Tables
Table 1. Conservative–Labour bias in the 2005 and 2010 elections
|
2005
|
2010
|
Total bias
Bias attributable to:
differences in average constituency electorates between countries
differences between constituency electorates within countries
differences in turnout between constituencies
differences in support for and seats won by other parties
the efficiency with which a party’s votes are spread across the country
|
112
|
54
|
Source: Ron Johnston, “Reducing the Size of the House of Commons and Equalising Its Constituencies”, paper given at The Constitution Unit, UCL, 23 July 2010.
Table 2. MPs elected on low vote shares
Norwich South
|
Brighton Pavilion
|
|
Votes (%)
|
|
Votes (%)
|
Simon Wright, LD
|
29.4
|
Caroline Lucas, Green
|
31.3
|
Charles Clarke, Lab
|
28.7
|
Nancy Platts, Lab
|
28.9
|
Antony Little, Con
|
22.9
|
Charlotte Vere, Con
|
23.7
|
Adrian Ramsey, Green
|
14.9
|
Bernadette Millam, LD
|
13.8
|
Steve Emmens, UKIP
Leonard Heather, BNP
Gabriel Polley, WRP
|
2.4
1.5
0.2
|
Nigel Carter, UKIP
Ian Fyvie, Socialist LP
Soraya Kara, CURE
Leo Atreides, Ind.
|
1.8
0.3
0.1
0.0
|
Oldham East and Saddleworth
|
Northampton North
|
|
|
Votes (%)
|
|
Votes (%)
|
Phil Woolas, Lab
|
31.9
|
Michael Ellis, Con
|
34.1
|
Elwyn Watkins, LD
|
31.6
|
Sally Keeble, Lab
|
29.3
|
Kashif Ali, Con
|
26.4
|
Andrew Simpson, LD
|
27.9
|
Alwyn Stott, BNP
|
5.7
|
Ray Beasley, BNP
|
3.3
|
David Bentley, UKIP
Gulzar Nazir, Christian Party
|
3.9
0.5
|
Jim MacArthur, UKIP
Tony Lochmuller, Green
Eamonn Fitzpatrick, Ind.
Timothy Webb, Christian P
Malcolm Mildren, Ind.
|
3.1
1.1
0.8
0.2
0.1
|
Table 3. Election result in Banks constituency, Australia, 2010
|
1st count
|
Elimination of Parsons
|
2nd count
|
Elimination of Spight
|
3rd count
|
Melham, Daryl (Labor)
|
36,034
|
+436
|
36,470
|
+6,680
|
43,150
|
Delezio, Ron (Liberal)
|
38,178
|
+583
|
38,761
|
+1,958
|
40,719
|
Spight, Paul (Green)
|
8,062
|
+576
|
8,638
|
Excluded
|
|
Parson, Michael (One Nation)
|
1,595
|
Excluded
|
|
|
|
Table 4. 2010 election results under different proportional systems
|
Actual result
|
Nationwide PR
|
PR in constituencies
|
|
No threshold
|
5% threshold
|
No threshold
|
5% threshold
|
|
Votes (%)
|
Seats (no.)
|
LR–Hare
|
D’Hondt
|
LR–Hare
|
D’Hondt
|
LR–Hare
|
D’Hondt
|
LR–Hare
|
D’Hondt
|
Conservative
|
36.1
|
307
|
235
|
241
|
266
|
266
|
239
|
254
|
242
|
254
|
Labour
|
29.0
|
258
|
189
|
193
|
214
|
214
|
203
|
213
|
207
|
213
|
Lib Dems
|
23.0
|
57
|
150
|
153
|
170
|
170
|
154
|
149
|
157
|
149
|
UKIP
|
3.1
|
0
|
20
|
20
|
|
|
7
|
0
|
3
|
0
|
BNP
|
1.9
|
0
|
12
|
12
|
|
|
8
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
SNP
|
1.7
|
6
|
11
|
11
|
|
|
13
|
13
|
13
|
13
|
Green
|
1.0
|
1
|
6
|
6
|
|
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Sinn Féin
|
0.6
|
5
|
4
|
3
|
|
|
4
|
6
|
4
|
6
|
Democratic Unionist
|
0.6
|
8
|
4
|
3
|
|
|
4
|
5
|
4
|
5
|
Plaid Cymru
|
0.6
|
3
|
4
|
3
|
|
|
6
|
3
|
6
|
3
|
SDLP
|
0.4
|
3
|
3
|
2
|
|
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
Ulster Conservatives and Unionists
|
0.3
|
0
|
2
|
2
|
|
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
English Democrats
|
0.2
|
0
|
2
|
1
|
|
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Alliance
|
0.1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
|
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Respect
|
0.1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
|
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Traditional Unionist Voice
|
0.1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
|
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Speaker (John Bercow)
|
0.1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
|
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Christian Party
|
0.1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
|
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Indep. Community and Health Concern
|
0.1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
|
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Independent
|
0.1
|
1
|
2
|
0
|
|
|
2
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
Level of disproportionality
(Gallagher index)
|
|
15.1
|
0.2
|
1.0
|
5.8
|
5.8
|
2.4
|
4.3
|
3.3
|
4.3
|
Table 5. Hypothetical voting figures in a five-member constituency
Party vote shares
|
A
|
B
|
C
|
D
|
40%
|
30%
|
20%
|
10%
|
Candidate vote shares
|
a
|
11%
|
f
|
10%
|
k
|
6%
|
p
|
5%
|
b
|
10
|
g
|
9
|
l
|
4
|
q
|
2
|
c
|
9
|
h
|
8
|
m
|
4
|
r
|
2
|
d
|
7
|
i
|
2
|
n
|
3
|
s
|
1
|
e
|
3
|
j
|
1
|
o
|
3
|
t
|
0
|
Table 6. Scottish Parliament election results, 2007: Highlands and Islands
Party
|
Share of regional list votes (%)
|
Total seat entitlement
|
Constituency seats won
|
Seats from regional lists
|
Scottish National Party (SNP)
|
34.4
|
6
|
4
|
2
|
Liberal Democrats
|
19.9
|
4
|
4
|
0
|
Labour
|
17.7
|
3
|
0
|
3
|
Conservatives
|
12.6
|
2
|
0
|
2
|
Green Party
Christian Party
|
4.6
3.4
|
0
0
|
0
0
|
0
0
|
Senior Citizens’ Party
|
2.1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Others
|
5.4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Total
|
100
|
15
|
8
|
7
|
Source: www.electoralcommission.org.uk
Table 7. Election results under AV+ compared to other systems
1997
|
First past the post
|
AV+ with 15% top-up
|
AV+ with 20% top-up
|
Nationwide PR (LR–Hare)
|
Labour
|
419
|
378
|
360
|
285
|
Conservative
|
165
|
160
|
175
|
202
|
Lib Dem
|
46
|
88
|
90
|
111
|
Others
|
29
|
32
|
34
|
61
|
Source: AV+: Jenkins Commission report, Annex A; LR–Hare: my calculations.
2010
|
First past the
post
|
AV+ with 15%
top-up
|
Nationwide
PR (LR–Hare)
|
Conservative
|
307
|
275
|
235
|
Labour
|
258
|
234
|
189
|
Lib Dem
|
57
|
110
|
150
|
Others
|
28
|
31
|
76
|
Source: AV+: Electoral Reform Society website; LR–Hare: my calculations.
Table 8. Local council election results in the Colinton/Fairmilehead ward of Edinburgh City Council, 2007: First preferences
Candidates
|
First preferences
|
Elaine Aitken (Conservative)
|
2,877
|
Eric Barry (Labour)
|
2,332
|
Stuart Bridges (Lib Dem)
|
1,842
|
Thomas Kielty (SNP)
|
1,861
|
Robert Mathie (Scottish Socialist)
|
80
|
Jason Rust (Conservative)
|
2,815
|
Alastair Tibbitt (Green)
|
517
|
Total
|
12,324
|
Number of seats to be filled
|
3
|
Droop quota
|
3082
|
Table 9. Local council election results in the Colinton/Fairmilehead ward of Edinburgh City Council, 2007: Elimination of bottom candidates
Candidates
|
First count
|
Second count
|
Third count
|
Fourth count
|
Transfer
|
Total
|
Transfer
|
Total
|
Transfer
|
Total
|
Elaine Aitken (Con)
|
2877
|
+1
|
2878
|
+29
|
2907
|
+204
|
3111
|
Eric Barry (Labour)
|
2332
|
+9
|
2341
|
+101
|
2442
|
+316
|
2758
|
Stuart Bridges (LD)
|
1842
|
+3
|
1845
|
+175
|
2020
|
+569
|
2589
|
Thomas Kielty (SNP)
|
1861
|
+20
|
1881
|
+102
|
1983
|
excluded
|
|
Robert Mathie (SSP)
|
80
|
excluded
|
|
|
|
|
|
Jason Rust (Con)
|
2815
|
+1
|
2816
|
+28
|
2844
|
+150
|
2994
|
Alastair Tibbitt (Gr)
|
517
|
+29
|
546
|
excluded
|
|
|
|
Non-transferable
|
|
+17
|
|
+111
|
128
|
+744
|
872
|
Total
|
12,324
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Seats to be filled
|
3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Droop quota
|
3082
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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