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- Mátyás I, King; Hunyadi, János; Hunyadi, László; Hunyadi Family; László V, King; András Hess; Bonfini, Antonio; Thur óczi, János. Hunyady, László (1)
- Hunyady, László (2)
- Baron Vilmos the Blessed; Orbán, Balázs; Márton, Áron. Hunyady, Sándor
- Bródy, Sándor.
- Hussar Attire
- Hussars; Kuruc . Hussar Bravado
- Hadik, Count András . Hussars
- Mátyás I (Matthias Corvinus), King; Rákóczi II, Prince Ferenc.
Mátyás Hunyadi. Oil painting by Mantegna e established a wide diplomatic network and reorganized the permanent mercenary army, which became known as the “Black Army” (Fekete sereg). His military tactics and training were so unique that the French King Louis IX adopted them entirely to be used in the French army. He reorganized the taxation practices to fund his new expenses. His income was comparable to that of other rulers of Europe. The judiciary and administrative processes were also realigned. He established the law courts with provisions of appeal, which were in effect until 1944. By recognizing the fact that he could only fight the Turks on defensive grounds, he built the Southern Fortress System to defend the country against Turkish attacks. His foreign policy focused on the plan of driving the Turks out of Europe through the efforts of all of Europe. To that end he wanted to acquire the crown of the Roman-German Empire. He declared war against the Bohemians and was elected king by the Bohemian Catholic Estates in Olmütz in 1469. In the autumn of 1474, the superior forces of Polish King Kazmer IV and Bohemian King Ulászló compelled him to a peace agreement. According to the agreement, reached at Boroszló (Breslau, now Wroclaw, Poland) he retained the territories of Moravia and Silesia. In 1482 a five-month long battle against Emperor Frederick resulted in the occupation of Vienna. After the capture of Bécsújhely (Wiener Neustadt, Austria), the occupation of Lower Austria was complete. His early death prevented him from completing his further plans. King Mátyás was an excellent supporter of the humanist interests. He invested enormous sums in the collection of books, which he first started in 1460. In 1472, he established a printing house in Buda under the management of András Hess. His collection, the Corvinas, richhly decorated books, were unique. He also established an observatory in Buda, and hired highly skilled Italian artists to construct buildings in the Renaissance style. The splendor of his court astounded many foreign visitors. Only a few artifacts remained of that era. The remaining years of his life were centered on establishing the succession of his natural son, Prince János Corvin. He enacted a special law to assure his son’s succession by vesting unusual powers to Imre Szapolyai, and swore the high ranking officials, the clergy and the city of Vienna to the Prince’s allegiance. But these steps did not assure his goal. The 32-year reign of King Mátyás represented the pinnacle of Hungary’s greatness. His court was a center of Renaissance arts and sciences. Renowned professors taught at Hungarian Universities. Along with the development of the landowners and agricultural classes, he also established strong middle class merchant and trading guilds. Hungary’s population at that time was 4 million, the same as the population of England or France. The historians of the royal court, like János (John) Thuróczi and later the Italian Antonio Bonfini recorded the grandeur and splendor of the court up to 1496, in the publication Rerum Ungaricarum Decades (Events of Hungary’s Decades). Numerous chronicles were written by neighboring countries as well, describing the stature and behavior of the righteous King Mátyás. He was the most popular king in Hungary. – B: 1197, 1020,T: 3312.→Mátyás I, King; Hunyadi, János; Hunyadi, László; Hunyadi Family; László V, King; András Hess; Bonfini, Antonio; Thuróczi, János. Hunyady, László (1) (Ladislas) (Szamosszeg, 1899 - USA, 1985) – Reformed minister in the USA, teacher and writer. He received his teacher’s qualifications and taught in village schools. During World War I he fought on the Italian front as an ensign. He moved to the USA in 1923, attended High School, and studied Theology at the Franklin and Marshall College and Seminary, Lancaster, then at the University, and at the Reformed Theological Academy, Budapest. He was a minister at Vintondale, Trenton, Woodbridge, Drakes Congo, Detroit, Windsor and Linden, NJ. Wherever he worked he set up Hungarian schools; altogether he taught the Hungarian language to some 1400 pupils. He also wrote numerous articles, essays, novels and word glossaries. His books are Faith and Teachings of Jesus (Jézus hite és tanitása) and Christian Doctrine (Keresztyén vallástan). Some of his works appeared in mimeographed form and some are still in manuscript. – B: 0906, T: 7103. Hunyady, László (2) (Ladislas) (Küküllődombó, now Dimbau, Romania, 16 November 1933 - ) – Sculptor in Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania). He studied and graduated from the Andreescu Academy of Applied Arts, Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania), in 1959. In the same year he worked as a puppet-designer. In 1960-1961 he taught at the Folk-Arts Secondary School, Marosvásárhely (now Tirgu Mures, Romania). Since 1979 he is a creative artist. He created, among others, the Gate of the National Theater, Marosvásárhely; the chandeliers of the Youth House; the reliefs of the Summer Theater and goldsmith’s works. His exhibitions were at Csíkszereda (now Miercurea Ciuc, Romania) (1962); Kolozsvár (1971); Budapest (1990, 1995); Zalaegerszeg, Pécs, Dombóvár (1993); Kolozsvár (1996). He made sculptures for public places, among them the Sándor Petőfi statue (Fehéregyháza); Miklós Barabás statute (Makosfalva); Memorial of 1848, with others (Agyagfalva). He made reliefs of great Hungarians, such as Áron Tamási, Gábor Bethlen, Miklós Zrínyi, Kelemen Mikes, György Bölöni, János Kemény, Ferenc (Franz) Liszt, Ferenc Erkel, Béla Bartók, Zoltán Kodály, László Szabédi, Vilmos Apor, the Helikon members, Balázs Orbán and Áron Márton memorials. He is member of professional and civil associations and societies and recipient of several awards and prizes, among them the Kolozsvári Brothers Prize in 1995. – B: 1036, T: 7103.→Petőfi, Sándor; Barabás, Miklós; Tamási, Áron; Bethlen, Pince Gábor; Zrinyi, Count Miklós (2); Mikes, Kelemen; Bölöni, György; Kemény, Baron János; Liszt, Ferenc; Erkel, Ferenc; Bartók, Béla; Kodály, Zoltán; Szabédi, László; Apor, Baron Vilmos the Blessed; Orbán, Balázs; Márton, Áron. Hunyady, Sándor (Alexander) (Kolozsvár now Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 15 August, 1890 - Budapest, 10 October, 1942) – Novelist and dramatist. He was the natural son of writer Sándor Bródy. He worked as a journalist in Kolozsvár, then later in Budapest. He was a talented novelist, with a sharp eye for detail, and of good style; beneath his anecdotes lurked a serious mind. He wrote a number of film-scripts, and a handful of his novels were made into feature films in Budapest, London and Hollywood. His major works include Cherry on Black Stalk (Feketeszárú cseresznye) drama (1930); Desert Wind (Pusztai szél) play (1931); Manor House in Transylvania (Erdélyi kastély) play (1931); Géza and Dusán (Géza és Dusán) (1937) novel, a sequence to the drama; Cherry on Black Stalk; also Summer Shower (Nyári Zápor) (1941), comedy. – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7103.→Bródy, Sándor. Hurdy-Gurdy (Tekerőlant, nyenyere) − A musical instrument of Western European origin. Its earliest depiction comes from the 10th century, its description from the 12th. It was popular in the 18th century France, where it was combined with wind instruments. In the royal courts virtuosos played it with orchestral accompaniment. However, the “instrument of beggars” became archaic by the 19th century. It was already known in Hungary before the 18th century as the musical instrument of the farming communities. Its popular folk nickname was “nyenyere”. Its body was similar to that of the cello; it had no neck. There were 3-4 gut strings (in rarer cases 5) fastened across its resonant box. This was played by a wooden disk, rubbed with resin, rolled across the strings, thereby rubbing it. On the side of the instrument there were one or two rows of keys, with which the height of the middle strings could be adjusted. The musician spins the wheel with his right hand, while he plays the keys with his left. Three methods of playing are known. (1) The quiet: when parlando and/or rubato melodies are played slowly, with much ornamentation, by slow and even spinning of the wheel. (2) Fresh or fast: giusto melodies with laud accompaniment. (3) Pipe up: melodies stop to allow the strings to be heard on their own. – B: 1197, 1020, T: 7684. Hussar Attire – The Hussar attire included a close fitting, colorful dolman with braiding, sometimes with a cape, embellished also with heavy braiding, worn over one shoulder. After 1802, a less elaborate dolman became fashionable. The headgear, a fur cap, was replaced by the shako in 1767. The Hussar boot extended just short of the knees with the spurs permanently attached to the heels. A leather pouch, heavy with metal ornaments and embroideries, was worn on long straps reaching down to the boot. The best and most impressive Hussar attire was the uniform of the Royal Hungarian Body Guards of the Nobility: bear fur cap with a heron feather, a leopard skin on one shoulder, a white cape, a green dolman with dense silver braiding, red trouser, and yellow leather, spurred boots. Their weapons were the typical Hungarian saber, the club, the axe, or battle-axe, and the lance. The 3-meter long lance had a leaf-shaped iron edge topped with miniature regimental flags, identifying each unit on the battlefield. The defensive weapon was the square-shaped shield. In the 17th century the lance disappeared; and in Rákóczi’s War of Independence (1703-1711), the Kuruc (rebel) armament was the saber, pistol and a short carbine. The heavy saber was replaced by a lighter version with a well-protected hilt. The Hungarian Hussars rode Hungarian horses, which were the descendants of those ridden during the Settlement Era. These horses were small, agile and enduring, smaller than the heavy horses used by the dragoons and the artillery that were bred for carrying heavy loads. The saddle also originated in the East. Its wooden frame had no contact with the horses’ spine. The blanket under the saddle was usually decorated or nicely embroidered. – B: 1078, 1322, 1020, T: 3323.→Hussars; Kuruc. Hussar Bravado - A daring maneuver by a Hussar unit in the form of a surprise attack, a lightning-fast overrun of a superior enemy force, or a daringly swift action against any military objective and a fast retreat. A memorable bravado took place in 1708, when sixteen Hussars of the István Balogh regiment lurked behind the fortified lines of the Imperial Army and captured the commander, Brigadier General Count Miksa von Starhenberg, In view of the startled pursuers, they swam with their captive across the turbulent River Vág right into Fort Nyitra (now Nitra, Slovakia). Another memorable feat involved Hussar general Count András Hadik, who held the city of Berlin for ransom. – B: 1378, 1020, T: 3323.→Hadik, Count András. Hussars – The word “Hussar” was first used in a Bulgarian document of 910 AD; another document, dated of 1403, the rank of “Hussar Captain” is mentioned. In a 1481 Latin language document of King Mátyás I (Matthias Corvinus, 1458-1490), and another German language document of Emperor Miksa (Maximilian), dated 1510, uses the expression of “Hussar”; and the same name is used in a war report of 1593. The name “Hussar” invariably meant the Hungarian light cavalry. – B: 1078, 1020, T: 3323. H  ussars, Corps of – A special form of light cavalry. In Hungary the corps of Hussars was first documented in the 14th century. Its origin, however, is centuries older. A document of 1403 mentions the name of a ‘Hussar Captain’, and other documents of 1432 and 1439 speak about the corps of Hussars. King Mátyás I (Matthias Corvinus, 1458-1490), in one of his Latin chronicles, named the light cavalry of his army as ‘Hussarones’, those who ride on agile and assiduous horses. Their weapons were long lances, saber and the battle-axe. Their garments were made out of well-tanned fine leather and they wore spurs. In the decisive battle at Schmalkald the Hussars captured the Commander-in-Chief of the allied forces of the Prince Elector John Fredrick of Saxony. In 1686, the Turkish relief force, which came to break the siege of Buda, was beaten back and dispersed by an Imperial cavalry force; its bulk consisted of Hungarian Hussars. Prince Eugene de Savoy, commander of the Imperial Army, stated in his memoirs, that the Hussars simply trampled the enemy underfoot. The Hussars had a decisive role in the War of Independence (1703-1711) of Reigning Prince Ferenc Rákóczi II. His famous generals, Count Miklós Bercsényi and János Bottyán were both officers of the Hussar corps. During the war the Hussar corps developed its famous “esprit de corps”, which is admired even today. While the Hussar regiments of Pállfy and the Forgách and the Nádasdy Hussar regiments achieved great recognition between 1576 and 1608, the fame of the Hussar corps reached its peak between the period of 1712 and 1814. During this period there were Hussar contingents in almost every European army. The Hussar contingents were organized and trained by Hungarian officers to the Hungarian pattern, and the Hussar attire became traditional. In the 17/18th century the pike and halberd were replaced by the carbine and pistol. In World War I, due to the increased firepower, the Hussars’ casualty number was out of proportion and the gradual reduction of the corps became necessary. To remember and honor the Corp’s tradition in Hungary, a museum was established in the Nádasdy castle at Sárvár for the preservation of the Hussar relics. Another well-established collection of Hussar paraphernalia could be found at Fortress Fraknó (now in Burgenland, Austria) in the Esterházy armoury. – B: 1078, 1378, 1020, T: 3323.→ Mátyás I (Matthias Corvinus), King; Rákóczi II, Prince Ferenc.
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