Higher Education Policy Note Pakistan An Assessment of the Medium-Term Development Framework Report No. 37247 Higher Education Policy Note Pakistan: An Assessment of the Medium-Term Development Framework June 28
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- Table 10: HEC Faculty Development Programs, 2002/03 - 2005/06
- Table 11: HEC Scholarship Programs, 2001/02 - 2005/06
- Table 12: Conferences and Faculty Grants Funded by HEC, 2002/03 - 2005/06
- Trends in Public Higher Education Institution Finance
- Table 13: Public Higher Education Institution Revenues, 2001/02 - 2005/06
- Figure 5: Distribution of HEI Non-government Revenues by Source, Public HEIs, 2005/06
- Figure 6: Growth in Public HEI Government and Non-government Revenues, 2001/02-2005/06
- Table 14: Spending by Public Higher Education Institutions, 2001/02-2005/06
- Public HEI Salary vs Non-Salary Spending
- Figure 8: Spending on Tertiary Education Institutions per Student in $US, Selected Countries
Spending on Faculty Development 76 Funding increases in both the recurring and the development budgets have been used to fund a range of HEC strategies and initiatives aimed at improving access, quality, and relevance in HE. These strategies and initiatives have been directed at a number of key areas. One of these areas has been faculty development. Since its establishment in 2002, the HEC has undertaken a number of initiatives in this area aimed at raising the number of highly qualified PhDs in the country. Programs with a short-term focus have included short-term visits by international faculty, an international faculty hiring program (1-2 years), a program to hire productive retiring researchers, and training for existing faculty members. Programs with a longer-term focus have included indigenous and overseas scholarship programs. 77 The short-term faculty hiring program targets Pakistani nationals with postdoctorate foreign experience who are likely to return for at least one semester (Table 10). The long-term faculty hiring scheme was established in October 2003 and is designed to attract faculty for a period of one to two years. To date, 250 individuals have accepted an offer and 140 have joined a public HEI. The Reverse Brain Drain Program targets expatriate Pakistanis with postdoctorate foreign experience who intend to return to Pakistan for two or more months. The program is focused on applicants in agriculture and engineering. To date, overall, these various programs have attracted approximately 230 faculty staff. Given the volume and quality of the Pakistani diaspora on the one hand, and the benefits offered to the returnees, combined with a general improvement of the local situation, the Reverse Brain Drain Program may grow further. Table 10: HEC Faculty Development Programs, 2002/03 - 2005/06
Source: Higher Education Commission. 78 Over the longer term, the HEC is endeavoring to lift the capability of the HE sector in Pakistan through the creation of indigenous and overseas scholarship programs at both the post-graduate and PhD levels. To date, more than 600 overseas scholarships/postdoctoral fellowships and 1,500 indigenous scholarships have been granted. 79 The government also has introduced a research grant program for researchers and faculty across all disciplines. Grants last two to three years and can amount to as much as Rs2 million. Funding for meritorious scientists is higher (Rs4-6 million). Applications for the grants are accepted throughout the year and award decisions are based on peer review. To date some 430 research proposals have been submitted, with almost 80 awarded, about 150 declined, and the rest currently under review. Approved subjects cover all disciplines, with a focus on science and agriculture. 80 The HEC has introduced a range of other faculty development initiatives, including providing re-employment opportunities for retired active researchers/teachers with a PHD, funding sabbaticals, a Presidential Young Innovators program, and short-term training for scientific and technical/research staff. To date more than 700 staff have benefited from HEC-sponsored in-service training (Table 11). 81 The government also has assisted in the development of the HE sector generally and faculty specifically through the provision of funding for travel grants for scholars to attend conferences. As noted in Table 12, the HEC provided funding for almost 150 conferences between 2002/03 and 2005/06. It also funded travel grants for 535 scholars over that same period. Table 11: HEC Scholarship Programs, 2001/02 - 2005/06
Source: Higher Education Commission. Table 12: Conferences and Faculty Grants Funded by HEC, 2002/03 - 2005/06
Source: Higher Education Commission. 82 Although the HEC is still in its early days, indications are that these attempts to raise the quality of faculty in Pakistan are bearing fruit. Data from the HEC show that the number of journal citations from Pakistani academics has increased considerably in recent years – from about 800 to almost 1,300 between 2002 and 2005 (Figure 4). Figure 4: Number of Article Citations by Pakistani Academics, 2002-2005 
Source: Higher Education Commission. Trends in Public Higher Education Institution Finance 83 Public higher education institutions in Pakistan have begun to diversify their sources of revenues. More than one-third of their revenues are generated through non-governmental sources. Of those, however, user charges are still a small portion, leaving HEIs vulnerable and still largely dependent upon public grants. While HEIs certainly need to mobilize additional funding through various conduits to provide competitive services, it appears that there is also some room to increase efficiency, in particular by reviewing staffing policies and increasing the proportion of faculty staff. 84 Public HEIs receive grants mostly from the HEC (university grants as described above). They also receive grants from provincial governments. The latter represented less than three percent of the total government revenues before 2002/03, but now account for about eight percent. Public HEIs also generate their own third-party revenues (examination, tuition, self-financing, and other fees). University grants are provided through the recurring grant funding mechanism and through the direct payment of research. 85 Public HEI revenues increased from about Rs7 billion to about Rs19 billion between 2001/02 and 2005/06 (Table 13). This was due to both an increase in university grants provided by the HEC/provincial governments as well as a rise in HEIs’ non-government revenues. University grants from the HEC/provincial government grants grew from Rs3.5 billion in 2001/02 to about Rs12 billion in 2005/06. Government revenues represented 63 percent of public HEI revenues in 2005/06 (up from 53%). Table 13: Public Higher Education Institution Revenues, 2001/02 - 2005/06
Note: HEI government revenues include HEC and provincial grants. Source: Higher Education Commission. Figure 5: Distribution of HEI Non-government Revenues by Source, Public HEIs, 2005/06 
Source: Higher Education Commission. 86 Non-government revenues rose from about Rs3 billion in 2001/02 to about Rs7 billion in 2005/06. They represented 37 percent of total revenues in 2005/06 – down from 47 percent in 2001/02. Revenues from self-financed/self-support students have decreased in importance in the three years following 2001/02 (to less than 1% in 2004/05), but rose substantially in 2005/06 to five percent. In 2005/06 tuition/self-financing fees made up 41 percent of public HEI non-government revenues, while examination fees made up 36 percent. User charges and other revenues made up the remaining 23 percent (Figure 5). 87 As can be seen from Figure 6, public HEIs’ government revenue growth has considerably outpaced growth in non-government revenues in recent years, with the former rising by 234 percent and the latter by 121 percent between 2001/02 and 2005/06. It is important that the HEC ensure that government revenues are seen by HEIs as additional to non-government revenues and not as a substitute, especially given the already relatively low level of tuition fees for students at public HEIs, and the phasing out of the self-financing option. Figure 6: Growth in Public HEI Government and Non-government Revenues, 2001/02-2005/06 
Source: Higher Education Commission 88 Total spending by public HEIs stood at Rs18.5 billion in 2005/06 (see Table 14). This was up nearly Rs5 billion over the previous year. In 2005/06 spending on salaries totalled Rs12.1 billion while non-salary spending totalled Rs6.5 billion. Spending on salaries made up approximately two-thirds of total spending by public HEIs, while non-salary spending made up the remaining one-third. 89 On a per-student basis, nominal public HEI revenues (government and non-government) rose from Rs50,300 to Rs82,000 between 2001/02 and 2005/06 (to Rs65,400 in real terms). A comparison with selected private HEIs for 2004/05 (Figure 7) shows that public HEI unit costs are below those in a number of private HEIs (e.g., LUMS, GIK, Iqra University, Foundation University), but are above those in a sereral other private HEIs (including Jinnah University for Women and the University of Lahore), and, as noted above, they are rising. More analysis of individual HEIs and comparisons across types of HEIs would need to be conducted to get a better handle on the relative efficiency of public and private HEIs. Table 14: Spending by Public Higher Education Institutions, 2001/02-2005/06
Source: Higher Education Commission Figure 7: Unit Costs, Public HEIs and Selected Private HEIs, Pakistan, 2004/05 
Source: Higher Education Commission 90 Figure 8 provides a broad comparison of spending per student at Pakistan public HEIs and those in a range of OECD and non-OECD countries. It shows that spending per student in Pakistani HEIs is much lower than OECD countries, and even lower than most Asian peers such as India and the Philippines. Figure 8: Spending on Tertiary Education Institutions per Student in $US, Selected Countries 
Note: Figure for Pakistan is for 2005/06. Figures for other countries are for earlier years. Source: OECD (2005). p. 172, and Higher Education Commission Directory: curated curated -> Concept stage curated -> Concept stage curated -> Republic of Côte d'Ivoire Urbanization Review curated -> Report No: aus11011 Central America curated -> Report No. 94474-pk fiscal Disaster Risk Assessment Options for Consideration curated -> Environmental and Social Management Framework for the Costa Rica Telecommunications Sector Modernization Project curated -> Environment Impact Assessment For Jiangxi Shangrao Sanqingshan Airport Beijing Guohuantiandi Environmental Technology Development Center. Ltd. Oct. 2012 Content curated -> Growth through Innovation An Industrial Strategy for Shanghai By Shahid Yusuf Kaoru Nabeshima April 22nd, 2009 curated -> Report No: 70178. People's Republic of China Download 1.13 Mb. Share with your friends:
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