Historical periods to memorize

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Development of Democracy in Antebellum America
• Bill of Rights, 1791

• Jeffersonian Democracy: government for the people

o Reduces size and influence of the army (a Federalist stronghold)

^o^Elimin^a^t^e^s^e^x^c^ise^t^a^x^on^W^hisk^e^y⁽^b^e^ca^use^{it is tou}^g^{h on}^w^e^st^erⁿ^f^ar^m^e^r^s)

^o^S^ee^ks^aⁿ^a^g^r^arⁱ^aⁿ^e^mpi^r^e^of^y^e^om^aⁿ^f^ar^m^er^s

• "New Democracy" continues to emerge after Panic of 1819

^o^N^e^{w w}^e^s^t^er^{n st}^a^t^e^{s h}^a^v^e^fe^{w voti}ⁿ^g^re^st^rⁱ^c^tions

^o^S^ome^E^a^st^er^{n st}^a^t^e^s^r^e^d^u^c^e^voting^re^qui^r^e^m^e^nts

^o^Iⁿ^cr^e^a^se^{in voting}^a^moⁿ^g^e^li^g^ible^vot^er^{s: 25%}ⁱⁿ¹^{824; 50%}^{in 1828; 78%}^{in 1840!}

^o^C^ommon^f^{olks w}^a^{nt to}^e^{nd d}^e^bto^r^s'^p^r^isons^a^ndⁱⁿ^crea^s^e^d^g^o^v^'^t^c^ont^r^{ol of}^the^B^US

^o^End^of^the^c^a^u^c^u^s:^st^a^t^e^sⁱⁿ^crea^siⁿ^g^l^y^h^a^ve^vot^e^r^s^e^l^ec^t^e^l^ec^to^r^a^l^c^oll^e^g^e^m^e^mb^er^s^ra^th^e^r

than state legislatures

• Jacksonian Democracy: “gov’t by the people” (New KNICKS)
New Democracy
K illing of the BUS

N ullification controversy

I ndian removal

C reation of 2-Party System

K itchen Cabinet (cabinet crisis; break with Jackson and Calhoun)

S poils system

• National nominating conventions in 1832: National Republicans (forerunner of Whigs); Anti- Masonic Party

• Two-party system: Democrats vs. Whigs

• President Van Buren: Independent Treasury System (“Divorce Bill”)

• President Polk’s “Jacksonian” program

^o^Iⁿ^d^e^p^e^nd^e^nt^T^rea^s^u^r^y^S^y^st^e^m^(re^viv^e^s^V^aⁿ^B^u^reⁿ^’^{s b}^a^nking^s^y^st^e^m⁾

^o^L^o^w^e^r^t^arⁱ^f^f⁽^W^a^lk^e^r^T^a^rⁱ^ff^{, 1846)}

• Third parties: Anti-Masons, Liberty, Free Soil, Know Nothings

• Development of workingmen's parties

^o^L^o^c^o^F^o^c^os

• Women's suffrage movement: Seneca Falls in 1848

• However, blacks are disenfranchised in North except in New England

• Frederick Jackson Turner thesis: existence of cheap land in West results in a democratic frontier that eventually impacts the entire country

Growth of American Nationalism

� Louisiana Purchase, westward expansion

� Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811

_�_R_ise_of_“War_H_a_w_k_s_”

� War of 1812: “2ⁿ^dWar for Independence”

o War heroes: Harrison wins Great Lakes; Jackson’s Battle of New Orleans; Stephen Decatur

^o^Fraⁿ^c^is^S^c^{ott K}^e^y^’^s^“^S^t^a^r^S^p^aⁿ^g^l^e^d^B^aⁿⁿ^er^”

� Election of 1816: last of Federalist candidates defeated

� “Era of Good Feelings” 1816-1824

o One-party system – Republicans (formerly Democratic Republicans)

^o^Fe^w^f^o^reⁱ^g^{n th}^r^ea^ts^af^t^e^r^W^a^r^of¹⁸¹²

^o^Mon^r^oe^Do^c^t^rⁱⁿ^e^{, 1823}

� Conflicts with Britain in 1830s & 1840s

o Caroline Incident, 1837, Creole Incident, 1841, “Aroostook” War, 1838

^o^W^e^bst^er-^Ashbu^r^{ton T}^r^e^a^t^y^{, 1842}

� Westward expansion including “Manifest Destiny” (see below)

� "Young America" -- President Pierce

o Commodore Matthew Perry in Japan, 1853

^o^Ost^e^{nd M}^aⁿⁱ^fe^{sto: Am}^erⁱ^ca^{n d}^e^sⁱ^g^{ns on}^C^uba

� Marshall Supreme Court decisions that strengthen national gov’t: judicial nationalism

o Marbury v. Madison, 1803, judicial review

^o^M^c^Cu^llo^c^h^v^.^Mar^y^laⁿ^d,¹⁸¹⁹

^o^C^o^h^eⁿ^s^v.^Vⁱ^r^giⁿⁱ^a^,

^o^Gibboⁿ^s^{v. Ogd}^eⁿ^,¹⁸²⁴

^o^F^l^e^t^c^h^e^r^{v. P}^ec^k,¹⁸¹⁰

^o^Dart^m^o^u^th^{v. Woo}^d^w^a^r^d,¹⁸¹⁹

� Daniel Webster

� Growing economy: Transportation revolution (see below), “Market Revolution” (see below)

� Davy Crockett as the first national popular culture hero

� Nationalist Culture:

o Noah Webster's American English Dictionary

^o^M^c^Gu^f^f^e^y^R^ea^d^e^r^s

^o^Kni^c^k^er^bo^c^k^e^r^G^r^oup

• Washington Irving: Leatherstocking Tales; Biography on George Washington

• James Fenimore Cooper: Last of the Mohicans; Legend of Sleepy Hollow

• William Cullen Bryant

o Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: Paul Revere Poem

^o^S^t^e^ph^eⁿ^F^ost^er^{: music}

o Art

• John Trumble

• Hudson River School

o History

• George Bancroft -- “Father of American History”

• Francis Parkman

o Transcendentalism: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walt Whitman

� Frederick Jackson Turner’s thesis

Sectionalism: 1820-1860

• "Era of Good Feelings" is short lived: tariff, BUS and slavery issue become increasingly divisive

• Missouri Compromise of 1820

^o^T^a^llm^a^dge^Am^e^ndm^e^nt,¹⁸¹⁹

• Jefferson: "firebell in the night"

• Southerners begin voting as a unified bloc to protect slavery

• Tariff issue

• "Tariff of Abominations" of 1828 infuriates Southerners

• John C. Calhoun: South Carolina Exposition advocates nullification

• Webster-Hayne Debate in 1830 presents northern unionist views vs. southern nullification views

• Jefferson Day Toast, 1830:

• Jackson: "The Union it must be preserved"

• Calhoun: "The Union, next to our liberty, most dear!"

• Nullification Controversy of 1832

• South Carolina ordinance of secession

• Jackson threatens to use the army

• Clay's compromise

• Jackson's cabinet crisis leads to Calhoun's resignation

• Tariff issue most important

• Peggy Eaton affair

• Calhoun becomes leading southern sectionalist (had been a unionist before 1832)

• Texas issue: Whigs oppose annexation in 1836 -- don't want another slave state

• Regional Specialization as a result of Industrial Revolution and Transportation Revolution

• East increasingly industrialized; sought higher tariffs

• South opposed to higher tariffs and increasingly defensive about slavery

• West increasingly tied to East

• Anti-Abolitionism

• Gag rule: 1836

• Southerners pass law in Congress to ban abolitionist literature in Southern mail system

• Underground railroad infuriates southerners

• Southerners hate northern "personal liberty laws"

• Reaction against Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom's Cabin

• George Fitzhugh

• Mexican Cession (as a result of Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo)

• Ralph Waldo Emerson: "Mexico will poison us"

• Wilmot Proviso, 1848

• California statehood raises secession threats among Southern "fire eaters"

• Free Soil Party runs as third party in election of 1848

• Compromise of 1850: PopFACT

• Fugitive Slave Law becomes biggest source of sectional tension between 1850 & 1854

• Demise of the Whigs, 1852: two party system become sectional

• Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

• Overturns sacred 36-30' line of Missouri Compromise of 1820

• Birth of Republican Party

• "Bleeding Kansas"

• Brooks canes Sumner, 1856

• Dred Scott case, 1857

• John Brown raid on Harper's Ferry, 1859

• Election of 1860

Sectionalism and Causes of Civil War
Miss Missouri Compromise, 1820

Nully Nullification Controversy, 1832

Gagged Gag Rule, 1836

When Wilmot Proviso, 1848

Clay’s Compromise of 1850

Kangaroo Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

Bit “Bleeding Kansas”

John’s John Brown, 1859

Ear Election of 1860

Conflict Between State and Federal Sovereignty, 1810-1860

^o^F^e^de^r^al^gaiⁿ^sⁱⁿ^p^o^w^e^r

^o^S^up^re^m^a^c^y^C^l^a^use^{in the}^C^onstitutioⁿ^{: The}^C^onsti^t^{ution is}^“^the^S^up^re^me^l^a^{w of}^the^l^a^nd.”

^o^J^{ohn M}^ar^sh^a^ll^’^s^S^up^re^me^C^ou^r^{t d}^ec^isions:

• Marbury v. Madison, 1803 – Judicial Review (note: Not in time period but significant as

a precedent)

• Fletcher v. Peck, 1810 – The Court invalidated a state law (Georgia’s Yazoo Land sale)

• Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, 1816: Supreme Court rejected “compact theory” and state claims that they were equally sovereign with the federal gov’t.

• Dartmouth v. Woodward, 1819: Court ruled states could not invalidate charters issued during the colonial period. Helped safeguard businesses from state control.

• McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819: Ruled BUS was constitutional; states could not tax the bank.

• Cohens v. Virginia, 1821 – Supreme Court had right to review decisions by state supreme courts.

• Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824 – Only Congress has the right to regulate interstate commerce

• Daniel Webster: argued many cases before the Court favoring federal power and ghost wrote several of Marshall’s decisions.

^o^H^eⁿ^r^y^C^l^a^y^’^s^“^Am^erⁱ^c^aⁿ^S^y^st^e^m^”^{: p}^r^ot^e^c^tive^t^arⁱ^f^f^of¹⁸¹⁶^a^{nd 2}ⁿ^d^B^US

^o^Nulli^fⁱ^ca^{tion issue}

• Calhoun: South Carolina Exposition and Protest

• Webster-Hayne debate, 1830

• Nullification Crisis of 1832: Jackson threatened South Carolina if it nullified the tariff.

_•_S_t_a_te_s’_R_ig_h_t_s

^o¹⁰^t^h^A^m^eⁿ^d^m^eⁿ^t^:^{All p}^o^w^er^{s not m}^e^ntion^e^{d in the}^C^{onstitution b}^e^long^{to the}^st^a^t^e^s.

^o^J^effer^soni^aⁿ^a^nd^J^ac^ksoⁿⁱ^a^{n vi}^e^{ws of}^st^a^t^e^s’^rⁱ^g^ht^s^;^C^a^lhoun^a^lso

^o^M^a^{dison, Mon}^r^oe^a^nd^J^ac^{kson v}^e^to^fe^d^era^l^f^undiⁿ^g^of^int^e^rⁿ^a^{l imp}^r^ov^e^m^eⁿ^ts

^o^1830s:^S^outh^er^{n st}^a^t^e^{s p}^a^{ss b}^a^{n on}^a^{bolitionist lit}^e^ra^tu^r^eⁱⁿ^S^outh^er^{n m}^a^ils.

^o^G^a^g^R^ul^e^{, 1836}^-¹⁸⁴⁴

^o^J^ac^{kson kills the}^B^U^S^;^Iⁿ^d^e^p^e^nd^e^{nt T}^r^ea^su^r^y^S^y^s^t^e^{m und}^e^r^V^aⁿ^B^u^reⁿ⁽^“^D^ivo^rc^e^B^ill^”⁾^&

Polk

o Charles River Bridge case, 1837: States given right to prevent monopolies for internal improvements

^o^D^ef^e^a^{t of}^W^ilmot^P^r^ovi^s^{o, 1848}

^o^P^opul^a^r^sov^ereⁱ^gⁿ^t^y^{in M}^e^xⁱ^caⁿ^C^e^ssion^a^{nd K}^aⁿ^s^a^s^a^{nd N}^e^b^ra^sk^a^.

^o^C^a^lhoun^’^s^“c^on^c^u^rre^nt^m^a^jo^rⁱ^t^y^”ⁱ^d^e^a

^o^Dr^e^d^S^c^ott^d^ec^{ision, 18}⁵^{7: sl}^a^ve^own^er^s^c^{ould t}^a^ke^sl^a^v^e^{s into the}^t^err^ito^rⁱ^e^s.

AGE OF REFORM: Antebellum America

• Democratic reform due to Jacksonian Democracy (see above)

^o^“^N^e^w^D^e^mo^c^r^a^c^y^”^{: lo}^w^e^r^voting^r^e^qui^re^m^e^nts

^o^N^a^tion^a^{l nomin}^a^ting^c^oⁿ^v^e^ntions^(e^{nd to}^ca^u^c^{us s}^y^s^t^e^m)

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