Energy recovery in appropriate BAT/BEP incinerators or possibly in other thermal BAT/BEP facilities offers energy/material recovery31 options for POP-PBDE-containing plastic fractions. The treatment technologies and requirements are described in chapter7.
BAT/BEP considerations for landfilling of POP-PBDE-containing materials are described in chapter 8 and annex 3. As noted previously (section 3.3) this option is least favoured by life cycle considerations since POPs are not destroyed but stored for the next generation.
The transport sector (cars, busses, trucks, trains, ships32, and planes) is one of the largest global material and waste flows. Automobile ownership (including cars, buses and trucks, based on 2010 records) worldwide exceeded 1 billion in 2010 (Sakai et al., 2014). One of the main uses of c-PentaBDE was in PUR foam for the transport sector. C-PentaBDE was used in upholstery of seats, headrests and ceilings, and application in textile back-coating. Some c-OctaBDE was also used in plastic parts (e.g. dashboard, steering wheel). The transport sector can be considered as a large stock and reuse/recycling flow for POP-PBDEs because of the relatively long lifetime of vehicles (in particular in developing countries) and high reuse and export rate.
POP contaminants in end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) could also include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)33 and PCDD/PCDF (Stockholm Convention BAT/BEP Guidelines (Stockholm Convention 2007); Vermeulen et al., 2011). Other hazardous substances found in ELVs are heavy metals, such as copper, cadmium, lead, nickel and zinc, which also need to be considered for proper assessment of final waste management of ASR. Due to these contaminants, some countries have classified ASR as hazardous waste and have established legislative controls. Total (heavy) metal concentrations in ASR are reported to be up to 22% (Lanoir et al., 1997; Vermeulen et al., 2011). ASR also contains significant levels of chlorine - normally from 1 wt % to 4 wt% - mainly due to the presence of PVC or halobutyl rubber (Boughton, 2007; Vermeulen et al., 2011). ELVs also contain waste oil, and ozone depleting substances (ODS) like CFC refrigerants and climate active refrigerants like HFC, which need specific pre-treatment before the shredding step.
Developing countries have recently begun implementing BEP measures to manage vehicles and ELVs. One BEP approach is the concept of environmentally friendly village mechanics addressing the waste management of vehicle repairs and end-of-life vehicles (Nwachukwu et al., 2011).
(Vermeulen et al., 2011)
Figure 5‑11: Schematic of the processing of an end-of-life vehicle
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