Gonzaga Debate Institute 2011 Mercury Scholars seti aff
Int’l Space Station Extension
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Int’l Space Station ExtensionSpace debris has threatened the ISS 3 times in the past 6 months Russia & CIS Military Newswire 11 (Russia & CIS Military: “Space debris has threatened ISS three times in past half a year - Russian Space Forces” Lexis 4-16-2011 MLF 6-25-11) The Russian Space Forces have warned the space mission control three times in the past half a year about the danger of the International Space Station's collision with space debris, Space Forces Commander Maj. Gen. Oleg Ostapenko told journalists. "Three warnings about dangerous proximity between space objects and the International Space Station have been sent to the space mission control [outside Moscow]," Ostapenko said at an expanded meeting of the Space Forces' military council on Saturday. The space control system has monitored the placement of 30 spacecraft into orbit. "More than 20 Russian and foreign spacecraft have been tracked," he said. The system also detected 11 launches of domestic and foreign space rockets. The Russian Space Forces have taken part in the launches of 14 spacecraft, ten of them as part of the federal space program and the other four in the Defense Ministry's interests, from the fall of 2010 to April 2011. Economy ScenarioSpace debris destroys satellites, collapses the economy and causes resource wars Moore, research fellow with the Independent Institute , 09 (Mike , Post-Gazette.com , “Sunday Forum: Space Junk,” 2-22 , http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09053/950576-109.stm , 6-24-11 , GJV) In a time of high tension, someone preemptively smashes spy satellites in low-Earth orbits, creating tens of thousands of metal chunks and shards. Debris-tracking systems are overwhelmed and low-Earth orbits become so cluttered with metal that new satellites cannot be safely launched. Satellites already in orbit die of old age or are killed by debris strikes. The global economy, which is greatly dependent on a variety of assets in space, collapses. The countries of the world head back to a 1950s-style way of life, but there are billions more people on the planet than in the '50s. That's a recipe for malnutrition, starvation and wars for resources. Economy Scenario ExtensionSatellites are key to globalization Moore , research fellow with the Independent Institute , 09 (Mike, Post-Gazette.com , “Sunday Forum: Space Junk,” 2-22 , http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09053/950576-109.stm , 6-24-11 , GJV) "Orbital space" is a natural resource, as surely as land, air and water. It must be protected because it is home to nearly a thousand satellites put up by many countries -- communications, geo-observation, geopositioning, weather and other types. "Globalization" would not be possible without commercial satellites. Commercial Satellite ScenarioSatellites are key to global communications Akir, Director of Distance Learning, Washington State Community College , 04 (Ziad, Online Journal Of Space Education,“Space Security: Possible Issues & Potential Solutions,” http://spacejournal.ohio.edu/index.html , 6-25-11 , GJV) Space communication, particularly satellite communication, is becoming an integral component of our overall global telecommunication infrastructure. Satellites are being used for communication, navigation, remote sensing, imaging, and weather forecasting. Satellites are also providing backup communication capabilities when terrestrial communication is interrupted in cases such as earthquakes or other natural (or unnatural) disasters. The September 11 th events in 2001 demonstrated the value of redundant satellite systems in supporting rescue efforts. 1 Many governments around the world, including the United States, rely on commercial satellite systems for communication, commerce, and defense. Commercial satellite systems include groundbased components such as earth station antennas, data terminals, and mobile terminals; and space-based components include satellites and other systems (e.g. space station and launching vehicles) now essential to global function. Commercial satellites are vital to upholding U.S. hegemony Akir, Ohio Univ. Doctoral Student, 3 (Ziad, “Space Security: Possible Issues and Potential Solutions,” accessed 5-7-11, http://spacejournal.ohio.edu/issue6/pdf/ziad.pdf) Commercial space systems are vital in support of military and other governmental operations and activities. Military forces can often operate in environments with little or no existing communication infrastructure. Collecting information in the form of mapping and real-time movements of enemy forces is of crucial importance. Commercial satellite imagery systems are used by governments to achieve their national security interests.15 During the U.S. showdown with Iraq earlier this year, the U.S. government used satellites to track the movement of the Iraqi military as well as keeping track on the where-abouts of the Iraqi weapons.16 Failure in commercial satellite operation may have devastating consequences on the outcome of a military or political conflict. Commercial Satellite Scenario ExtensionSatellites are crucial both state and global, state and telecommunication services. Jakhu , member of the Editorial Boards of the Annals of Air and Space Law , 07 (Ram , Astropolitics: The International Journal of Space Politics & Policy , pg. 173 – 208 , GJV) Satellites are the best means for a rapid expansion of telecommunications services nationally and globally. However, the level of that expansion is greatly determined by the availability of the two indispensable tools for satellites, which are orbital positions and radio frequencies. Growing demand for geostationary orbital (GEO) slots and radio frequencies by a rapidly increasing number of commercial satellite operators and expanding dependence on satellites for military purposes give rise to shortage of slots and spectrum to allocate as well as an increase in satellite interference. Concurrently, increasing space activities and anti-satellite (ASAT) tests are generating man-made space pollution, particularly space debris, and consequently are making the use of outer space more expensive and dangerous. The problems shortage of appropriate orbital positions, satellite interference and space debris are serious. Unless resolved in a timely fashion, they would pose significant barriers and dangers to all (civilian, commercial and military) satellites and could result in denial of access to space in practice by all states. This paper first describes the current situation of shortage of GEO positions and increase in satellite interference. Secondly, current international regulatory regime governing the access to and use of these tools has been analyzed with a view to highlight the weaknesses therein. Thirdly, the problem of space debris is discussed with a view to show how difficult it is becoming to carry on space operations and how important and urgent it is to have an appropriate legal regime in place. Finally, a few recommendations are made emphasizing the need for international cooperation in order to strengthen the international regulatory regime so that the required telecommunication services remain readily available to all and outer space remain pollution-free environment to be used for and by all states. 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