Historical periods to memorize
Download 5.87 Mb.
|
|
Throughout 19th century and first half of 20th century, work was considered inappropriate for middle- class women. Exceptions: Women worked in WWI; “Rosie the Riveter” in WWII – 258,000 served in military After WWII: women expected to go back home – many stayed in the workplace Reemergence of cult of domesticity in the 1950s—some women began demand for opportunities in the workplace. Women’s Rights Movement exploded in 1960s: Betty Friedan – The Feminine Mystique ERA passed in early 1970s but not ratified ¾ of states by 1982. Percentage of women in the workplace continues to rise until the present
“Republican Motherhood” “Cult of Domesticity” or “Cult of True Womanhood” Comstock Law, 1873 – the “New Morality” Automobile 1920s --Flappers 1910s & 1920s: Birth control, Margaret Sanger 1960s: the “pill” starts sexual revolution AIDS in the 1980s and 1990s
• Southern opposition to Civil Rights Act of 1964 (& Voting Rights Act of 1965) • Forced busing became a major issue among the white middle-class in the early ‘70s. • Desire for law and order due to Vietnam protests and inner-city rioting • George Wallace’s presidential campaign in 1968 appealed to many conservatives • Nixon’s “Southern Strategy” in 1968 election gave the Republicans the White House • Nixon’s “Silent Majority” speech symbolized polarization between conservatism and liberalism in the U.S. • Many Southern Democrats become Republicans • Increased white male opposition to Affirmative Action by the late-70s. • “Moral Majority” taps into conservative frustrations in late-70s. • Ronald Reagan wins overwhelmingly in 1980 & 1984 • Republicans take control of Congress in 1994 (“Contract with America”) • After 2000, Republicans control all three branches of government
“Contact” starting with Columbus revolutionized life for Native Americans 90% died by 1600, mostly due to disease Some groups were forced into slave labor (Spanish mission system) Some were sold into slavery (Carolinas) Summary of relations between Europeans and Indians” � Spain: Indians in West and Mexico forced into slave labor (Spanish mission system) o Encomienda and hacienda systems � France: Indians of the eastern woodlands got along well with the French; fur trade and Jesuit missionaries. � England: British American colonists pushed Indians further and further west; extermination Colonial Indian wars: Pequot War (1636); King Philip’s War (1675) Treaty of Grenville (1795) – Indians removed from Ohio Valley Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) – Shawnee defeated (Tecumseh) and removed from Ohio Valley Trail of Tears (1830s and 40s): “Five Civilized Tribes” of southeast ultimately forced to relocate to Oklahoma: Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Seminole, (Chickasaw left voluntarily) Some Oklahoma tribes fought for the Confederacy during Civil War Transcontinental Railroad ushered in American movement into “Great West” resulting in war with Plains Indians and others (incl Sioux, Apache, Nez Perce) 1890 Census: no longer a discernable frontier line By 1890 nearly all Native Americans on reservations Helen Hunt Jackson: A Century of Dishonor (1887) stimulated drive to protect Indians but also Christianize and Americanize them Dawes Severalty Act of 1887: allotment policy for heads of Indian households; destroyed tribal land ownership Indian Reorganization Act (1934) during New Deal: overturned Dawes Act and restored tribal lands American Indian Movement (AIM) protested poor reservation conditions for Indians and loss of Indian land in late 1960s and early 1970s Wounded Knee 1973, Sioux blockaded roads and demanded compensation for lost fishing rights and lost lands; gained some rights as a result
Mexican-American Issues: � Immigration after 1910 due to Mexican Revolution � Deportation during Great Depression � Allowed to enter U.S. during WWII: Bracero Program � Zoot Suit Riots during WWII � Caesar Chavez: United Farm Workers, 1960s and 70s
� Africans beginning in 1619 � Colonial immigration: 2/3 from England; many in South came as indentured servants � Irish and German immigration peaks in 1840s � Chinese Immigration: California Gold Rush; railroad construction(1840s-1870s) � “New Immigration” (1880-1920): eastern & southern Europe (almost 30 million; 1/3 went back) � Mexicans beginning in 1910; deportations during New Deal; Bracero program during WWII; 1970-1990s � Immigration Act of 1965: eliminates national origins system o Heavy influx of Latin Americans (esp. Mexico) and Asians between 1970 and 2000 � Proposition 187 in California, 1984
Commonwealth v. Hunt, 1830 Workingmen’s parties, 1830s National Labor Union, 1866 – William Sylvis Great Railroad Strike, 1877 Knights of Labor, Terence Powderly: “One Big Union”; Haymarket Square Bombing (1886) American Federation of Labor (AFL), Samuel Gompers: skilled workers Homestead Steel Strike, 1890 Pullman Strike, 1894 Clayton Anti-Trust Act, 1913 John L. Lewis, United Mine Workers (UMW) International Workers of the World, “Wobblies” 1919: Seattle General Strike, Boston Police Strike Wagner Act, National Labor Relations Board: Replaced section 7a of NRA Fair Labor Standards Act Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), John L. Lewis sit-down strikes Taft-Hartley Act, 1947 AFL-CIO unites in 1955 Jimmy Hoffa, Teamsters Landrum-Griffin Act, 1959 Peak of union membership: 35% by 1970; currently only about 14% (due to shift to service economy) Union membership has continued to fall gradually since the 1970s AP U.S. History Colonial Period: Economic Issues in U.S. History
Economies of each of three colonial regions: New England, middle colonies, South Mercantilism: Navigation Acts Triangular Trade
1st Industrial Revolution during War of 1812: textiles, inventions Transportation Revolution beginning in 1820s with canals and later, railroads Resulted in regional specialization and a national market economy. “King Cotton” in the South from 1800-1865. 2nd Industrial Revolution (Industrialism) after the Civil War: Carnegie, Rockefeller, Morgan, etc. Three frontiers of the West: mining, cattle, and farming Roaring 20s – hitherto, most prosperous decade in U.S. history; automobile, electricity, entertainment WWII pulled the U.S. out of the Great Depression Boom period 1950-1970: “The Affluent Society” 1983-1991: May have been result of Reagan’s supply-side policies 1993-2000: Strongest economy of the century? Tariffs: 1791 – Hamilton’s financial plan; purpose was revenue raising 1816 – first protective tariff in U.S. history 1828 – “Tariff of Abominations” – pushed through by Jacksonians to put President J.Q. Adams in a no-win situation. 1832 – Although it reduced tariffs, South Carolinians believed it did not go far enough and nullified the tariff. 1833 – Settled Nullification Controversy; lowered tariffs 10% over 8 years 1846 – Walker Tariff; one of Polk’s four points; lowered tariff 1862 – Morrill Tariff; purpose was to raise revenue for the Civil War Tariff issue became the leading issue separating Democrats and Republicans during the Gilded Age 1887—Cleveland came out against a higher tariff and lost the election of 1888. 1890 – McKinley Tariff – Republicans gained the highest peacetime tariff in history in return for supporting Sherman Silver Purchase Act; raised rates to 48%. 1897 – Dingley Tariff -- Rate raised to 46.5% up from 41.3% since Wilson-Gorman Bill of 1894 (with its income-tax provision) was not raising enough. 1909 – Payne-Aldrich Tariff – one of causes of split in Republican party between Taft and TR. Tariffs raised to almost 40%. 1913 – Underwood Tariff – One of Wilson’s major accomplishments; besides lowering the tariff, the bill provided for the first federal income tax of the 20th century; the 16th Amendment allowed for an income tax. Income tax replaced tariffs as the largest source of gov’t revenue. 1922 – Fordney-McCumber Tariff – increased tariffs from 27% to avg. of 38.5%; reflected conservative politics of the 1920s with a pro-business presidential administration. 1930 – Hawley-Smoot Tariff – Congress wanted to protect U.S. industries during the Great Depression but it only resulted in retaliatory measures by 23 other countries and further worsened the economic crisis.
Panics, Depressions, and Recessions 1780s – depression resulted from downturn after the Revolution 1807-1815 – resulted from Jefferson’s Embargo Act and the subsequent War of 1812. Panic of 1819 – major cause was overspeculation on land; resulted in new land legislation. Panic of 1837 – resulted largely from Jackson’s killing of the BUS and the demise of “wildcat” banks and state banks. Panic of 1857 – Not as bad as Panic of 1837 but probably the worst psychologically in 19th c. Influx of California gold into economy inflated currency, Crimean War overstimulated growing of grain, speculation in land and railroads backfired. Panic of 1873—Caused by overproduction of railroads, mines, factories and farm products; depreciated Greenbacks Panic of 1893 – worst depression of the 19th century Panic of 1907 – showed the need for more elastic money supply; Federal Reserve Act passed 6 years later. Post-WWI recession resulted from inflation and reduced foreign demand for U.S. goods Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression: caused by 1) overspeculation on stocks, 2) overproduction/underconsumption, 3) sick industries (cotton, railroads, farming), 4) uneven distribution of income, 5) vulnerable banking system, 6) weak international economy. Recession of 1937-38 – Resulted from FDR pulling the plug on public works programs; resulted in deficit spending (Keynesian economics) Recession following World War II – caused by impact of demobilization from a war economy. Stagflation in the 1970s – Inflation resulted from increasing energy costs caused by the Arab Oil Embargo as well as increased gov’t spending during the Vietnam War. Unemployment remained a problem throughout the 1970s. 1982 (“Reagan Recession”) -- Due to Federal Reserve’s “tight money” policy (high interest rates) 10% unemployment; budget deficit of $59 billion in 1980 reached $159 billion by 1983 due to tax cuts and increased defense spending. 1991-92: Deep recession resulted in the defeat of President George H. W. Bush by Bill Clinton in the 1992 election Landmark Economic Legislation: (excluding tariffs , see above) Navigation Laws (beginning in 1651): Enforced Britain’s mercantilist system Land Ordinance of 1785—Proceeds from sale of land in Old Northwest would pay national debt; townships split in to 6 square miles (grids) Northwest Ordinance, 1787—No slavery north of Ohio River; 60,000 people required for statehood Constitution: Commerce compromise, Congress regulates interstate commerce, Hamilton’s Financial plan—tariffs, Nat’l Bank, funding at par, assumption of state debts, excise tax Embargo Act, 1807: U.S. banned trade with all foreign countries; economy was devastated Henry Clay’s American System: 2nd National Bank; 1816 tariff—1st protective tariff in U.S. history McCullough v. Maryland, 1819: BUS is constitutional Dartmouth College v. Woodward,1819--States could not violate charters; protected corps from states Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824—Only Congress can regulate interstate commerce. Commonwealth v. Hunt, 1842: Mass. Supreme Court ruled unions were not illegal as long as they were peaceful; other states followed suit. Jackson kills the BUS, “pet bank” scheme Charles River Bridge case, 1837: Prevented corporations from using charters to the detriment of economic competition. limited liability laws: Business owners would not lose personal property if their business went bankrupt. incorporation laws: Prevented individuals from being sued if they owned a corporation; only the corporation would be sued. Independent Treasury System—(Van Buren & Polk) Federal gov’t deposited $ in private banks. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo—U.S. purchased (conquered) Mexican Cession for $15 million During Civil War: Greenbacks: About $450 million issued at face value to replace gold. National Banking Act (1862)—Established a national banking system that lasted until 1913. Homestead Act (1862)—Gov’t provided free land in west to settlers willing to settle there. Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)—Land grants given to states to build state colleges. Pacific Railway Act (1863)—Provided for the building of a Transcontinental Railroad (completed in 1869) Slaughterhouse Cases, 1873: Court ruled the 14th amendment only protected federal rights, not states’ rights. It also ruled that the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments only applied to slaves. Munn v. Illinois, 1877: The public always has the right to regulate business operations in which the public has an interest; upheld an Illinois “Granger Law” regulating storage of grain. Civil Rights Cases, 1883: The 14th Amendment protects individuals from state action, not individual action; thus, “individuals” (corporations, clubs, organizations, etc.) became free to discriminate against African Americans or use their “individual status” to evade state regulations. Wabash v. Illinois, 1886: Only the federal gov’t could regulate interstate commerce, so railroads could not be regulated by states; weakened the Munn v. Illinois decision. Bland Allison Act (1875)—Makes “Crime of 1873” complete; only minimum amounts of silver purchased by gov’t. Interstate Commerce Commission (1877)—1st gov’t agency in US history to regulate business. Sherman Anti-Trust Act(1890)—Sought to prevent trusts from consolidating and restricting trade. Lochner v. New York, 1905: Court ruled the 14th amendment protected individuals against unreasonable and unnecessary interference to their personal liberty. This case expanded the use of “due process,” but sided with the baker by not placing a limit on work hours. Muller v. Oregon, 1908: Court ruled that an Oregon law limiting women to only 10 hours of labor in factories per day was legal as special legislation for women was needed to preserve their health Standard Oil v. U.S., 1911: This case involved whether the Standard Oil trust was a good or bad trust (the rule of reason doctrine). The Supreme Court decided that this trust was bad so the Standard Oil Company was dissolved. Underwood Tariff Bill (1913)—1st federal income tax in U.S. history; (see 16th Amendment) Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1913)—Labor no longer subject to anti-trust legislation Federal Reserve Act (1913)—established current national banking system. Sec. of Treasury Andrew Mellon’s “Trickle Down” tax policies during 1920s. Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 1832—Set the precedent for relief during the New Deal New Deal: Relief: FERA, CCC, WPA, Recovery: NRA, AAA, Emergency Banking Relief Act Reform: FDIC, TVA, Social Security Act, FHA, Wagner Act (NLRB), Fair Labor Standards Act; U.S. off gold standard (Americans could not cash $ in for gold) Lend-Lease Act, 1941: --Provided funds to Allies during WWII to defeat Hitler. G.I. Bill, 1944—Provided & to veterans for college, technical schools, or capital to start businesses. Taft-Hartley Act, 1947—Forbade the “closed shop” Marshall Plan, 1947: Provided billions of $ to European countries for economic recovery; purpose was to prevent communism from spreading in Europe. Federal Highway Act,1956: Established nation’s freeway system Landrum-Griffin Act, 1959: Ike’s response to Jimmy Hoffa; clamped down on illegal union financial activities and strong-arm political tactics. Johnson’s “Great Society”—“War on Poverty” “Equal Opportunity Act” (Office of Economic Opportunity): Provided funds for impoverished areas. HUD--Dept. of Housing and Urban Development: Provided & for inner-city development. Medicare Act: Provided medical care to the elderly if they could not afford to pay. Head Start: Provided funds for disadvantaged pre-schoolers. Affirmative Action (executive order): Gave preferences for women and minorities in college admissions and in the workplace. Nixon takes U.S. off international gold standard: U.S. no longer traded internationally w/ gold. “Reaganomics” or “Supply Side Economics” or “Trickle Down Economics” Economic Recovery Tax Act, 1981: Reduced taxes 25% over three years. Budget Reconciliation Act, 1891: Reduced social spending while increasing defense spending NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), 1994: U.S., Canada & Mexico agree to eliminate tariffs among the three nations thus creating a free-trade zone IMPORTANT WRITINGS IN U.S. HISTORY John Winthrop, Model of Christian Charity: “we shall build a city upon a hill” Benjamin Franklin, Sir Richard’s Almanack: compendium of best colonial era writings Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776): convinces Congress to declare independence Knickerbocker Group: 1820s – James Fenimore Cooper, Longfellow, William Cullen Bryant – use of American themes in literature Alexis de Toqueville, Democracy in America (1835) – French observer travels America and writes of American s’ individualism and equality Henry David Thoreau, On Civil Disobedience – people must not obey unjust laws Ralph Waldo Emerson, Self-Reliance: champions the American virtue of individualism Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass – America’s poet writes best poetry of 19th century William Lloyd Garrison, The Liberator (newspaper) – 1st abolitionist newspaper Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) – best selling novel about evils of slavery Frederick Douglass, The Autobiography of Frederick Douglass – details his early life as a slave Hinton Helper, The Impending Crisis of the South (1857): slavery is bad for poor whites in the South George Fitzhugh, The Sociology of the South: defends slavery as preferable to “northern wage slaves” Helen Hunt Jackson, Century of Dishonor (1886) – details plight of Indians in 19th century Horatio Alger – wrote “rags to riches” stories for children; heroism, individualism, honesty & thrift Andrew Carnegie, “Gospel of Wealth” – wealthy people should give most of their $ to community Henry George, Progress and Poverty – 100% land tax should be placed on property of wealthy people after a certain value has been exceeded Ralph Bellamy, Looking Backwards William Randolph Hearst & Joseph Pulitzer – yellow journalists (own newspaper chains) Booker T. Washington, Atlanta Compromise, (1895) – blacks should worry about economic self- sufficiency first before political equality Muckrakers: progressive writers who do exposés on corruption, poverty, trusts, etc. Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives (1890) – progressive photographer/writer details poverty in cities Lincoln Steffens, Shame of the Cities – details municipal corruption of political machines and big business Ida Tarbell—details ruthless tactics of John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil Upton Sinclair, The Jungle (1906) – details horrible conditions in Chicago meatpacking plants D.W. Griffith, The Birth of a Nation (1915) – movie that glorifies the KKK during reconstruction Bruce Barton, The Man Nobody Knows (1924) – Jesus was the world’s first great advertising man “The Lost Generation”: F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, e.e. cummings, Sinclair Lewis “Harlem Renaissance”: Langston Hughes, Claude McKay “The Jazz Singer” – first motion picture with sound (“talkie”) John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath – novel about the Joad family (Okies) during the depression. Dorothea Lange, photographs of the great depression Michael Harrington, The Other Side of America (1962) – details poverty in America and inspires Johnson’s “Great Society” Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, 1962 – seminal work on the environmental movement in America Directory: ourpages -> auto -> 2013 2013 -> Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question 2013 -> Chapter 27, Section 2 Notes The Organization and Organization of Man 2013 -> Teacher: Mr. Sergio Maldonado Date 2013 -> Teacher: Mr. Sergio Maldonado Date 2013 -> Free Will vs. Determinism 2013 -> Hornbostal-Sachs Instrument Classification System 2013 -> Ib world Lit How to narrow a topic and develop an argument for an essay 2013 -> How old is the Atlantic Ocean 2013 -> Personal s. M. A. R. T. Goals 2013 -> Caribbean Poetry: Barbados Download 5.87 Mb. Share with your friends:
|