I chose to present you a work concerning cars because it is about my biggest passion and because my dream is a day to be able to have in my ownership a sports car



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*The stage (d) is not a part of the cycle but we simply use it to show at which moment the power is given to the wheels, and it’s from the stage (c) that the piston begins to go down in the cylinder.

  • Diesel engine cycle (four-stroke):

The difference between gasoline and diesel engines is that gasoline need a spark from a spark plug to catch fire and to give an explosion, unlike the diesel wich just need a high temperature due to the high pressure caused during the compression and air wich allow an inflammation by mixing with this fuel.



2.D)Electric and hybrid vehicles:

2.D.a)Electric engines on cars:

We cannot really define a date for the first electric motor car having existed but would be it in surroundings of the 1830s thanks to the genius of a Scottish engineer of Robert Anderson 's name as first electric motor car been born. At that time, the work of the latter corresponded more to a cart than to a vehicle. This vehicle worked with a battery, what means that it is not the drum kit and that we cannot reload it, fortunately it was only a prototype this day and far from being produced to run on the road.

In 1859, Gaston Planté invented the first rechargeable battery in the acid lead, a find which will be very useful for the future electric motor cars.

This person designed the first car of this kind but also the instrument capable of reloading the drum kit of the vehicle. An invention which will be questioned by Thomas Parker in 1884, which asserts that he is the author of the first electric motor car and proves it with a supporting photo. Other searches assert that an American while bearing William Morrison 's name which, in 1891, was the precursor in the sector. In reality, he is the inventor of the first battery-driven vehicle intended for the marketing.

The first electric automobile to exceed the 100 kilometer speed per hour was called "La Jamais Contente" and was built in Belgium in 1899. She was equipped with tires Michelin and adopted the form of a torpedo.

In the 1900s, more than a third of the existing vehicles in the world were electric and it is also the time from the revival of the gasoline engines that was translated by the introduction on the market of Ford Model T. Near 1912, the sale of battery-driven vehicles was in decline because of the accessibility of the gasoline, of the very high price of these types of car with regard to those gas and especially the low autonomy and the speed of the latter.

It is only in the late 80's debuts of the 90’s when the electric motor car known an important rise considering of the important decrease of natural resources as the oil besides its more and more expensive price, besides the growing pollution as well as besides the impact that one the enormous releases of CO2 in the atmosphere caused by humans, the electric motor car seemed to be a very interesting option to continue to move and at the same time to have one borrows less important on the planet but also of saved its money. Unfortunately, this last reason was doubtless the most rewarding to buy an electric motor car. Even if they were more expensive to buy, these cars were very long-trem profitable and that’s interesting. For cars of this period, they had a lot of potential and had been well conceived. These cars had an autonomy of 200 kilometers on average what is enormous for these times. Even today, 200 kilometers can turn out to be a good average for an electric car.

These cars were essentially produced and sold in the United States by the American giant “General Motors(GM)” who produced them, who during the 80s and 90s, formed one associated group with brands like Mercedes, Opel, Toyota or still Chevrolet but also many others. Unfortunately, this giant in summer strongly weakens during the economic crisis of 2008 and the years which followed. (All the financials deficits that knew GM is due to the fact that he produced especially that we call Pick-up, very big cars with enormous engines which consumed a lot, these cars brought beautiful taxes in mailboxes. The brands having talked so much deficits are brands as Chevrolet with these mythical Corvettes or Camaro, Dodge with his famous Ram 1500 and Viper, but also GMC, Cadillac and so many others but especially American brands).

Unfortunately for those little electric cars, any biggest oil chains and even certain big automobile brands lodged a complaint with the United States to order General Motors to arrest the production of these cars which did not consume gasoline or diesel. The USA naturally lined up against GM because, the sale of these cars lowered the income of taxes brought by the oil. This is the way the development of electric motor cars was again perturbed. Until the arrival of the hybrid motorisations.

2.D.b)Hybridisation of cars:

The history of the hybrid car goes back to the end of the 19th century, at the beginning of the 20th. In 1905, sir H. Pipper asked the granting of a licence for an engine diesel oil-electricity. According to him, the electric engine allowed to increase the performances of the engine in the diesel, to allow a car to pass from 0 till 40km / hour in only ten seconds, much more than the thermal engines of those times.

Unfortunately for this man, the time his licence toke to be approved, better thermal engines had been developed.

Thanks to or because of fast technological breakthroughs in the classic engines, the popularity of an electric motor car or hybrid disappeared until 1970s, during the first oil crises. At this moment, numerous automobile companies invested in the development of electric hybrid vehicles. However, the oil price came down again and the interest for this kind of vehicle disappeared again.

Two decades later, the European and Japanese brands tried to reduce the production costs of the “green” vehicles, and in so to make them more saleable. Companies as Honda, Toyota, Volkswagen, Mitsubishi invested themselves to reduce emissions and consumption of their vehicles.



Finally, the first hybrid car to be massively marketed is famous Toyota Prius, whose launch on the market took place in 1997. The success is enormous, because more than a million models was worldwide sold, Toyota describing this car as a "clean(green) family car ". Afterward, plenty of other big brands began to produce hybrid vehicles as Lexus (luxury brands of Toyota), Honda, Mercedes, Audi, Nissan, Infinity (luxury brand of Mazda), and even brands of sport cars as Porsche, Ferrari, Mc Laren or Lamborghini. All those companies are worried about the environment today and that’s why they are producing much more cars of this kind, and also because the hybrid automobile market becomes much more interesting.

2.D.c) Two types of motorization that use electricity:

  • The full electric transmission:



  • Electric combined to diesel or gasoline:



*The difference between plug-in(

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