportunity to travel to their home country for business than Indian scientists. It is questionable how important geographic proximity to the home country is in influencing business travel. Boston, for example, is relatively close to London (a distance of 3275 miles) and there are important economic, social and historical ties between both cities. As a result, there are several airlines that operate between both cities, and this reduces the cost of air travel and facilitates trans-Atlantic business collaborations. Having said this, five per cent of Saxenian’s (2006) Indian sample in Silicon Valley (a distance of 8712 miles from Bangalore) compared to one per cent of my Indian sample in Boston (a distance of 8135 miles from Bangalore) have travelled more than 15 times in the last three years to India for business purposes. Therefore, geographic proximity is not always important in influencing business travel because the types of highly skilled migrants who travel for business purposes (e.g. Argonauts) are able to afford the higher costs of travel.
***Aff***
Even with the cuts NASA’s future looks bright – new programs in the SQ make hiring inevitable
Space Report 11
(The Space Report is the definitive overview of major global space developments over the past year: “4.0 Workforce and Education” 2011 http://www.thespacereport.org/files/The_Space_Report_2011_exec_summary.pdf MLF 7-6-11)
Although the space industry faces challenges due to programmatic changes and demographic factors, the ingredients exist for future successes. New commercial ventures and national space programs have the potential to generate interest that will draw talented individuals into the space workforce. The nature of this workforce may well be more diverse than it has been in the past, requiring new management approaches to ensure that innovation continues to grow and flourish.
Aerospace engineers on the rise now
McAward, Kelly Engineering Resources, Vice President and Product Leader ‘10
(Tim, September 1 2010, Kelly Engineering Resources, Vice President and Product Leader Aerospace Engineering Online “The Future of Engineering is Here” http://www.sae.org/mags/aem/8789 7/6/11 BLG)
Throughout the past few decades, four occupational specialties have generally combined to represent nearly half of the United States engineering workforce. To date, each of these specialties still attract a majority of American engineers: civil, mechanical, industrial, and electrical. Yet, even though 49% of all American engineers are employed by organizations that specialize in one of these four disciplines, more engineering students have either enrolled in the following five programs, or have attained degrees in one of these niche disciplines, than in the “Big Four” occupational specialties, in the last five years: • Aerospace: 30% increase in the number of graduates • Biomedical: 50% increase in the number of graduates • Chemical: 50% increase in undergraduate enrollment • Environmental: 100% increase in undergraduate enrollment • Petroleum: 100% increase in undergraduate enrollment and in the number of students graduating. In the meantime, although the manufacturing sector continues to employ the largest percentage of American engineers, many service-based industries, including professional, scientific, and technical, have begun to hire an increasing number of engineers as well. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook for 2010, about 30% of all engineering professionals currently work in one of these industries. If engineers are not employed within the manufacturing sector or in service-based industries, they generally work for federal, state, or local governments, within a variety of capacities, including the U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Department of Transportation, or U.S. Department of Energy; the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); or highway and public works departments.
No Link – Security Restrictions
Security clearance restriction prevent foreign hires
Aerospace Industries Association 8
(“Launching into Aerospace: Industry’s Response to the Workforce Challenge”,p.2, http://www.aia-aerospace.org/assets/workforce_report_1_sept08.pdf) access 7/8/11
While other industrial sectors can outsource labor to foreign workers, security requirements dictate that most U.S. aerospace and defense systems must be developed in this country by U.S. citizens. Thus, the need for home-grown technical talent is particularly acute for the aerospace industry.
Citizenship requirements in aerospace industry prevent foreign hiring
Aerospace Industries Association 8
“A Special Report: Launching the 21st Century: American Aerospace Workforce”, December,
http://www.aia-aerospace.org/assets/report_workforce_1208.pdf) access 7/8/11
• Security Clearances. The United States produced 122,450 total engineering and science graduates in 2007, but less than two-thirds are eligible for high-level security clearances based on citizenship.11 While other industrial sectors can outsource labor to foreign workers, security requirements dictate that most U.S. aerospace and defense systems be developed in this country by U.S. citizens. Thus, the need for home-grown, U.S.-developed technical talent is particularly acute for the aerospace industry. According to the Interagency Aerospace Revitalization Task Force, there are two major issues associated with security clearance requirements: clearable talent and clearance process portability.
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