Gonzaga Debate Institute 2011 Mercury Scholars seti aff
Int’l Space Station Scenario 1/2
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Int’l Space Station Scenario 1/2Orbital debris puts space missions and the ISS at risk Leonard, senior space writer, 2007 (David, “China's Anti-Satellite Test: Worrisome Debris Cloud Circles Earth,” Space.com, February 2, NS) Most prolific and serious fragmentation Johnson said that the debris cloud extends from less than 125 miles (200 kilometers) to more than 2,292 miles (3,850 kilometers), encompassing all of low Earth orbit. The majority of the debris have mean altitudes of 528 miles (850 kilometers) or greater, "which means most will be very long-lived," he said. The number of smaller orbital debris from this breakup is much higher than the 900-plus being tracked. NASA estimates that the number of debris larger than 1 centimeter is greater than 35,000 bits of riff-raff. "Any of these debris has the potential for seriously disrupting or terminating the mission of operational spacecraft in low Earth orbit," Johnson pointed out. "This satellite breakup represents the most prolific and serious fragmentation in the course of 50 years of space operations," he said. Also put in harm's way by the rain of junk from the Chinese ASAT test is the International Space Station (ISS).
(Marty and Mariel, “The International Space Station: Decision 2015”, Space Foundation, http://www.spacefoundation.org/docs/ISS_Decision_2015.pdf,) Benefits to science from basic research advancements are only one aspect of how the ISS can contribute to technological innovation. The space program is one of the most well-known sources of advanced technological research in the country. In the process of researching and designing very complex space systems, advances are made that have benefits outside the space program. The NASA Innovative Partnerships Program helps transition these advances into the private sector, benefiting global competition and the economy. 30 Research associated with the development of the ISS, in particular, has contributed greatly to this phenomenon. For example, technology developed to recycle waste water on the ISS has led to the creation of a filtration system with the ability to purify water from the most challenging water sources. This could have important impacts in remote areas where well water is heavily contaminated by bacteria and it is already being used to purify the water supplies of hospitals in the developing world and dental practices in developed nations. 31 Other technologies derived from work on the ISS include air purifiers, biosensors, and advanced fire alarms. ISS-inspired technology can be found in the most unlikely places: wireless sensors developed for the program can now be found monitoring the structural integrity of three tunnels in the Netherlands. 32 The companies associated with these advances are often partnered with NASA as part of the agency’s Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program. The success of small businesses is essential to innovation and growth in the economy. Moreover, although some of these companies are based in states such as Texas, Florida, and California, which are often associated with the space program, others reside in a wide variety of states, including New York, Oregon, Virginia, Montana, Pennsylvania, Arizona, Georgia, Connecticut, Michigan, Colorado, Massachusetts, New Mexico, Maryland, Nevada, and New Hampshire. 33 The ISS has already proven to be an efficient engine for the creation of new, advanced technologies. The longer the program continues, the greater the likelihood that even more technologies will be developed to benefit the United States, and people worldwide. Int’l Space Station 2/2Innovation is key to hegemony Martino, Senior Fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute, 7 (Rocco, “A Strategy for Success: Innovation Will Renew American Leadership,” Orbis, Volume 51, Issue 2) Much of the foreign policy discussion in the United States today is focused upon the dilemma posed by the Iraq War and the threat posed by Islamist terrorism. These problems are, of course, both immediate and important. However, America also faces other challenges to its physical security and economic prosperity, and these are more long-term and probably more profound. There is, first, the threat posed by our declining competitiveness in the global economy, a threat most obviously represented by such rising economic powers as China and India.(FN1) There is, second, the threat posed by our increasing dependence on oil imports from the Middle East. Moreover, these two threats are increasingly connected, as China and India themselves are greatly increasing their demand for Middle East oil.(FN2) The United States of course faced great challenges to its security and economy in the past, most obviously from Germany and Japan in the first half of the twentieth century and from the Soviet Union in the second half. Crucial to America's ability to prevail over these past challenges was our technological and industrial leadership, and especially our ability to continuously recreate it. Indeed, the United States has been unique among great powers in its ability to keep on creating and recreating new technologies and new industries, generation after generation. Perpetual innovation and technological leadership might even be said to be the American way of maintaining primacy in world affairs. They are almost certainly what America will have to pursue in order to prevail over the contemporary challenges involving economic competitiveness and energy dependence. There is therefore an urgent need for America to resume its historic emphasis on innovation. The United States needs a national strategy focused upon developing new technologies and creating new industries. Every successful strategy must define an objective or mission, determine a solution, and assemble the means of execution. In this case, the objective is economic superiority; the solution is new industries which build upon the contemporary revolution in information technology; and the means of execution will have to include a partnership of industry, government, and people.
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